The task of determining the correctness of judgments. About index right judgment put a clear "+" sign.
1. Volvox has negative phototaxis.
2. Euglena green is capable of sexual reproduction.
3. Foraminifera are free-living protozoa.
5. Some sarcodes have a shell.
6. The color of red algae is an adaptation to photosynthesis.
7. The growths of all ferns are capable of photosynthesizing.
8. The main water reserves in a plant cell are in plastids.
9. Starch in plants can be deposited as a reserve substance in leucoplasts.
10. Usually the nightshade fruit is a berry or a box.
11. Cells of the primary cortex can perform a supporting function.
12. Only the root is involved in the formation of the carrot root.
13. The division zone of the root is unable to absorb water.
14.U ciliary worms no anus.
15. In homoiothermic animals, body temperature changes depending on the temperature of the environment.
16. Insect hemolymph performs the same functions as the blood of vertebrates.
17. All large sharks are predators.
18. The heart of all vertebrates has coronary vessels.
19. Central channel spinal cord communicates with the ventricles of the brain.
20. Tarantula is a poisonous insect
1. "ACTIONS WITH CONCEPTS"
1. What are nominal and real definitions? Give examples
a) Real - is the definition of the object itself, reflected in the corresponding concept. Examples of real definitions are provided by encyclopedias and corresponding special scientific dictionaries.
For example: “The Constitution is the basic law of the state, establishing its public and political structure". Here, in the form of a definition, first of all, the content of the concept of "Constitution" is disclosed.
b) The nominal definitions reveal the meaning of the word itself - the name of the object. For example: "The legal state is the state in which the law prevails." Here the meaning of the phrase "rule of law" is revealed. Sample nominal definitions give all sorts of explanatory dictionaries.
The division of definitions into real and nominal is relative. The real definition can take a nominal form: “The Constitution is the basic law…”, etc. And the nominal definition can take on the form of a real one: Constitutional state- this is a state ... ”, etc.
2. Check if the following definitions are correct (if not, name the logical error):
a) Adjacent angles are angles that have a common vertex and side.
b) Piano - musical instrument like a piano, only smaller.
c) A tenant is a person who receives land for temporary use for a certain fee.
d) A religious person is a person who has religious beliefs.
e) A nation is a stable historical community.
f) Stubbornness is the vice of a weak mind.
g) Mathematics is not an art.
a) No, the definition is wrong. This is a feature. The logical error is that adjacent corners do not have a common vertex.
b) No, it's wrong. Dimensions are not the main common feature between the piano and grand piano. Moreover, this is a comparison, not a definition.
c) Yes, the definition is correct.
d) Yes, the definition is correct.
f) no, stubbornness is a sign of a weak mind, not a vice.
g) no, the definition is incorrect, because in general, any definition is given through an assertion, an indication positive properties, qualities, characteristics, and not through negation; by comparison, not by contrast.
3. Are the following divisions correct (if not, name logical errors):
a) Transactions are bilateral, multilateral and by proxy.
b) People in the slave-owning period were divided into slaves and slave-owners.
c) The store has food and dairy products.
d) There are real and imaginary numbers.
e) Circles can be inscribed, circumscribed and by themselves.
f) Trees are made up of roots, trunks and crowns.
g) A woman can be single, married, mother or grandmother.
a) the rule is violated: redundancy in division. An extra division term has been added.
b) the division is correct, dichotomous, on a single basis.
c) the rule of division on one basis is violated. A mistake was made: this is a cross (or inconsistent) division.
d) division by the absence of a feature that serves as the basis for division.
e) the division is disproportionate: an excess in the division is allowed.
f) this is not a division, but a definition of a concept.
