History of Tatarstan (textbook)
Reviewers: M.Kh.Khasanov, Academician; Editor: V.I. Piskarev.
I.R. Tagirov, academician;
Proofreader: Yu.M.Cherepanova.
A.M. Prokofiev, teacher-methodologist.
Project leader and scientific editor BF Sultanbekov History of Tatarstan: Textbook.
F.Kh.Khuzin, Candidate of Historical Sciences (§1 - 18);
I.A. Gilyazov, Doctor of Historical Sciences (§19-30);
IN AND. Piskarev, Candidate of Historical Sciences (§31-39);
B.F. Sultanbekov, professor (§40-53);
L.A.Kharisova, candidate of pedagogical sciences,
A.A. Ivanov, Candidate of Historical Sciences (§54-58);
A.G. Galliamova, Candidate of Historical Sciences (§59-68).
Chapter I. Primitive society on the territory of the middle Volga region ..…….4
§one. Ancient people on the banks of the Volga and Kama……………………………………………………………4
§2. The population of the region of the Bronze Age - Early Iron…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
ChapterII. ANCIENTTURKISHAND EARLYTURKIC STATESATEURASIA . …………9
§3. Hunnu-Huns and the Great Migration of Peoples …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
§four. Turkic Khaganate (551-630 years…………………………………………………………………….12
§5. Great Bulgaria and the Khazar Khaganate (VII-X centuries)……………………………………............….14
ChapterIII. VOLZHSKAYABULGARIAATX- BEGINNINGXIIIcenturies…………………………………..17
§6. Formation of the Bulgar state on the Middle Volga………………………………………..17
§7. The economic life of the Volga Bulgars ……………………………………………………………………………………………19
§eight. Volga Bulgaria is a country of cities. Bilyar-Great City …………………………………………21
§9. Foreign Policy Relations……………………………………………………………..24
§ten. The culture of the population of the Volga Bulgaria ……………………………………………… .................. 25
ChapterIV. VOLZHSKAYABULGARIAAndMONGOLIANTHE CONQUESTS OF THE ULUSJUCHI (GOLDHORDE) ….27
§eleven. Volga Bulgaria and the Mongol conquests………………………………………………………27
§12. Ulus Jochi (Golden Horde). The time of formation and flourishing…………………………………28
§13. Cities, culture of the Golden Horde ………………………………………………………32
§fourteen. Bulgars in the period of the Golden Horde…………………………………………………………………34
§fifteen. The collapse of the Golden Horde …………………………………………………36
ChapterV. KAZANKHANATE (1445-1556 gg.) ………………………………………………….38
§16. Formation of the Kazan Khanate ……………………………………………………39
§17. economy, public political system, culture of the Kazan Khanate…………………..40
§eighteen. Political history of the Kazan Khanate of the second half of the XV-first half of the XVI centuries ... 44
ChapterVI. PEOPLESAVERAGEVOLGA REGIONATCOMPOSITIONRUSSIAN STATE …48
§19. The liberation struggle of the peoples of the region in the second half of the 16th century……………………………….49
§twenty Historical implications conquests of the Kazan and Asrakhan khanates………………………51
§21. Organization of administrative and military administration of the Kazan region in the second half of the 16th century ……………….52
§22. Socio-economic and religious policy of tsarism in the Middle Volga region in the second half of the 16th - early 17th centuries………………………………………………..54
§23. "Peasant War" of the beginning of the 17th century. in the Middle Volga region………………………………………58
§24. Major Populations: Occupations and Positions. social and regional
government policy in the Middle Volga region in the 17th century…………….60
§25. The peoples of the Middle Volga region in the movement of S. Razin…………………………………………………..64
ChapterVIAVERAGEVOLGA REGIONATCOMPOSITIONRUSSIANEMPIREXVIIIin……....66
§26. The peoples of the Middle Volga region during the period of Peter the Great’s transformations…………………………………………………………………67
§27. Christianization of the population of the Middle Volga region in the 18th century…………………………69
§28. Socio-economic development of the region in the XVIII century…………………………………………….72
§29. The peoples of the Middle Volga region in the uprising of E.I. Pugacheva…………………………………….78
§thirty. Cultural life of the region…………………………………………………………………………..82
ChapterVIII. KAZANPROVINCEATFIRSTHALFXIXin. ……………………87
§31. Socio-economic development of the region. Movement of social protest.. …………….87
§32. "Thunderstorm of the twelfth year" and the Kazan region
§33. The culture of the region in the first half of the 19th century………………………………………………..96
ChapterIX. KAZANPROVINCEATPOST-REFORMPERIOD……………………101
