Any person makes hundreds of decisions a day, so whether you like it or not, we are all critically minded creatures. The difference is only in the quality of our critical thinking. When we weigh options, prioritize, and think ahead, this is the skill we use. However, it is made up of others that eventually form its quality.

The first step in developing critical thinking is to understand the importance of overriding . Therefore, study contradictions in order to accept more quality solutions. And also practice and cultivate the following skills.

Collection of information

Many people make completely stupid decisions just because they are sure they are right. Their information is outdated, and they have no desire to update it. Therefore, do not forget how quickly our world is changing. Collect all available information, fortunately in our world there is no shortage of it.

Observation

You need to be curious. Notice things that have always been under your nose, and you took them for granted. Moreover, it can be not only objects, but also the manner of your and someone else's behavior, a variety of ironic situations and unusual constructions of phrases. When you watch your inner voice temporarily calms down and does not censor what the eyes see.

inference

In order to make correct inferences, you need to study logic. It has its own laws, exceptions and contradictions, but nevertheless it is a great way to prove your point in any discussion. You will learn to notice the illogicality of other people's statements and point it out to them if the situation allows.

Rationalization

This means applying the laws of reason: induction, deduction and analogy. With these tools, you can evaluate an argument and find its strengths and weaknesses.

Reflectivity

Regularly take a step back from the details of your problem and look at the big picture. Note what you have learned and what experience you have gained.

Creation

Comparison and contrast

Learn to identify how two or more things are similar and different. more item, situations, problems. Make a list of advantages and disadvantages, and then choose one.

Cause and effect analysis

Ironically, many people are unable to tell one from the other. Therefore, your first step will be precisely the skill of determining what is cause and effect. Sometimes the cause and effect may not be connected - it means that you did not take into account something.

Synthesis

Collect various pieces of information and combine them in order to get a new unpredictable result. They say that this is how any creativity works.

Evaluation

Learn to weigh two and more solution problems and evaluate which one is best.

Forecasting

This is difficult process over which people usually do not bother. They spend a few seconds "analysing" and making a decision based on the future they just imagined. Do not be like that, carefully collect and analyze information. Of course, there are thousands of factors in the world, but at least you can take into account most of them.

Prioritization

Study to understand what you will spend your time on and why. Remember that time spent on something meaningless can be spent on something meaningful, something that will turn your life around and make you happy.

Summary

This skill is usually summative and final. You must realize what exactly you understood, what experience you gained, what conclusions you made and sum up all this.

Most likely, you will not be able to master all these skills at the same time. However, you can combine them in order to receive more right decisions and act boldly. With each skill you master, your way of thinking will significantly change and improve. We wish you good luck!

Assess objective reality. Our thinking can only be effective if it is based on reality. Reality is objective and exists regardless of your desires, whims and goals. Your thinking will be productive as long as you are able to accurately perceive and interpret this reality. This requires objectivity - the ability to divide the concepts of "what is" into this moment, on what you believe or want to believe.

Be prepared to receive information. The mind, not ready to perceive information, is cut off from reality. A person who thinks in this way is very easy to recognize. He/she has a rigid set of opinions and attitudes that are non-negotiable. Such a thinker is difficult to understand, since certain rebuttals are necessary for this. If it seems to you that you are talking to a wall, then you may have encountered just such a person. However, being open to the perception of information does not mean that you should not defend the truth that you know, and also support any point of view. Truth will be able to resist doubt; only an illusion poses a threat to the exchange of thoughts.

Do not tolerate constant and unproductive ambiguity. Most of the decisions you deal with contain a certain amount of ambiguity, a gray area between obvious black and white alternatives. This is not an argument for uncertainty. This is a recommendation to train the power of thought to become clear. Ambiguity is often a symptom of carelessness, incomplete or ir rational thinking. When you experience such a state, you should carefully study your environment, your principles, knowledge and the effectiveness of your thinking. Knowledge is a progressive search for clarity, not uncertainty and confusion.

Avoid mass hobbies. When a certain concept becomes popular, many people accept it, thereby becoming part of the "crowd". This tends to be indicative of coherence rather than critical thinking. Watch (and think) before joining the crowd.

Draw a line between observation and inference, established facts and hypotheses.

Refrain from judging until you are sure you have reliable information. You can jump to conclusions and fall into a trap. On the other hand, when you have reliable information, you should not be afraid to reason. Reasoning is part of the process of thinking, using your ability to draw conclusions about reality.