4. Generalize and then constrain following concepts: Trait. tribal community. Freedom. Vector. A crime. Erudition. Tax.
Character trait: generalization - nature
limitation - harmfulness, stubbornness
Tribal community: generalization - tribe
restriction - family, clan
Freedom: generalization - it is impossible to do, because is a philosophical category
(i.e. the most general, abstract concept)
limitation - will
Vector: generalization - direction
limitation - arrow
Crime: generalization - offense
restriction - malicious hooliganism
Erudition: generalization - encyclopedic knowledge
limitation - ingenuity
Tax: generalization - tribute
restriction - apply
5. Six students sat on a couch in the university lobby. Kostya was sitting through as many people from Styopa as Styopa was from Sasha. Tolya sat through as many people from Fedya as Fedya from Petya. There are as many people between Tolya and Sasha as there are between Styopa and Petya, and also between Fedya and Kostya. Tolya was not the first. Who sat next to whom?
The students were sitting on a sofa in the hall of the university all around.
1) Kostya was sitting three people from Styopa: Fedya, Sasha and Tolya.
2) Styopa was sitting three people from Sasha: Petya, Kostya and Fedya.
3) Tolya was sitting three people from Fedya: Styopa, Petya and Kostya.
4) Fedya was sitting three people from Petya: Sasha, Tolya and Styopa.
5) There are as many people between Tolya and Sasha - four: Styopa, Petya, Kostya, Fedya - as between Styopa and Petya - four: Tolya, Sasha, Fedya, Kostya, and also between Fedya and Kostya - four: Sasha, Tolya, Styopa , Petya.
So: Kostya was sitting next to Fedya on the left and Petya on the right;
Petya was sitting next to Kostya on the left and Styopa on the right;
Styopa was sitting next to Petya on the left and Tolya on the right;
Tolya was sitting next to Styopa on the left and Sasha on the right;
Sasha sat next to Tolya on the left and Fedya on the right;
Fedya was sitting next to Sasha on the left and Kostya on the right.
Schematically, this can be represented as follows:
2. "JUDGMENT ANALYSIS"
1. Given the judgment: "Law regulates social relations." Answer the questions:
a) What is the quality and quantity of this judgment (write down the formula)?
c) What is the logical and factual modality of this judgment?
a) the formula: "All S are P", (A)
in terms of quality, this judgment is “affirmative”,
in quantity it is "general"
So, in general, this is a general affirmative judgment.
b) S + (subject) distributed; P - (predicate) not distributed
"Law governs social relations"
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c) the logical modality of this judgment: "logically necessary"
actual (ontological) modality "actually necessary"
(ontologically necessary)
These modalities in the language of formal logic are denoted as follows:
"A" - "requires A".
2. Set the type (by quality and quantity, by logical union, by modality) of the following judgments and make their formulas:
a) You would have sharpened up more if you had learned a little from him.
b) Science, first of all, is not a cabinet and private matter, but a public and public one (D.I. Mendeleev).
c) Responsibility for an offense may be disciplinary, administrative or criminal.
a) “You should have sharpened yourself more if you had learned a little from him.”
Formula: AB (read: "If A, then B")
Logical union (connection) - implication ("if, ... then")
Type of judgment: complex, implicative
Modality: "logically possible"
b) “Science, first of all, is not an armchair and private matter, but a public and public one” (D.I. Mendeleev).
Formula: A v B (or AB)
Logical union (connection) - strong (strict) disjunction
Type of judgment: complex, strict disjunctive
Modality: "logically necessary"
"ontologically necessary"
c) "Responsibility for an offense may be disciplinary, administrative or criminal."
Formula: A v B (read: "A or B")
Logical union (connection) - disjunction ("or")
Type of judgment: complex, weak disjunctive
Modality: "ontologically possible".
3. Are the quality and quantity, distribution of terms and modality of the following judgments correctly established:
a) There is no adjutant without an aiguillette - General affirmative, the subject is distributed, the predicate is not distributed, judgment of necessity, reliable.
b) Some court employees do not have higher education– Particularly negative, the subject and predicate are not distributed, judgment about the possibility, reliable.
c) Every person has the right to education - General affirmative, subject and predicate distributed, judgment of possibility, probable.
a) “There is no adjutant without an aiguillette” - The judgment is generally affirmative, the subject is distributed, the predicate is not distributed, the judgment of necessity is reliable.