§34. Peasant reforms of the 60s. Conditions and results of transformations ……………………..101
§35. Disappointment with release. Movements in response to the reform of 1861………………………..105
§36. Socio-economic development of the Kazan province in the 60-90s. in……………………107
§37. Public movement of the 70-90s…………………………………………………..114
§38. National Movement…………………………………………………………………………..117
§39. Science and culture in the second half of the 19th century………………………………………….121
ChapterX. KAZANPROVINCEATBEGINNINGXXin. (1900-1916) …………… ………………126
§40. Socio-economic development of the Kazan province…………………………………………………126
§41. Kazan province during the years of the first Russian revolution………………………..130
§42. Socio-political life. National movement…………………………133
§43. The development of Tatar culture at the beginning of the 20th century…………………………….137
Chapter XI. FROM FEBRUARY TO OCTOBER. TIME OF TROUBLE…………………………..141
§45. Kazan October…………………………………………………………………………...146
§46. In the flames of civil war……………………………………………………………………...151
ChapterXII. TatarREPUBLICin 20- egg…………………………………………………157
§47. During the transition to the NEP. A turn in national politics…………………….158
§48. Restoration of the national economy……………………………………………………………...161
ChapterXIII. ATCONDITIONSFASTMODERNIZATIONS………………………………...166
§49. Industrialization of the republic: the years of the first five-year plans………………………………...165
§fifty. Collectivization of agriculture……………………………………………………………...169
§51. At a new stage of the cultural revolution………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
§52. “Great Terror” in Tataria…………………………………………………………………………..177
§ 53. Pre-war years…………………………………………………………………………..184
ChapterXIV. ATONE YEARSevereTESTS………………………………………………..189
§54. Restructuring life on a military footing………………………………………...189
§55. On the battlefields and behind the front line…………………………………………………...191
§56. The economy of the republic in wartime…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
§57. National assistance to the front……………………………………………………………………...201
§58. The Culture of the Republic during the War…………………………………………………………………..204
ChapterXV. REPUBLICATPOSTWARPERIOD……………………………………..208
§59. Economy in the second half of the 40s-early 50s…………………………………………208
§60. Socio-political and cultural life……………………………………………….212
ChapterXVI. TASSRinmiddle 50- X- early 60- Xgg………………………………………………215
§61. In the context of economic and social reforms…………………………………………….215
§62. Socio-political and cultural development of the republic…………………….219
ChapterXVII. REPUBLICINSECONDHALF 60- X - FIRSTHALF 80- Xgg……..224
§63.Trends and contradictions of socio-economic development ……………………………..224
§64. Processes and contradictions in socio-political and cultural life……………….229
CHAPTERXVIII. ON THESTAGERESTRUCTIONS.. ……………………………………………..233
§65. Attempts at economic reforms…………………………………………………………233
§66. Socio-political life in the second half of the 80s. ………………………236
CHAPTERXIX. TATAPCTAHAT 90- egg. ……………………………………………………………...240
§67. Economy in the period of formation of market relations……………………………………..240
§ 68. Political and cultural development of Tatarstan in the 90s…………………………………..242
ChapterIPRIMIALSOCIETY ONTERRITORIESMIDDLE VOLGA REGION
The history of mankind is over two million years old. The longest period in it is the era of primitive society. This society is characterized by an extremely low level of development of the material and spiritual culture of the population. However, it was the primitive people who made the greatest discoveries, which later led to the emergence of the first world civilizations on earth. The development of agriculture and cattle breeding, the discovery of metal made it possible to accumulate wealth in the hands of tribal and tribal leaders. Property inequality appeared, which meant the collapse of primitive orders and the beginning of the formation of a new society based not on the equality of its members, but on the subordination of some people to others.
In the era of primitive society, three periods are distinguished: the Stone Age, the Bronze Age and the Iron Age. What happened in those very distant times on the territory of the Middle Volga region, when the tribes of the Volga-Kama, Volosov, Prikazan, Ananyino and Pyanobor cultures lived here?