Keep a sense of humor. You will not be able to think clearly if it seems to you that this is a matter of life or death. The ability to laugh at yourself and see the humor in other situations often helps keep your mind and point of view clear. However, be careful about laughter being used as a weapon to denigrate your values, or used as a way to psychological protection. Such methods require a serious response.

Develop curiosity. The world is full of things you don't know about yet. Curiosity is the mark of a mind that is free and open to the wonders of reality, unafraid to face the unknown to gain new knowledge. The curious thinker will explore new ways to see things and act differently. Learning can be an adventure that involves constant and exciting discovery if you're pursuing curiosity.

Challenge conventional wisdom. Every culture is based on certain assumptions that are rather dubious. Galileo Galilei, an Italian astronomer and mathematician, faced the Inquisition because he dared to question the "truth" that the Earth is the center of the universe. Even today, members of the Flat Earth Society (Society flat earth) believe that the world is flat as a pancake! You cannot assume that what is considered to be the truth is really it. Truth is established through rational thought, not questioning public opinion or past experience.

Resist emotions. Emotions can cloud the mind. When you are angry or elated, your thought processes will not work the same as when you are in a calmer mood. Beware of situations in which your emotions are deliberately provoked by flattery, fear, or admiration at a time when you need to make a decision. This may be an ad hoc strategy to falsify the result.

Do not please others. Flattery is one of the most effective methods persuasion. If someone begins to flatter, then just know that they want to convince you or pocket your money. Sometimes it is very difficult to distinguish a sincere compliment from an elaborate manipulation.

Do not overestimate your self-esteem. Very often, our decisions can be influenced by the desire to appear in a special way to ourselves or to other people. If you are overly concerned with presenting yourself in a certain light, then you may say and do things that are not really in your best interest. Once you understand your importance, playing in public will no longer seem so tempting to you.

Don't forget perspective. When you are in the midst of a decision that is important to you, it is very easy to lose your balanced view of the situation. It would be nice to consider the issue in a broader spectrum. Here's one way to put perspective: On a scale of one to ten, how critical is the situation if one is a withered plant and ten is nuclear explosion? Is the situation as critical as it seems at first glance?

Be aware of the unspoken rules. Sometimes the way we behave is dictated unspoken rules. If you do not know about them, then you will not have sufficient knowledge to accept a wise decision. If you are familiar with the situation, then most likely you know the rules (for example: do not rock the boat, do not question the opinion of the boss, do not argue with the professor). If you are in an unfamiliar situation (or foreign culture), then you should be very observant or ask those who more familiar with her. This does not mean that you should be limited by these rules, it is recommended that you just know them.

Be aware of non-verbal communication cues. Voice communication is only half of the message they are trying to convey to you. The other part of the message is conveyed by non-verbal signs. You must learn to accept both. If someone is acting friendly but squeezing your hand painfully when shaking hands, then you may have reason to doubt what this person is saying! The same thing happens if someone stretches out on the back of a chair and, yawning, tells you how interesting your ideas are to him. The clearer your perception of the facts of a situation, the clearer your thinking will be.

If you are under pressure, then you should stop and think. Impulsive decisions are often wrong. With the pressure to make a decision, the temptation to make it as soon as possible increases. You can justify this by saying that it is better to make at least some decision than not to decide at all, but this is extremely rare. Indecision is a sign that you don't have the skills to help you make decisions. Impulsivity, in turn, suggests that very soon you will reap the benefits of a wrong decision!

Be above labels and stereotypes. Labels and stereotypes are types of mental shorthand that can make thinking and communication easier. If you need four-legged seating furniture, it's easiest to ask for a chair and ignore the numerous possible options design and materials. However, if you are looking for a job, you should not be satisfied with the stereotypical description of this or that occupation. You need to know exactly what it really means to be a police officer, neurosurgeon or financial analyst. Similarly, communication with people from different walks of life and representatives different cultures can be complicated by the presence of stereotypes that prevent you from seeing the truth.

Avoid negative conversations With myself. Much of what goes through your thinking is your internal monologue. This self-talk often takes the form of critical judgments and views about oneself. Your thinking skills can be destroyed by self-talk that relays negative messages over and over again, reinforcing negative self-esteem("I can't do anything well", "I'm just not as smart as everyone else") or attitude ("You can't trust anyone", "School is a waste of time"). Unless you replace this negative thinking more positive self-talk. This will unwittingly influence your decisions. A fundamental element in such a change is an increase in self-esteem. The consultation is good decision for this kind of problem.