Everything is installed correctly.
b) “Some court employees do not have a higher education” - Particularly negative, the subject is not distributed, the predicate is distributed (The solution is different in the text. Error!), Opportunity judgment, reliable.
c) “Everyone has the right to education” - General affirmative, the subject is distributed, the predicate is not distributed (The solution is different in the text. Error!), Judgment about the possibility, probable.
4. Make a judgment according to the formula: A (B v C). Determine for what values of A, B and C it will be true?
The judgment will be true in general, with the following values of logical variables:
A - TRUE A - TRUE A - TRUE
B - TRUE B - FALSE B - TRUE
C is FALSE or C is TRUE or C is TRUE
A judgment according to this formula would be, for example, as follows:
- "If a person has read a book, he knows its content or its main idea."
5. There were four beautiful cars in the parking lot, and a girl walked between them, because one of the cars belonged to her. What if someone's cunning hand left two inscriptions on each machine, one of which is true and the other is false? In a blue car: “This is not my car. I own the white one." On yellow: “This is my car. The red car is also mine." On red: “This is my car. The blue one is mine too. On white: "This is my car, but the blue one is not mine."
Answer: The girl who walks between the cars in the parking lot owns a red car.
Reasoning logic
1st logical step:
1) on a blue inscription: this is not mine, my white
2) on the yellow inscription: this is mine, my red
3) on the red inscription: this is mine, my blue
4) on a white inscription: this is mine, the blue one is not mine
2nd logical step: permutation for ease of comparison
1) white: my white is a lie, blue is not mine - the truth
2) blue: my white is a lie, blue is not mine - the truth
3) red: my red is true, my blue is a lie
4) yellow: my red is true, my yellow is a lie
3rd logical step:
We know from the condition of the problem that in each pair of inscriptions there is one true and one false. Suppose that in the inscriptions on the white and blue cars the inscription “blue is not mine” is true, and the inscription “white is mine” is a lie.
4th logical step:
Then (follow the diagram): if the statement “blue is not mine” is true, then one of the inscriptions on the red car, namely: “blue is mine” is a lie, and the second inscription in this pair, respectively, is true.
5th logical step:
And then in the remaining pair of inscriptions on the yellow car it is not difficult to establish which is true and which is false: namely, “red is mine”, this is true, and the inscription “yellow is mine” is a lie.
So, the girl owns the red car. Hooray - happy for her! I hope she's as beautiful as the cars she walks between.
And circumstance. Thirdly, the difference between a judgment and a proposition is also that each National language has its own unique grammatical and phonetic structure. The logical structure of the judgment is the same regardless of its expression in a particular language. Fourthly, the logical structure of thought and grammatical form speeches also do not match. The subject of the sentence must...
By sending the following inference, and so on. In very complex and branched proofs, the same premises and intermediate conclusions can be used as premises several times. The value of evidence in science. The degree of maturity and development of science and scientific thinking is directly determined by the level of use of evidence in them, with the help of which the truth is substantiated ...