History of Tatarstan from ancient times to the present day
Ministry of General and Vocational Education of the Russian Federation as a textbook for students of higher educational institutions
Introduction
1. Ancient Tatarstan
The origins of the civilization of the Volga-Urals
Geosphere of the Volga-Urals. Ethnosphere of the Volga-Urals. Culture of early human life primitive order in the Volga-Urals
Ancient Northern Turkic Civilization
neolithic revolution. Neolithic, Bronze and Iron Ages. Northern Turkic tribes of the Volga-Urals. Territory of settlement of the North Turkic tribes. Dwellings. Economy. Art. spiritual culture
2. Ancient Tatarstan
System of great ancient civilizations
general characteristics. Valley of the Nile River. Civilization of the Two Rivers. Zoroastrian Iran. Ancient Indian Civilization. Ancient Chinese civilization. Ancient Eastern Mediterranean. Ancient European civilization;
Early public entities ancient Tatarstan
Statement of the question North Turkic ethnic basis of early state formations. Ancient Bilyar. The emergence of early state formations
Education Background ancient state in Tatarstan
Ancient Eastern Europe. Late Hun Empire. Black Sea Bulgaria. Khazar Khaganate. External links early state formations of ancient Tatarstan. Black Sea Bulgars in ancient Tatarstan
Formation of the ancient state of Volga Bulgaria
First steps. Focus on Baghdad. Bulgaro-Baghdad relations. Prerequisites for the adoption of Islam. Embassy of Baghdad in Bulgar. Public life Volga Bulgaria. Political system. Territory. Population. Economy. Trade. Spiritual life. culture
3. Volga Bulgaria in the XI-XV centuries
Strengthening the social and state system
State association. Public life and state system. Changes in foreign policy orientation. Bulgaro-Russian relations. Volga Bulgaria and Kypchakstan. Long distance connections
Socio-economic lifestyle
Country of cities. Country life. Cultural life
Volga Bulgaria and the Golden Horde
International Position Volga Bulgaria. Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria. Loss of political independence. Volga Bulgaria and Ulus Jochi. The formation of the state of the Golden Horde
Public life of the Volga Bulgaria in the XIII-XIV centuries
Political structure. Continued development of new lands. Economy. Culture. Distemper in the Horde and its consequences. The rise of Kazan. Estimates of the state of the Golden Horde
4. nation state Volga Tatars
Formation of Kazan Tatar state
Preservation of the state heritage of the Volga Bulgaria. Tatar dynasty on the Kazan throne. The first steps of stabilization. Cooperation orientation. Territory. Population
The national state of the Volga Tatars in the XV-XVI centuries
Political system. System government controlled. Recovery of the economy. national culture. Peculiarities foreign policy. Tatarstan-Russian relations. Kazan-Crimean relations. Aggravation of Tatarstan-Russian relations
War for independence
Turn of Eastern Europe to new empire. Reflection of the aggression of Ivan IV in 1551. The fall of Kazan. Fight against the occupation. Resistance to the Russian military administration. What did Russia get?
5. Tatarstan in the composition Russian Empire
Russian colonization of Tatarstan
Features of Russian colonization. political colonization. economic colonization. Politics of ethnic assimilation
national survival
idea of national survival. economic survival. National-cultural and spiritual survival. Popular unrest. Preservation of national identity
Turn to national revival
Winds of enlightenment. Ideas of education and modernization in Russia. Partition of Tatarstan between Russian provinces. Government. Economic difficulties of the revival. Confronting spiritual and cultural oppression
The main directions of national revival
New national landmarks. Tasks national movement. Tatar cities and settlements. Revival of the Tatar villages. Formation of national trading capital. Manufacturing business. Machine industry. spiritual priorities. Muslim spiritual administration. national education and culture
Tatar education. Manifestations of national and social protest
Entering the path of national liberation
World historical trend. Problems of national liberation in Russia. national consolidation. Tatar society at the beginning of the 20th century. concentration of industry. Consolidation of commercial business. Exacerbation of the agrarian question. national literature. National Theater. National education system. The science. Periodicals
Socio-political movement
Political position in Tatar society. Formation of the national-liberal movement. First Tatar political party. Tatar opposition in the Russian State Duma. Russia's Turn to Reaction, Russian Socialists. Tatar socialists
Enrolled in the taxable estate, they lost their noble privileges and left the sphere of trade. In general, by 1719, that is, as a result of more than 160 years missionary activity, in the region there were up to 30,000 baptized Tatars. However, their commitment to new religion left much to be desired. Metropolitan Sylvester of Kazan reported in 1729 that the Christian way of life for those who were baptized was 170 years old...
Reading. M., 1995. 68. Simonov N. The military-industrial complex of the USSR in the 20-50s. //Free thought. 1996. No. 2. 69. Sidorova L. A. "Sixties" in historical science Russia. // National history. 2001. No. 5. 70. Trukhanovsky V. G. Winston Churchill. Political biography. M., 1977. 71. Timofeev T. Yu. Terror: Stalin's party purges (1936-1953). // Questions...