Look for consistency. Ralph W. Emerson once wrote, "Stupid consistency is the superstition of narrow-minded minds." The thoughtful sequence, however, is hallmark careful and comprehensive thinking. Consistency and logic are criteria that should always apply, no matter what you decide. Inconsistency is often used to hide the truth.

Practice empathy. There is an Indian proverb that says that before you judge, you must walk a mile in the other person's shoes. In other words, you should not judge anyone before you fully understand the whole situation. By practicing this type of empathy, you will reduce the likelihood of making hasty judgments that you may later regret. You may also find that a little understanding makes it easier to gain a deeper understanding of people's thoughts and behavior. The deeper you understand yourself and others, the wiser your decisions will be.

Take the time to check the facts. If you don't have hard facts, then your decisions are likely to be skewed. AT important issues, you should try to get first hand information. If you're trying to make a career decision and want to know about your professional skills, it's best to take an aptitude test rather than asking your buddies what you're good at. Similarly, it is best to learn about the intricacies of a certain profession based on generally accepted norms, as well as on the opinions of employees, than on stereotypes, which can carry only part of the truthful information. Does this information come from a reliable source? Can you find another source to confirm this information? If you can answer yes to these questions, then you can be more confident in the facts you use as the basis for your decisions.

Check the accuracy of your information. The information may be reliable, but not valid. Validity is related to the relevance of the information to the context in which it is applied. True information may be that if you light a match, it will light up, unless you are under water or in a vacuum outer space! Context is very important!

Develop the ability to listen. When it comes to speaking, we hear what we listen. Listening is another skill that we take for granted, but very rarely used as effectively as we think. How often in the middle of a conversation have you suddenly realized that another person has asked you a question, but you didn't hear it? How often are you so preoccupied with your own thoughts sitting in a classroom that you can't even hear what the teacher says? This happens to all of us, which once again confirms the fact that this seemingly simple skill is very difficult to develop. The better you listen, the more correct information you will receive. The more correct information you have, the better the decisions you make will be.

Critical thinking is a process of reasoning aimed at objective analysis any idea that pops into your head. It includes a deeper study certain areas life so you can reach your potential.

Our life is the result of our thoughts and decisions. Therefore, by improving the quality of thoughts, we can improve our lives. One way to do this is to improve your critical thinking skills.

1. Don't Assume - Explore

AT Everyday life we make assumptions about almost everything. Our brain is so arranged, it makes assumptions in order to process information. And this feature is extremely important part brain structures. However, sometimes these assumptions can be wrong or inaccurate. Critical thinking involves the rejection of assumptions, it requires the analysis of any data for its relevance and veracity. For any assumption, always ask the question why it is so, and not otherwise.

2. Research first, then take the information for the truth

Around great amount information. One comes from reliable sources, the other from unreliable ones. Therefore, we distribute information based on this classification. This saves time and energy that would be required for a more thorough analysis of the information received. However, information that we consider reliable may turn out to be. If something was published somewhere or broadcast by the media, this does not mean that the information is reliable. Critical thinking means that you need to get to the bottom of all the new data that comes to you in order to check their validity.

3. Everything is in question

To think critically, you must be willing to question literally everything. You must question all news, government statements, and even what you have been taught since early years. Ask questions. Thinking critically is not impossible. First, find questions to ask in a particular situation. Second, ask in a way that will get constructive answers.

4. Become aware of your personal biases

Prejudices are conclusions about the world that are made based on own experience. Absolutely every person has prejudices, sometimes this leads to wrong conclusions and decisions. To develop critical thinking, you need to identify your biases and examine them. This will lead to more qualitative analysis new information.

5. Plan more steps ahead than your peers.

Life can be seen as a game of chess. To succeed, you must be many steps ahead of your opponent. It is not enough to calculate two or three steps ahead. You must calculate and plan a strategy for the maximum possible number of steps ahead. Arrange brainstorm, in which you consider the entire wide range of your future. You will be able to anticipate some problems and prepare for them.

6. Determine the main goal of your decisions

Every time you make a decision in life, there is a definite purpose. This goal should become a guide for thoughts and actions. Make sure your goal is completely clear to you. State it in words and figures, let your path to it begin with this. Make decisions that will bring you closer to your goal.