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TOPIC 2 1. INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY # Man as a result of biological and sociocultural evolution# Socialization of the individual # Activity # Knowledge of the world # Society as a form of people's life # Spiritual culture of society # Final repetition on the topic "Man and Society"
3 14 HUMAN AS A RESULT OF BIOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-CULTURAL EVOLUTION 1 You will learn About the natural (biological) and public (social) in man; about the meaning of the concepts "individual", "individuality", "personality"; about needs and their types. READ THE TEXT When reading the text, highlight the words you don't understand. Ask your teacher or dictionary for their meaning. 1) Man, individual, personality Man is inherently biosocial like any living being, he is a part of nature and at the same time is inextricably linked with society. Biological and social in man are merged into one, and only in such unity does he exist. The biological nature of a person is manifested in his anatomical and physiological features, the structure of various systems and organs, instincts and reflexes. Biologically, each person is unique, since the set of genes received from parents is unique. Scientists consider the most important the following differences a person from other living beings: the presence of thinking and verbal speech; ability to purposeful, including creative, activity; the ability to consciously and expediently transform the surrounding reality; the ability to make complex tools of labor with the help of other tools and use them in the process of producing the necessary goods. Man as a social being is inextricably linked with society. He can reveal his social nature, only carrying out certain activities, communicating with other people. The social essence of a person is manifested through his worldview, ability and readiness for socially useful work and creativity, consciousness and reason, understanding of freedom and responsibility. To characterize a person, scientists use the concepts of "individual", "personality", "individuality". An individual is a single representative of humanity. Personality is a person as a carrier of consciousness, endowed with a number of important social qualities: self-awareness and conscience, life principles and ideals, the ability to learn, work, communicate with other people, participate in society. Personality is formed and develops throughout a person's life, in the course of socialization (in the process of mastering social norms and samples, the culture of a given society). The concept of "individuality" is used to refer to a unique combination of biological and social qualities that distinguishes one person from all others. We can say that individuality is the originality of a person. 2) Human needs At the heart of human activity are needs. In order to physically exist and carry out various activities, a person needs fresh water and air to breathe, food and warmth, various items material and spiritual culture. Needs is a person's experience of the need for what is necessary to maintain his life and personal development. Natural (biological; physiological, material, etc.) (breathing air, water, food, clothing and housing, procreation, etc.) HUMAN NEEDS Social (in communication, work, success in life, occupying a certain position in society, etc.) Spiritual (ideal) (in the knowledge of the world, achieving harmony and beauty; religious faith, artistic creativity etc.) Individual needs are also distinguished (needs individual person associated with the specific conditions of his life, the characteristics of his personality) and social needs (the needs of certain social groups, society as a whole).
4 1 HUMAN AS A RESULT OF BIOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-CULTURAL EVOLUTION 15 ANSWER THE QUESTIONS 1. What is bio social entity human? 2. What is biological nature human? 3. What are the most important differences human from other living beings? 4. How is the social essence of a person manifested? 5. What is the meaning of the concepts "individual", "individuality", "personality"? 6. What are needs? What groups of needs do scientists distinguish? COMPLETE TASKS 1. Analyze judgments about a person. Put the icon in the corresponding column of the table. Judgments True False The natural (biological) needs of a person include the need to communicate with other people. Man possesses thinking and verbal speech. The social essence of a person is manifested in his anatomy and physiology. The unique, original qualities of a person are called individuality. Personality is formed in the interaction of a person with other people. The process of becoming a personality is called stratification. An individual is a single representative of humanity as species. Individual needs are manifested in an individual and are associated with the specific conditions of his life, his personality. Personality is a person as a carrier of consciousness, endowed with a number of social qualities. 2. Establish a correspondence between examples and sides of a person's essence: for each element given in the first column, select the corresponding element from the second column. EXAMPLES OF THE SIDE OF HUMAN ESSENCE A) Arthur loves classical music. 1) biological B) Cyril has many friends. 2) social C) Magomed is physically hardy. D) Anna's height is 155 cm. E) Zarina is friendly to her colleagues. Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters. Answer: A B C D D
5 16 HUMAN AS A RESULT OF BIOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-CULTURAL EVOLUTION 1 3. What meaning do social scientists invest in the concept of “need”? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about the types of needs, and one sentence revealing any feature of one type of need. 4. Name any three social needs person and illustrate the satisfaction of each of them with an example. 5. You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Man as a result of biological and socio-cultural evolution." Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.