The Tatar merchant capital of Kazan, of course, was inferior in terms of the rate of accumulation and the level of concentration to the stronger one in economic terms Russian capital. However, the representatives of the national commercial and entrepreneurial class were very active in commercial affairs and managed to maintain a strong position in the local market. This is evidenced by the fact that some...
They allow themselves the most incredible constructions that violate all laws professional science. What is the ethnopolitical role of ethnogenetic and ethnohistorical myths, and what is the struggle for? The first question that should interest us in this connection is what makes up the national or ethnic image of the past? It is easy to see that in the history of every nation there are key points, ...
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Lesson of generalization and systematization of knowledge on the history of Tatarstan in the form of an intellectual game.
Class(es): 6th grade.
Item(s): Story.
The purpose of the lesson:
- summarize and organize students' knowledge obtained in the course of studying the history of Tatarstan;
- develop quick thinking and communication skills; improve the ability to prove one's opinion;
- to form an understanding of mutual responsibility and the need for cooperation.
Lesson type: Lesson of generalization and systematization of knowledge
Used textbooks and tutorials:
1. Fakhrutdinov R.G. History of the Tatar people and Tatarstan. Kazan: Magarif, 2010.
2. Sultanbekov B.F. etc. History of Tatarstan: textbook for basic school. Kazan: Tarikh, 2011.
3. Aminov A.M. History of the Tatar people and Tatarstan: schemes, tables, tests. Kazan: Magarif, 2010.
4. Fokeeva I.M. National-regional component of historical education6 Methodological guide for teachers. Kazan: Tatar Republican Publishing House "Heter" (TaRIH), 2003
5. Khuzin F.Sh., Piskarev V.I. History of Tatarstan: A textbook for the 6th grade of a comprehensive school. - Kazan: Tatar republican publishing house "Heter" (TaRIH), 2011. - 95 p.: ill.
Internet resources:
3. http://kolizejinfo.ru/forum/8-241-1
Used equipment: computer, projector, signs with team names, presentation.
Terms and conditions of the game:
Participants of the game will have to answer questions on the following topics:
- On the banks of the Volga and Kama.
- Ancient Turks and early states.
- Volga Bulgaria.
- Golden Horde.
- Kazan Khanate.
Each team prepares a presentation (name, motto of the team) - 3 min.
Implementation plan
- Statement of the goal of the game, explanation of the rules.
- Team presentation.
- Choice of questions and answers to them. (Presentation)
1 block - On the banks of the Volga and Kama.
- The place of the settlement of primitive man, the remains of an unfortified settlement of hunters and fishermen of the Stone Age? - parking.
- A device for catching fish in the form of a spear with a sharp tip? - harpoon.
- Prominent representatives of the Bronze Age of the Middle Volga region, descendants of the Volosovo tribes? - clerks.
- What kind modern peoples are the descendants of the tribes that lived on the territory of our region before the new era? - Mari, Udmurt and Komi peoples.
- The first in our area to enter the Iron Age were............ tribes- Ananyino.
2 block - Ancient Turks and early states.
- The beginning of the Huns' campaign in Europe? - 375
- Leader of the Huns. In the middle of the 5th century led campaigns in the Eastern Roman Empire, Gaul, Northern Italy. Under him, the Hunnic union of tribes reached its highest power -. Attila.
- Founder of the Turkic Khaganate? - Bumyn. Il-kagan.
- The capital of Great Bulgaria? - Phanagoria.
- The time of existence of the Khazar Khaganate? - 730-990 (VIII-X centuries)
3 block - Volga Bulgaria.
- The Bulgars came to the Middle Volga region in - VIII-IX centuries
- At the head of the Volga Bulgaria before the adoption of Islam was - Elteber.
- The ruler of the Volga Bulgaria, proclaimed Islam the state religion in .... g. - Almas (Almush), 922.
- The founder of the Bulgaro-Tatar written literature, the author of the poem “Kyyssai Yusuf”? - Cool Gali.
- The author of the famous notes about the Volga Bulgaria, who visited it in 921-22. as part of the embassy of the Baghdad caliph? - Ibn Fadlan.
4 block - Golden Horde.
- Formation of the state of the Jochids (Golden Horde)? - 1243.
- Grandson of Genghis Khan, heir to Ulus Jochi, founder of the Jochid state (Golden Horde)? - Batu (Batu Khan).