7. Think about the consequences of your actions

Every action faces a reaction. Our actions are the result of our decisions. We must predict and evaluate possible consequences. One way is to put yourself in the shoes of someone who will be affected by your decision. This will allow you to be ready for any outcome, and you will be able to come up with a back-up plan that will address problems that may suddenly arise.

8. Become aware of the processes taking place in your mind

Process human thinking just amazing. The brain is the most complex structure from known to man. We think in many ways. One way is heuristics. This is a set of techniques and methods that facilitate the solution of formal problems. It relies more on . From a critical thinking point of view, heuristics are not reliable. Since she considers information without delving into the facts, she is also heavily influenced by preconceptions. To improve your critical thinking skills, you must understand how your mind works.

9. See evidence of previous thought chains

You don't have to reinvent the wheel. Any problem you encounter has most likely already been solved by someone. To deal with it faster and more successfully, just look at the results of those who have done it before you. Use the information you receive to find yours. own way which might be more thoughtful.

Critical thinking greatly increases your chances of success in life endeavors. It allows you to get excellent results. These tips will help you improve your skills in this way of thinking. Study and apply them, over time you will notice an improvement in the quality of life.

Quite often the term "critical thinking" is interpreted incorrectly, replaced by such concepts as creative thinking, the ability to build logical conclusions, making a sound decision, the ability to analyze information. In fact, the listed designations are not synonymous, but (except for the first one) are components of the process of critical thinking. The creative can be considered the antagonist of the critical. Therefore, such a substitution of concepts is inappropriate.

What is critical thinking and should it be developed?

Origin of the term

The word criticism is derived from the Greek kritike and literally translates as "the ability to disassemble or judge" (to form an opinion based on facts).

Such a human ability as thinking has been studied by various sciences for many years (logic, psychology, linguistics, philosophy, pathopsychology, neuropsychology). Generalized thinking process can be defined as the ability to motivatedly achieve a set goal through a system of certain actions and planning with a predictable result. Naturally, depending on the science that considers or studies thinking, the definitions of this phenomenon will also change. For correct interpretation the term "critical thinking" is enough of the concept that this is a special human activity with a certain structure and types.

From all of the above, we can derive a definition: what is critical thinking. proposed his own formulation, in which he described one of the types intellectual activity with an objective approach to the surrounding reality and information flows. This human ability is based on a system of rules and actions.

signs

Before listing the ways of developing critical thinking, it is necessary to describe the features inherent in this type:

1. One of the key features is independence in conclusions, assessments of phenomena and objects and beliefs. This is the ability to extract and analyze information based on one's own personal experience and well-known problem solving schemes. From here than fuller information about the problem being solved and the more diverse the palette of ways to solve the problem, the more reliable the result will be predicted (bypassing the established stereotypes of people).
2. Another distinguishing feature can be considered the attitude to information: its discovery, analysis, selection and application. A person who knows how to extract the necessary grains from any information and establish connections with an object of interest can cope with problems of any level.
3. Signs can also be considered the setting the right questions, which, as you know, represent the solution of half the problem, and the development of a strategy for solving the problem.
4. An important feature is the exhaustive argumentation, rationalization and reasonable and justified arguments.
5. One head is good, but two is even better. Another feature is the accounting social factors in solving the problem, because Therefore, debates and discussions are acceptable form work to achieve the goal.

How to develop critical thinking with well-known tricks without outside help? It is enough to practice daily until this process becomes a way of life.

Skill Development Techniques

Because of a large number methods of developing critical thinking, it is not possible (and necessary) to list everything. Therefore, it is enough to list the most popular of them and dwell on the description of those that are effectively used.

How to develop critical thinking on your own? Popular tricks include:

1. "Clusters".
2. "Basket of Ideas".
3. "Reverse logical chains".
4. "True and False Statements".
5. "Six Hats"
6. Fishbone.
7. "Sinquain".
8. "Flight Magazines".
9. "RAFT".
10. "Tree of Predictions"
11. "Marginal Notes".
12. "Question of the day".

"Clusters"

It is good to use the technique when systematizing the obtained information and establishing links between phenomena.