6 2 SOCIALIZATION OF THE INDIVIDUAL 17 You will learn About the meaning of the concepts of "socialization", "social status", "social role"; about agents (institutions) of socialization. READ THE TEXT When reading the text, highlight the words you don't understand. Ask your teacher or dictionary for their meaning. 1) The concept of socialization Socialization is a lifelong process of personality formation, the development of socially significant qualities of a person. In the course of socialization, a person learns the experience of previous generations, which includes a system of knowledge, norms, values, patterns of behavior in typical situations (social roles), etc. The success of socialization depends on how much a person will be able to realize himself in the process of social life. 2) Social status and social role Each person occupies a certain position in society. It depends on his age, marital status, income level, education and profession, political activity. Social status is the place (position) of a person in society, which determines the range of his rights and obligations. For example, as citizens of Russia, we have the right to be elected and be elected to government bodies and local government, otherwise participate in the management of state affairs, but at the same time they are obliged to comply with laws, pay established taxes and fees, etc. Some statuses are acquired from birth or are assigned regardless of the will and desire of a person (for example, the status of a son / daughter, men / women, ethnicity), and to achieve others, you need to make certain efforts (husband/wife, doctor/teacher, etc.). The social role reflects the requirements of society for a person in accordance with his social status, models for the implementation of status rights and obligations. The main (basic) social roles include the roles of a citizen, owner, family member, consumer, employee. The performance of a particular social role is individual character. For example, school students are expected to excel in their studies, good behavior. But different students meet these requirements in different ways. The social environment of a person can influence the development of a person both purposefully (by organizing the process of education and upbringing) and spontaneously. 3) Agents of socialization Agents (institutions) of socialization people and organizations that provide training cultural norms and learning social roles. Primary socialization, during which the child learns elementary methods of self-care in everyday life, the skills of communicating with others, is carried out primarily by the family. In the future, socialization includes the closest circle of friends, educational organizations, means mass media(mass media), church, etc. Family and immediate environment Education system Mass media (mass media) Institutes of spiritual culture (science, art, etc.) Firms Informal associations AGENTS (INSTITUTIONS) SOCIALIZATIONS Labor collectives Religious organizations Public organizations, political parties State, etc.
7 18 SOCIALIZATION OF THE INDIVIDUAL 2 ANSWER THE QUESTIONS 1. What process is called socialization? 2. What is social status? 3. What types of social statuses are there? 4. What is the meaning of the concept of "social role"? 5. What social roles of a person are considered to be the main (basic) ones? 6. What does the concept of "agent (institution) of socialization" mean? What agents of socialization do you know? COMPLETE THE TASKS 1. Analyze judgments about the socialization of the individual. Put the icon in the corresponding column of the table. Judgments True False Socialization begins at early childhood and continues throughout a person's life. A social role is a set of actions that a person with a certain social status must perform. AT modern society All social statuses of a person are determined at his birth. All people, regardless of specific circumstances, accumulated life experience and other factors, equally perform a similar social role. All social roles of a person are strictly formalized in the legislation. The agents of the primary socialization of the individual are the immediate environment, which has a direct impact on him: family, parents, friends, peers. Society always purposefully influences the development of the individual. As a result of socialization, people accumulate social experience activity in a given society. Media are considered to be agents of primary socialization. 2. Find examples in the list below that illustrate the performance of the social role of an employee. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated. 1) Peter is divorced, he has three children from two marriages. 2) Ivan joined the socio-political movement. 3) Nikolai carefully read the program of the candidate for the post of head of the city administration. 4) Yuri works as a doctor in the city hospital. 5) Accountant Leila regularly attends advanced training courses. 6) The salesperson Marina is never late and arrives before the store opens. Answer:.
8 2 SOCIALIZATION OF THE INDIVIDUAL In the row below, find the concept that is generalizing for all the other concepts presented. Write down this word (phrase). Informal association, school, socialization agent, public organization, labor collective. Answer:. 4. Read the text, do the tasks and answer the questions. The difference between the two most important categories is very simple: we have a status, but we play a role. If status is a position in society, then the role is a model of behavior in accordance with this position. It can be defined differently as a patterned type of behavior aimed at fulfilling the rights and obligations assigned to a particular status. A role describes how status holders interact with each other. The term "role" is borrowed from the theatrical sphere, where it was intended to emphasize the difference between the actor and the part performed. Many well-known actors tried themselves in the role of Hamlet, just as many graduates medical institute become doctors. A social role is a mask that a person puts on when he gets on people. True, she can grow together with him: the role will become an inseparable part of her own "I". People cannot behave as they please. They obey what everyone thinks is right for the role. To a large extent, the behavior of the student is predictable, because the student is certain role. The same goes for a teacher, a salesman, or a statesman. We all know what these people are supposed to do, no matter how much individuality they put into their role. In general, all teachers or salespeople behave in a similar way. Status turns into a role at the moment when a specific niche in the social structure is occupied by a person with unique personality traits. Prior to this, the rights and obligations, for example, of a senior engineer or a driver, were nameless, aimed at a person in general. But these statuses were filled by Krolikov and Vasechkin, and the picture changed. An empty status has turned into a personality-colored model of behavior, that is, a role. (According to A.I. Kravchenko) 1) Make a plan for the text. 2) What does the author call social status? What two elements social status named in the text? 3) What, according to the author, is the influence of society's expectations on human behavior? 4) Using text and social science knowledge, explain the relationship of social status with the socialization of the individual.