- State Council under the Sultan (Khan); played the role of government, consisted of representatives high nobility? -Sofa.
- The ruler, under whom in 1312-42. empire reached the heyday; accepted Islam as state religion and the title of sultan? - Uzbek Khan.
- When and into what state formations did the Golden Horde disintegrate? 1419 (XV century), Crimean, Astrakhan, Kazan, Siberian khanates and Nogai and Great hordes.
5 block - Kazan Khanate.
- Formation of the Kazan Khanate? 1445.
- Administrative-territorial unit in the Kazan Khanate? - Daruga.
- A settlement of carpenters and shipwrights at the mouth of the Kazanka? Bishbalt.
- The poet of the 16th century, the author of the poems “Gift of Husbands” (Tukhfai Mardan), “Light of Hearts” (Nury Sodur), “Edification”, etc., propagated the ideas of humanism, justice? - Muhamadyar.
- State and religious figure, seid of the Kazan Khanate, poet, author of the “Book of Bakyrgan”; one of the leaders of the defense of Kazan in 1552, organized a detachment of shakirds, died defending the Khan's citadel? - Kul-Sharif.
4. Summing up
The winning team is determined by the number of points scored. They are made up of the number of points earned by the teams.
The history of statehood on the territory of present-day Tatarstan begins with the arrival in the Volga region in the second half of the 7th century. n. e. Turkic-speaking Bulgar tribes after the collapse of the state of Great Bulgaria, which existed in the steppes between the Don and Kuban. Being stronger militarily, the Bulgars quickly achieved political hegemony over the Finno-Ugric tribes inhabiting the Volga region, starting the spread of the Turkic language in the region.
By the 10th century, most of the Bulgars switched to a settled way of life, several large trade and craft cities were formed: Bulgar, Bilyar, Suvar, Zhukotin (Dzhuke-Tau).
Care in the 9th c. Magyar Hungarians first in Northern Black Sea region, and then to the territory of present-day Hungary, created the conditions for the subjugation of the Bulgars Khazar Khaganate. In the 10th century (according to some legends, at the end of the 7th), the Tengrian Bulgars converted to Islam, hoping for the support of the Arabs in the fight against Khazaria. But Bulgaria managed to finally get rid of the Khazar dominion only after the defeat of Khazaria prince of Kyiv Svyatoslav Igorevich in 965
Controlling the waterways along the Volga to Iran, Byzantium, Russia, Perm the Great, Bulgaria quickly became rich in trade both in transit goods and in high-quality products of local artisans. Continuing to subjugate the Volga Finno-Ugric tribes, the Bulgars quickly came into contact with the Russians, who were developing lands on the northeastern outskirts of their territory. After several campaigns of the Russian princes against Bulgaria, caused by the attacks of the Bulgars on the cities of Zaleskaya Rus, the expansion of the Volga Bulgaria to the west was stopped, and in 1006 a trade agreement was concluded. However, the lull, which lasted about 100 years, allowed the Bulgars to accumulate forces, and mutual military attacks continued.
By 1229, the Russian forces were undermined by many years of civil strife, and the Bulgar forces were undermined by several successful Russian campaigns against the capital of Bulgaria, the city of Bulgar. As a result, the capital was moved to the east, to the city of Bilyar, and a peace treaty was concluded between the Vladimir-Suzdal principality and the Volga-Kama Bulgaria.
By the beginning of the 13th century, Bulgaria occupied the space from the Samara bow to the river. Yaik (now - the Ural River) and Northern Chuvashia. Under the rule of the Bulgars were the Chuvash, Mordovians, Mari, Udmurts, part of the Bashkirs. It was Bulgaria that was the first of European states took the blow of the “Mongol”-Tatars: the corps of Subede-Bagatur in 1223, which invaded the Bulgarian lands, was defeated and almost completely captured. In order to humiliate the aggressors, the Bulgars exchanged the prisoners "one to one" for sheep, which is why the battle was called "Lamb".
In 1236, the first blow of the “Mongol”-Tatars moving to the west was directed precisely at Bulgaria. Both capitals were captured, the city of Bilyar was destroyed, and the city of Bulgar was a short time(before the construction of Saray-Batu) became the capital of the Ulus of Jochi. For a short time, the Zhukotinsky principality remained unconquered, but by 1241 it, too, was captured. Around this time, the partisan movement organized by some Bulgar feudal lords was also suppressed. Bulgaria completely entered the Ulus of Jochi. The Bulgar and Zhukotinsky principalities, in contrast to the Russian lands, were at first ruled by governors appointed by the Horde khans from their circles. Only later did the power pass to the representatives of the Bulgar nobility.