The principle of building a cluster is based on the structure model solar system. The question or problem of interest takes the position of the Sun. All other information is located on the positions of the planets of the solar system with their satellites.

fishbone

Another method of systematizing information and finding the optimal solution to a problem is Fishbone.

His help on how to develop critical thinking is undeniable. Reception is displayed in the form of a fish skeleton. The head and tail are denoted as the problem and its solution, respectively. On the edges are the causes of the problem and the facts confirming them. This technique allows you to identify the relationship of problems and the system of their interaction.

"RAFT"

This technique is good for working on oral speech, the development of rhetoric and the skill of persuasion. The name is formed from the first letters of the words - Role, Audience, Form, Theme. This technique implies a discussion of a topic on behalf of a certain character (role), to an audience (a certain level of needs), in a pre-selected form (dialogue, story, anecdote, etc.) of narration and a given number of topics.

"Six Hats"

How to develop critical thinking with hats? Acceptance is also suitable for independent work, and for working with an audience (both large and not so). The number of hats corresponds to certain views on the problem. Colors are assigned to certain elements:

• white - facts;
• yellow - opportunities;
• blue - meaning;
• green - creative;
• red - emotions;
• black - criticism.

It can be seen that the consideration of the problem is complex, from different positions, which allows you to make the most acceptable and rational decision.

"Tree of Predictions"

A technique for developing the ability to reasonably and reasonably make forecasts on a given topic.

The theme is represented by a tree trunk. Forecasts (possibly, probably) - branches on two sides. Arguments are leaves on branches. In this way, it is possible not only to compile a probabilistic model of the development of the situation, but also to determine decisive factors in the given situation.

in the education system

Modern education is too concentrated on the learning process itself, which is reflected in the excessive enthusiasm for (necessary and not so) technologies. Fundamentally, the use of technologies practically does not change anything (except for the names of the parts of the lesson, according to the requirements of the technology, ZUNs - competencies, etc.). As a result, the student must remember certain material. True, the use of developing puzzles in a certain dosage in the lessons is welcome. This type of activity brings variety to the strictly regulated life of the student. Indeed, in order to find the answer to the question of how to assemble a puzzle, it is required to mobilize all knowledge, skills, and independence in achieving the goal.

In order for the technology for the development of critical thinking not to look like a decorative addition to school life the education system itself needs to be changed. And this is almost impossible to do in the near future.

Many elements of critical thinking are often used in the lessons (question of the day, etc.), but the basis remains a mystery behind seven seals.

Instead of a conclusion

The development of critical thinking is available for a person from about 5-6 years old. Until that time, not yet developed enough and nervous system and certain parts of the brain are not formed. For an older preschooler, the solution to the question: "How to assemble a puzzle?" - and there is this development. For junior tricks expands. And for middle and senior students, the whole palette of methods for developing critical thinking is available.

Adults can independently, as needed or for self-examination, use the listed techniques. In addition, the use of critical thinking in everyday life helps to keep the brain youthful. long years. On the other hand, it is critical thinking that allows a person to remain a Personality, that is, not to succumb to the provocations of a well-established system for managing public opinion.

Correct judgment of many important things impossible without critical thinking. With its help, one can judge impartially about phenomena and realities. surrounding life to see them in their true light. But the existing stereotypes and the constant imposition of other people's points of view do not contribute to the development of critical thinking. You will have to master this valuable skill on your own.

What does critical thinking mean?

By definition, critical thinking is a way of seeing truth in its most objective form. This is a purposeful, correctable, productive process that allows not only to soberly evaluate an object, phenomenon, event, person, but also to see it further development, that is, to draw appropriate conclusions, to make some kind of decision.

Psychology of critical thinking

The integral features of critical thinking are the ability to analyze and synthesize, relying both on the amount of information coming from outside and on one's own intellectual potential. A person with critical thinking skills will be able to correct setting problem that leads to its solution. He is able to interpret abstract ideas and project them onto the surrounding realities. A thinking person gets the opportunity to communicate productively with other people: if he does not understand something himself, then he is able to ask for help so that it turns out to be truly effective.

How to develop critical thinking?

Critical thinking development technology includes many components. rudiments necessary knowledge we get at school, but this, of course, is not enough. Critical thinking should be developed and improved at any age. The methodology includes such elements as a challenge to oneself, overcoming difficulties - a practical component, finding a solution, conclusions - understanding the result.