9 20 SOCIALIZATION OF THE INDIVIDUAL 2 5. What meaning do social scientists invest in the concept of “socialization”? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about the agents (institutions) of socialization, and one sentence revealing any feature of one of these agents (institutions). 6. Name any three agents (institutions) of socialization and illustrate the activities of each of them with an example. 7. You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Socialization of the individual." Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.
10 3 ACTIVITY 21 You will learn about the meaning of the concept and the structure of activity; main forms (types) of activity. READ THE TEXT When reading the text, highlight the words you don't understand. Ask your teacher or dictionary for their meaning. 1) The concept and structure of activity Scientists call activity the conscious activity of a person, during which he changes the world around him and changes himself. This is a unique way of interacting with the outside world. A person is able to set goals and set specific tasks, plan his activities, select the necessary funds for its implementation, he can also, if necessary, adjust his activities. Structure of activity Subject (Who carries out the activity?) Object (What / who is the activity aimed at transforming?) Motive (What need is the activity caused by?) Purpose (What is the desired result of the activity?) Methods, means (How, with what help is the activity carried out?) Actions Result (What happened after all the actions?) The subject of activity is a person (social groups, society as a whole). The objects and phenomena, processes of the surrounding world, people, social groups, society as a whole can act as objects of activity (that/one that/whom the activity is aimed at). The conscious needs of a person, which determine his orientation, activity (motives), allow a person to set a goal (an image of the desired result of activity). Then he determines the means he needs, chooses methods of activity and carries out certain actions. Consider the structure of activity using the example of your preparation for the Unified State Examination in social studies. The subject is the student, the object of knowledge in the subject. Target successful delivery examination, admission to a higher educational institution. Motives may vary. Right choice textbooks, systematic work on mastering subject will lead to the expected result. 2) The main forms (types) of activity Game Teaching / cognition Labor Communication Free developmental activity undertaken at will, for the sake of pleasure from the very process of activity. She often has certain rules; usually involves some imaginary setting. Children's games are often a preparation for further activities: the child learns new roles, develops skills and expands his life experience. Purposeful process acquiring knowledge and developing skills The process of human interaction with the outside world, during which he creates objects (products) necessary to satisfy individual and public needs The process of establishing and developing contacts between people, which includes the exchange of information, experiences and emotions. In the process of communication, people influence each other
11 22 ACTIVITY 3 If in the course of his activity a person creates something new, original, that did not exist before, then they talk about it. creative character. Creativity is the creation of something new, valuable not only for this person but also for others. Modeling activity is called reproductive activity. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS 1. What meaning do scientists put in the concept of "activity"? 2. What are the main structural elements activities? 3. What are the main forms (types) of activity? 4. What activity is called creative? COMPLETE THE TASKS 1. Analyze the judgments about the activity. Put the icon in the corresponding column of the table. Judgments True False Material and spiritual values are created as a result of labor activity. Teaching is an activity aimed primarily at obtaining the knowledge necessary for the individual and developing skills. Conscious human needs are the motive for his activity. In the process of activity, the subject determines its goals and controls their achievement. Creative activity is inherent in both man and animals. The subject of activity can be a person, a social group, society as a whole. The activity is subject to the influence of natural factors. One of the differences between human activity and animal activity is its focus on the realization of needs. 2. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and elements of the activity structure: for each element given in the first column, select the corresponding element from the second column. CHARACTERISTICS ELEMENTS OF THE STRUCTURE OF ACTIVITY A) the image of the expected result 1) the motive B) the motivation for activity 2) the object C) the person carrying out the activity 3) the goal D) the subject to which the activity is directed 4) the subject Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters. Answer: A B C D
12 3 ACTIVITY What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "activity"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about the forms (types) of activity, and one sentence revealing any feature of one of these forms (types) of activity. 4. Name any three features of learning as a form (type) of activity and illustrate each of them with an example. 5. You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Activities". Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.