Starting from 1240, one of the mints of the Horde operated in the city of Bulgar. Due to the advantageous location, which provided control over the Volga trade, the ancient Bulgarian cities quickly recovered after the destruction. They were artisans from different countries producing a wide variety of products. Jewelry and weapons were especially famous. Since the beginning of the 14th century, a new craft center, Kazan, has been strengthened.
With the beginning of the decline of the Golden Horde, the Bulgar khans began to have strong influence in internal Horde affairs, participating in the civil strife of the Horde rulers. What served as the basis for the new defeats of Bulgaria in 1361 by the Horde Khan Bulak-Timur, and in the 1390s. Tamerlane and supported by him Emir Yedigei. Approximately at the same time, the first campaigns against the Bulgarian cities of Moscow princes and Novgorod ushkuins were noted.
In 1437, Khan Ulu-Muhammed, expelled from the Crimea, appeared on the Moscow lands, asking the Moscow princes for land for settlement. But in response to this Grand Duke Vasily II attacked the camp of Ulu-Mohammed and suffered a crushing defeat. After wintering on Russian lands, Ulu-Muhammed went to the Volga, captured Kazan and founded a new state hostile to Moscow, the Kazan Khanate.
From the very first year of his reign, Ulu-Mohammed constantly and successfully fought with Muscovy, and in 1445 captured Vasily II, for whose ransom huge money was paid and, in fact, Muscovy fell into vassalage from Kazan. Many key positions in the state were occupied by Tatars who came from Kazan, and part of the territory (near Gorodets-Meshchersky, now Kasimov, Ryazan Region) was given to direct control son of Ulu-Muhammed Kasim, who founded the Kasimov Khanate.
Only the son of Vasily II Ivan III managed to turn the tide, and by 1487, after several campaigns against Kazan, the Kazan Khanate accepted vassalage from Moscow. Until 1521 Kazan khans were appointed in Moscow. Nevertheless, the neighbors of the Kazan Khanate did not put up with this state of affairs, and in 1521, with their help, a coup d'état was carried out in Kazan, which brought representatives of the Crimean dynasty to power, which began its rule with raids on Moscow lands. The mutual devastation of the lands of Muscovy and the Kazan Khanate continued until the very capture of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible in 1552.
By this time, more than 100,000 Russian prisoners had accumulated in the Kazan Khanate, captured by the Kazan Tatars in numerous raids. Their liberation became a formal reason for the campaigns of 1547-48, 1549-50 and 1551, which ended with the annexation of the right bank of the Volga and the change of the Kazan government. coup d'état and the beating of the Russians in Kazan in 1552 forced Ivan the Terrible to gather a huge (about 150,000 people and 150 guns) army for the final defeat of Kazan.
During the capture of Kazan and suppression partisan actions, which lasted about seven years, more than 700,000 Tatars and representatives of other peoples subordinate to the Kazan Khanate were destroyed. According to the memoirs of contemporaries, in Kazan itself and within a radius of 30 km. not a single Tatar remained around her. Many fled to those places where the Russian troops had not yet penetrated. Desolation and decline reigned throughout the Kazan kingdom.
For many years it was customary to consider the Kazan Khanate a wild country in which primitive bloodthirsty barbarians lived, forever nomadic and dreaming only of robbing someone. The reality says that it was inhabited by the descendants of settled Bulgars, engaged in agriculture and crafts, having a highly developed statehood, clear legislation, developed writing and literature, almost 100% literacy. Weapons and jewelry made in Kazan were famous from Lithuania to Altai and from Novgorod to India. It is the citizens of Kazan who have priority in obtaining pig iron. Through Kazan in Muscovy came manual firearms. The structure of the archery troops organized by Ivan the Terrible was borrowed from Kazan. From Kazan, many principles of the tax system of Muscovy were adopted, introduced in the period between the beginning of the reign of Vasily II and the end of the reign of Ivan the Terrible.
The defeat of Kazan and the desolation of the most fertile lands that fed the entire Volga region caused a huge flow of migrants, both voluntary and at the will of the king. In a short time (about 30 years), Kazan turned into a purely Russian city, and the lands former khanate inhabited mainly by Russian peasants. Unlike the lands of other Volga peoples, who more or less voluntarily became part of Russia, the Tatar possessions were considered the property of the state, and the tsar could dispose of them at his own discretion.