To develop critical thinking, you can use the following techniques:

• daily introspection - understanding the events of the day;
• action from the contrary - reflections on the topic "what would happen if I did it differently";
• many whys - constant staging this issue in order to reveal the true background of the phenomenon;
• problem of the day - every day he sets himself a small task or goal in order to solve it by the evening;
• keeping a diary of introspection;
• regular setting of creative and creative tasks.

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Critical thinking is the true art of in-depth analysis of information and opportunities for development mental ability. Thinking critically does not mean thinking more or more difficult things. First, we need to think “better, better”.

By respecting your critical thinking skills, you develop your intellectual curiosity. But it's not that easy. Critical thinking requires serious discipline. You must be completely objective and, most importantly, self-critical. You need to seek and recognize the truth, even when you are wrong.

measures

1 Improving Your Interviewer's Skills

1. 1 Execution of the questionnaire. We talk a lot about everything.

   Therefore, our brain processes certain data. This is the basis of our daily life. But what to do in a situation where our assumption was incorrect or incorrect? After all, in this case the whole process will initially fail.

   • What is the assumption about the problem? Thus, A. Einstein questioned the assumption that the laws of Newtonian motion can accurately describe the world.

     He opened up completely new frontiers that describe the world from scratch.

   • You can ask similar questions - assumptions. For example: why do we eat in the morning without the possibility of hunger? Or how can you talk about defeat without even fighting?
   • Can all the assumptions we take for granted be destroyed in a detailed analysis?
2. 2 Do not understand information as truth until you yourself have studied this or that issue. Instead of checking the accuracy of the data, we really believe in labels on labels or some reliable source.

   Don't try to save time and energy by re-verifying information, even if it comes from a reliable source. It's not just about what magazines and newspapers write and what they say on television and radio.

   • Learn to trust and use your instinct. Especially with the most controversial issues. If something seems questionable to you, find out about it and use different resources.

     Soon you will learn to distinguish useful information and filter them out unnecessarily.

3. 3 Just like a question. Remember how you ask a question depends on the quality of the information you receive. The ability to ask the right questions can be the essence of all critical thinking.

   You don't know which questions to ask first and which questions to leave in the last part, you will never get the desired result. The ability to find the right questions is a basic principle of critical thinking.

   • How does a roundhouse work?
   • How do fish fall from the sky right in the center of Australia?
   • What kind effective measures you can take to fight poverty around the world?
   • How do you feel about destruction? nuclear weapons in Europe and around the world?

2 Continue browsing

1. 1 Determine your bias. Human judgments are often subjective and sometimes even dishonest and offensive.

   One of scientific research showed that the number of parents who are informed about safety and vaccination needs is much smaller than the number of all vaccinated children.

   Why is it so? The hypothesis is that most parents believe this information is correct. Think about your passion for information.

2. 2 Consider other steps. No 1 or 2 steps, but more than chess players. Do not underestimate your opponent - this is not just a giant giant. You must enter it with an intelligent duel when you have calculated all possible combinations.
   • One of those who thought ahead about the benefits of thinking was Amazon.com CEO Jeff Bezos.

     He believed that everything he did should have been counted for many years. He meant his business. If a person is not ready to invest in a project that lasts 5 or 7 years, he will never survive in healthy competition. And only a few companies, in his opinion, can do it.

3. 3 Read great work. Nothing compares to the transformations in our thinking and perception that appear after reading another interesting book.

   Whether it's Moby Dick or lyric poetry. We should not just read, but go into the book and ask questions.

4. 4 Put it in other people's shoes. This contributes to the development of critical thinking skills. Empathy will help you better understand human psychology, motivation and desires of people. Do not be ruthless, because the capacity for compassion is necessary for every person.
5. 5 Designate 30 minutes a day to train your brain. There are dozens of ways to improve brain function.

   How to develop critical thinking

   Here are some of those ideas:

   • Solve problems during the day. Take some time to figure out the root of the problem and start solving it. It could be theoretical problem and personal crisis.
   • Take your time and spend 30 minutes doing aerobic exercise. Fresh air is needed to improve part of the brain.
   • Beware of proper nutrition.

     Avocado, blueberries, salmon, nuts and seeds and brown rice play important role in keeping your brain alive.

3 All Together

1. 1 Define your goals. If you want to use critical thinking for philosophical thinking, sitting on a desk is one option.

   In addition, you can use them for self-knowledge and get out of difficult life situations when it doesn't look like your assistant will become a critical thinker.