13 24 KNOWLEDGE OF THE WORLD 4 You will learn about knowledge, its goals, stages and forms; variety of ways (forms) of knowledge. READ THE TEXT When reading the text, highlight the words you don't understand. Ask your teacher or dictionary for their meaning. 1) Cognition and its goals Cognition is the process of obtaining new knowledge by a person. The goal of knowledge is true knowledge. Truth is knowledge corresponding to the properties of the object being known. Truth is objective: its content corresponds to reality, and therefore it cannot depend on the cognizing subject, on his preferences or assessments. True knowledge reflects what really is. Truth is always concrete: the correlation of knowledge with reality is always carried out under certain conditions. True knowledge can correspond to a cognizable object with varying degrees accuracy and completeness. Therefore, relative truth is understood as accurate under certain conditions and / or insufficiently complete knowledge about the subject, which over time, as science develops, can change; under absolute truth is absolutely exact, complete and final knowledge. A fallacy is misinformation that is mistaken for truth. The criterion of truth is that which makes it possible to distinguish truth from error or falsehood. Social practice is recognized as the main criterion of truth. Practice is the source and goal of knowledge. Many sciences were generated by the practical needs of society. Man cognizes the world and himself in order to use the results of knowledge in his practical activities. Practice is the basis of knowledge. Man in the course of his life activity transforms the world around him. Practice provides objects of knowledge, methods, equipment. Practice is the criterion of truth. Until the theoretical position is confirmed by practice, it will remain just a hypothesis (assumption). 2) Stages and forms of cognition Scientists distinguish between sensory and rational cognition. The source of knowledge about the world, its colors and sounds, sizes and distances, tastes and smells are the sense organs: eyes (vision), ears (hearing), tongue (taste), nose (smell), skin (touch). The human senses are in direct contact with cognizable objects, receiving various information about them. With the help of sensory knowledge, we can only judge about external properties individual objects: their shape, size, color, etc. The forms of sensory cognition include sensation, perception, representation. Sensation is a reflection of individual real properties and signs of objects and processes, arising as a result of their impact on the human senses. Perception is a sensual image of an object or process, a holistic reflection of the phenomena of reality in the fullness of their various properties. Representation is a generalized image of the object of knowledge, reproduced in the mind of a person without a direct impact of this object on the senses (stored in memory). The task of summarizing and analyzing information obtained with the help of the senses is performed by rational (from Latin ratio mind) cognition. At the stage of rational cognition, the subject is distracted from the private, non-essential properties of individual objects, generalizes
14 4 KNOWLEDGE OF THE WORLD 25 their essential properties and then operates with common features of groups of objects of the same type. The forms of rational knowledge are the concept, judgment, conclusion. The concept of thought, fixing the general essential properties of the object of knowledge. A judgment is a thought that affirms or denies something about the object of knowledge. An inference is a thought that takes shape on the basis of one or more judgments and logically deduces a new judgment from them. Art Parascience WAYS (FORMS) OF KNOWLEDGE Science Mythology Common sense folk wisdom Practical Knowledge Religion The main way (form) of knowing the world in antiquity was a myth, which in a figurative form fixed people's ideas about the world, man, the supernatural. Mythology, as a rule, does not differ in reliability, logical explanations. It exists even today. Practical (ordinary/everyday) knowledge a person receives in his daily life. This knowledge is at the level of common sense, reason. It is often superficial. Folk wisdom is the collective experience accumulated by mankind over long years, which receives expression in proverbs and sayings. Parascience is a collective concept denoting a set of various forms cognitive activity. The main criterion for attributing a particular form cognitive activity the field of parascience is the absence of real existing facility knowledge, non-compliance with the generally accepted in the system of science criteria for the construction and justification scientific theories, as well as the inability to give a rational (reasonable, logical) interpretation of the phenomena being studied. Parascience includes ufology, cryptozoology, etc. Common sense is a set of generally accepted, often unconscious ways of explaining and evaluating the observed phenomena of the surrounding reality. Common sense summarizes the fragments of historically accessible experience that are significant and necessary for every person in his daily life. About science, religion and art, we will talk further in more detail. A special kind of cognitive activity is social cognition. His key features are that continuous development society determines the relativity of the results of knowledge; society cognizes itself (subject and object of cognition coincide); and the information received is inevitably interpreted and evaluated taking into account various life principles and ideas. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS 1. What is knowledge? 2. What kind of knowledge is called true? What distinguishes relative truth from absolute truth? 3. What is the meaning of the concepts of "objectivity of truth", "concreteness of truth"? 4. What characterizes sensory knowledge? What are its forms? 5. What is characteristic of rational knowledge? What are its forms? 6. In what forms is cognition carried out? How do these forms manifest themselves in your cognitive activity? 7. What are the features of social cognition?