The dissatisfaction of the Kazan Tatars with their new position splashed out several times in the form of uprisings organized by the surviving Tatar nobility. Unlike the Bashkir uprisings, the uprisings of the Tatars were suppressed without fail with cruelty.
The policy of forcible Christianization of the Tatars caused particular rejection. Many fled from Russian-controlled lands to Bashkiria, beyond the Urals, to Great Perm, where government had less influence. However, in the 16-18 centuries. a whole sub-ethnos of baptized Tatars, called Kryashens, was formed. The unification at hand of the Moscow tsars of the Kazan and Kasimov khanates made it possible to unite the peoples of these lands, which have different ethnic roots, racial characteristics(direct descendants of the Bulgars retained a pronounced Caucasoid appearance, and the Kasimov-Mishars - mestizo with a predominance Mongoloid signs), but speaking the same language.
The Russians had a great influence on the appearance and customs of the Kazan Tatars: by the time of the capture of Kazan, many Tatars had ancestors captured during raids on Russian lands, many of the captives converted to Islam and naturalized. During the development of Russian Tatar lands mass phenomenon mixed marriages began, the children of which self-identified both as Russians and as Tatars. Many Russians simply "gottatarized" by converting to Islam and switching to Tatar language. In racial and especially hereditary (according to DNA) terms, Kazan Tatars are the closest nation to Russians, closer than Ukrainians and Belarusians.
In the first half of the 18th century, the number of Kazan Tatars living in the Bashkir lands was almost half of the number of Bashkirs. But, if the Bashkirs were the sovereign owners of the land, then the Tatars were exclusively tenants, referring to two social groups, Teptyars (from Bashk. Tipter = kicked out, family tenants) and Bobyls (single tenants and hired workers). The Tatars, who were more culturally developed, considered the Bashkirs to be savages, calling them contemptuously "ishtek" = wild man, barbarian.
During the Bashkir uprisings, the Russian government actively played on interethnic relations pitting one against the other. It was the Tatar national formations that were particularly cruel in suppressing riots: the Tatar tenants were promised ownership of the lands they cultivated. All this gave rise to open domestic hostility and hostility between the Tatars and the Bashkirs. A significant role was also played by the fact that in the Volga region the Tatars occupied the economic niche that Jews occupied in the western part of Russia: trade, maintenance of drinking establishments, inns, brothels, usury.
With the advent of Soviet Power in the Volga region, Tatar nationalism sharply intensified. Until 1920, most of the Kazan Tatars called themselves Bulgars. By the decree on the creation of Tatar autonomy, the ethnonym "Tatars" was officially assigned to them.
Since the late 1980s. in Tatarstan, nationalist sentiments, fueled from abroad, intensified. The emissaries of Turkey supported the pan-Turkist-minded intelligentsia in every way, and the penetration of extremist religious literature into the Volga region contributed to inciting religious intolerance and the creation of extremist religious groups and movements. Local politicians striving for power actively used the "national card": they kindled resentment for the defeat of the Kazan Khanate, mass destruction Tatars by Russian troops, forced Christianization, forced change of the name of the people.
Rise to power national government drastically changed National composition Kazan, until the 1980s. which was predominantly a Russian city. Thanks to the clan system characteristic of the Turks, the Russians were practically ousted not only from the leadership of the republic, but also from most of the leading positions in the economy and local government. The growth of organized crime, masquerading as a defender of national Tatar interests and enjoying the patronage of law enforcement agencies, clan-related to the former, contributed to a significant decrease in trade ties Russian regions with Tatarstan. Which, in turn, led to a sharp deterioration in the situation of many small and medium-sized enterprises of the republic, focused on the supply of products to neighboring regions.
Another point of tension associated with the Tatars is northwestern part Bashkortostan, where Tatars make up the majority of the population. With the coming to power in the 1990s of the Bashkir national elite, the long-standing mutual hostility of the Bashkirs and Tatars spilled out. Tatars are practically ousted from the Bashkir government, from key positions in the economy and politics. The program to promote the unity of the Bashkir and Tatar peoples essentially turned into a camouflaged humiliation of the national feelings of the Tatars. Tatar dissatisfaction with their position in Bashkortostan finds its response in Tatarstan, splashing out on household level in retaliatory infringement of the Bashkirs. There is no doubt that in the event of unrest in Tatarstan, the Tatars of Bashkortostan will support the anti-Russian and anti-Bashkir position of the same-born people.