2. 2 Don't be afraid to surround yourself with people who are smarter than you. Do not give in to complexes, and we strive to be a big fish in a small pond.

   Drop your ego. Surround yourself smart people who will teach you something and get something from you.

3. 3 Go through any errors. Be afraid to lose. Refusal - great way discard incorrect options. There is a myth that famous people don't fail - they don't.

   They endure and do everything possible so that only their success is visible to others.

tips

• Use the feeds and libraries to learn more about the topic of your thoughts.

  Incredible criticism is worse than ignorance.

• Don't be too judgmental, but be brave enough to think critically.

  Avoid the words "never" unless you're 100% sure. Be persuasive in your arguments, work with facts. Speak slowly and confidently, racing is useless here.

• Distinguish between inductive and deductive methods thinking. When the conversation goes from the specific to the general and from the general to the particular, you need to.
• Ask other people's opinions.

  People from different age groups and social groups can give you absolutely A New Look on things.

• Read other people's opinions in newspapers and magazines. Think about your mistakes and strengths to improve your style.
• Pay attention to other critics' opinions about you.
• Be diplomatic. Your goal is not the person himself, but the offer that he offers.
• Think hypothetically, deductively.

  This means that depending on specific situation we use the relevant knowledge of the principles and limitations and show them in an abstract, possible version.

• Criticism will be much more effective if it is the object of your knowledge. For example, who is the best judge of a painting as an artist? And who, if not a writer, is better about a book or a literary work?

Edit Alerts

• use the sandwich method: compliment, offer, wish.

  Criticism will be better if you use this approach. You can also use your first and last name, an honest smile, face to face.

• Never criticize an offensive.

  In this case, the person has a defensive position (in particular, if the subject of the dispute refers to him personally). So there is no need, for example, to talk to abortion in order to add fuel to the fire by saying that abortion is a crime.

  In this situation, the person does not listen to the arguments, and it will be even more difficult for him to convince him otherwise. And finally, critics do a good job with praise.

Posted by: Anna Makarova. 2017-11-12 13:04:39

Gaining knowledge about objects, properties, and relationships of reality that are not directly discovered by man can be achieved by thinking about different types.

Critical thinking is a system of judgments that help analyze and form sound conclusions, create your own own assessment happening and interpret it.

We can say that critical thinking thinks in terms of high level, which gives an idea of future information. It is also defined as "evaluative, reflective" or "thinking thinking".

To clarify the question of what critical thinking is, R.

Paul suggested dividing it into strong and weak. Weak is the thinking of an egoist who is preoccupied with his needs and does not use it forever. strong thinking belongs to a person without an ego-oriented orientation.

Each mental activity does not fall under the definition of "critical thinking". Does not include:

• memorization;
• understanding;
• intuitive/creative thinking.

Critical thinking has many definitions in philosophical and psychological works, but all researchers agree with this For critical thinking you need the ability:

• analyze and synthesize;
• induction and deduction;
• annotation;
• interpret;
• observe;
• use of logic;
• move from the abstract to the concrete.

It is also necessary to have broad perspective, creative imagination, stable values.

To a certain extent, this is also emotionally included in the definition of this concept.

Critical thinking requires a quality that allows you to create the prerequisites for the civilized development of society.

Components

The ability to think abstractly is able to restrain some of the properties of reality that are currently inadequate, while the concomitant distribution of others is important.

It is necessary to distinguish the process of abstraction and abstraction. The first is a series of operations that lead to a specific result - abstraction. Under abstraction, we can find different concepts and things (including ordinary ones - for example, a house, a street, a tree,

etc.). This process is inextricably linked with other concepts - analysis and synthesis.

Analysis is a process that allows you to decompose an object into parts.

A synthesis is a combination of parts that have been obtained by analysis into one.

The next skill included in the critical criterion of critical thinking is the ability of inductive and deductive thinking. Induction is a decision that is formed in the process of thinking from "private" to "general",. Deduction is based on thinking from "general" to "special".

The ascent from the abstract to the concrete is a two-step transition.

The first involves the transition from a concrete definition to an abstract one. An object is divided into its components - properties and properties. The second stage is the growth from the abstract to the concrete. At this stage, the human mind tries to restore the original integrity of the exhibited object. The transition from the second stage is impossible without the previous previous one. Thus, it is a process that allows one to learn to rise from the concrete to the abstract and then vice versa.

The critical mind allows a person to constantly doubt, weighing all the advantages and disadvantages.

The main indicators of critical thinking are the ability to consider assumptions as possible hypotheses requiring proof. People with an imaginary imagination, "dreamers" are at risk of planning, so they need to pay attention to the development of critical judgment and learn to think consciously.

Development of critical thinking

Why critical thinking in everyday life?

In order to:

• promotes professional self-determination;
• allows you to set priorities;
• responsibility for choice;
• allows you to create your own conclusions;
• develops the ability to predict the consequences of their actions;
• develops cultural dialogue skills.

How to develop critical thinking?

First we must imagine how this happens sequentially. Its process consists of three steps:

• call that allows you to update and generalize already known knowledge about original problem and encourage the individual to take action;
• understanding that allows new information, understand and communicate with available data;
• which intends to comprehensively comprehend and summarize the information received, compare it and show its own relationship with an object.

Possible independent ways of development

We describe the main strategies that allow you to increase the criticality of the mind.

Use of time that is usually spent on "nothing works". This time is suggested for introspection - for example, at the end of the day. Some questions need to be answered:

• Today I have used methods that develop the critical mind;
• were they effective;
• that I achieved my goals.

The best way to answer these questions is to writing, in the form of logs.

Study of the problem. Once you need to give one problem. It must be formed and defined because it refers to living values ​​and needs. It needs to be studied in order to understand whether it can be influenced and what measures should be taken to solve it.

A necessary condition is to determine its capabilities, which will provide a short-term and long-term solution to the problem. After that, you need to choose a solution strategy and keep it.

How to develop critical thinking?

The development of intelligence.

Every few days it is necessary to work on the development of the criticality of the mind, one of the aspects - logical thinking, analysis, conclusion, etc.

Do not trust the authorities to effectively develop critical thinking.

The prism of someone else's perception often distorts information. That's why it's so important that you turn yourself on and figure out the problem yourself.

Definition of success in magazines.

Every week it is worth writing down emotionally significant situations in a diary, describing their reactions and analyzing their source. The question to be answered is: what have I learned about myself through these situations? What can you do differently if you had to go through them?

It must be understood that the development of a critical mind is a long process and that it cannot be stopped at all.

Therefore, critical thinking is defined in many ways, but this opinion allows you to draw your own conclusions based on the information that comes in and use them to solve real problems.

In some cases, such thinking can develop independently.

The mind is in a state of eternal condemnation and denial of everything that is nearby

looks at the issue from different angles

When there is more criticism than love.

The mind that criticizes everything is obvious) This means that we do not accept religion, but we are looking for evidence.

A critical mind is essential if you are working on a science project.

Development of critical skills

But it becomes an absolute obstacle when you try to achieve inner peace, subjectivity. This is quite appropriate in the objective world, without it there would be no science; But apart from that there is no place for religiosity. This must be understood: when a person is working towards a goal, he must be able to use the critical mind; when a person acts with the subjective, he must be able to remove it.

The mind must remain an asset. It doesn't have to be a fix idea; you must use it or not use it. Unable to login inner world with critical mind; doubt about it becomes the same obstacle as confidence in science. A man of confidence will not be far in science.

That is why at the time when religion reigned in the world, the world remained unscientific. The opposition between the church and science did not arise randomly, this is very important. In fact, the church and science did not fight, but two aspects were opposed: objective and subjective. They are classified in different ways.

Whenever he starts to perfect something, every time he finds a mistake.

You critically look at the world, you want to change it for the better.))

Critical mentality is very useful quality scientist. The "critical mind" does not hesitate to ask unpleasant questions, including himself, is not afraid to ask "recognized" authoritative opinions.

"Critical minds" do not remain "honorary" scientists in science, their doubts turn into obstacles and are a "platform" for new knowledge.

In the education and development of the intellect, you need to know certain characteristics of the mind. One of them is the critical mind.

Criticality of mind is the ability to strictly evaluate the work of your thought, carefully consider all the arguments for and against established hypotheses, and present these hypotheses to a comprehensive test. Critical thinking person may consider their assumptions as hypotheses that require comprehensive testing.

And he is willing to discard those who failed to support the test or did not fulfill the requirements of the task, even if they are very attractive, attractive… In short, the critical mind is a disciplined, uncompromising mind!

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