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The gradual settlement of the territories of the present Republic of Tatarstan began in the Paleolithic, about a hundred thousand years ago. The first semblance of statehood in the region was the formation of the Volga Bulgaria, created approximately in the tenth century AD by the tribes of the Turks, who at that time already had the experience of statehood of peoples after the formation of the Turkic Kaganate, Great Bulgaria and the Hun state.
In the 10th century AD, the Bulgar Khan Almush converted to Islam, as evidenced by the discovered silver coins that were minted by him in Bulgaria. Coins were minted in the cities of Bolgar and Suvar for a century, the last dated 997. Islam is declared as national religion, however, a certain stratum of the population refuses to accept it, wanting to remain in paganism, which gives rise to the formation of the Chuvash nation.
After the fall of the Khazar Empire in 965, Bulgaria, previously subordinate to it, gains independence. First historical capital the free state becomes the city of Bulgar or Bolgar the Great, which was one hundred and fifty kilometers south of Kazan(today the city of Bolgar). Modern cities Elabuga and Kazan were built as border fortresses. Tatarstan, as a state, had a widely developed infrastructure, highly developed crafts, trade, economy, agriculture and cattle breeding, minting of its own currency and metalworking. The population of the country was homogeneous, and in Russian and Arabic chronicles it was called Bulgarians or Bulgars.
Since 1223, the state was attacked by the Tatar-Mongols. Despite fierce resistance, Bulgaria is part of the expanding empire of Genghis Khan, and becomes part of the Golden Horde, after the collapse of which in 1438 it will be reorganized into the Kazan Khanate. In 1552, after the capture of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible, the Kazan Khanate ceases to exist and joins the Russian state.
The following centuries were marked by the strengthening Russian statehood in the territories of the Middle Volga region. Fortresses are being created, borders are being strengthened, there is an influx of the Russian population and the development of poorly populated territories by them, and the intensive development of the annexed lands continues. Trade relations with Iran, the Caucasus, India, and Siberia are being revived. There is a revival in the restoration of culture, Agriculture, economics. However, the Tatars, still not reconciled to the humiliation of their nation, do not lose hope for the restoration of their state and organize armed uprisings, in which the Chuvashs, Mordvins and Mari participated. After these events, they managed to partially restore their rights and spiritual heritage. Gradually Kazan acquires the status of one of the important centers industry and culture in Russia. In the 18th century, on the site of the Kazan province, independent territorial - administrative divisions: Penza, Astrakhan, Simbirsk and Nizhny Novgorod province. Kazan has retained the status of the capital for over two hundred years.
The development of the Republic of Tatarstan during the 19th and 20th centuries was marked by the penetration of new capital into manufactories and agriculture. The number of craft workshops and various kinds of manufactories with hired labor increased. Especially large industrial manufactories were cloth, copper-smelting and linen. Trade flourished, specific gravity which was occupied by Tatar merchants, who maintained almost all wholesale and retail trade with the countries of Central Asia. By the end of the 50s of the 19th century, the population of the province totaled one and a half million people. The most large-scale enterprises were soap factories, a gunpowder factory, and a flax-spinning factory. Extremely heavy working conditions provided the spread of revolutionary unrest, a significant place in the spread of which was occupied by students of Kazan University, within the walls of which Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov also joined the anti-state movement.
After the overthrow Russian autocracy and Russia's transition to the path of socialist development, the republic is also establishing Soviet authority. During the period civil war, Tatarstan more than once becomes a place of fierce battles between red and white troops. On the ruins of the Russian Empire, new state relations based on alliance and federation. In the 20-30s of the last century, the Tatar SSR became an agrarian-industrial republic, the collectivization of agriculture was carried out, large-scale industrial enterprises, one of the first factories in the whole country to be built synthetic rubber and aviation.
The Great Patriotic War certainly affected the fate of all the peoples of the USSR, and the inhabitants of Tatarstan also participated in a fierce struggle against Nazism. On the territory of the republic, 7 divisions were formed, up to a thousand land companies, the inhabitants of the republic participated in field battles. All of them honorably endured their civic duty. During the war years, the industrial potential of the republic increased significantly, which served for the rapid development of the region in post-war period. The production of aircraft, polyethylene, computer science, leather, fur, chemicals, auto parts, etc. New settlements, the population of the existing ones increased. Already in the 80s of the 20th century, scientists noticed that due to the rapid growth of industry, pollution arises. environment which is becoming a burning issue. With the support of public organizations the construction of a nuclear power plant on the Kama River and an enterprise for the production of protein enzymes in the suburbs of Kazan, a city that continues to have the status of a cultural center in the 21st century and enjoys priority in international and all-Russian events, are cancelled.