15 26 KNOWLEDGE OF THE WORLD 4 COMPLETE THE TASKS 1. Analyze judgments about knowledge. Put the icon in the corresponding column of the table. Judgments True False Man, like animals, consciously and purposefully cognizes the surrounding world. Sensory cognition is characterized by reproduction outside parties and properties of objects. In the process of social cognition, a person studies the society in which he lives. The correspondence of knowledge to the subject of cognition, the independence of knowledge from the will of the cognizing subject reflect the objectivity of truth. Relative truth is knowledge, the content of which can change as science develops. The forms of sensory cognition include sensation and concept. Rational knowledge reveals essential features, connections of cognizable objects. Forms of rational knowledge are observation and experiment. Non-scientific types of knowledge include religious, worldly and artistic. 2. Establish a correspondence between the forms and stages (steps) of knowledge: for each element given in the first column, select the corresponding element from the second column. FORMS STAGES (STAGES) OF KNOWLEDGE A) concept 1) sensory cognition B) representation 2) rational cognition C) perception D) inference E) judgment Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters. Answer: A B C D E 3. Scientists summarized the results of many years of research and wrote a book. On what grounds can the content of the book be classified as scientific knowledge? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated. 1) Evidence is offered to confirm the truth of judgments. 2) The book is difficult for independent study by non-specialists. 3) The content of the book is presented in professional language. 4) All hypotheses of the researchers were justified. 5) The book was printed by a major publishing house. 6) The entire circulation of the book was sold out within one month. Answer:.
16 4 KNOWLEDGE OF THE WORLD What meaning do social scientists invest in the concept of "truth"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about absolute truth, and one sentence revealing the relationship between absolute and relative truth. 5. Name three forms of sensory cognition and illustrate each with an example. 6. V.G. Belinsky owns the following statement: "Truth is higher than people and should not be afraid of them." What property (quality) of truth are we talking about? Name any two other properties of truth. 7. You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Knowledge of the World". Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.
17 28 KNOWLEDGE OF THE WORLD 4 8. Read the sentence below. “Our knowledge begins with perception, passes into understanding, and ends with cause. There is nothing more important than the reason". (I. Kant) What does the author of the statement consider the goal and result of cognition? Give the concepts theoretical provisions, reasoning and conclusions that reveal the connection noted in the statement various kinds(forms) of knowledge. Give two examples from various sources illustrating this connection of different types (forms) of knowledge.
18 5 SOCIETY AS A FORM OF LIFE ACTIVITIES OF PEOPLE 29 You will learn about the meaning of the concepts of "society" and "social institutions", signs of society as a system; directions and forms community development. READ THE TEXT When reading the text, highlight the words you don't understand. Ask your teacher or dictionary for their meaning. 1) The concept of "society" Society is a combination of all forms of association of people and ways of their interaction. This is a part of the world, isolated from nature, but retaining a connection with it. In a narrow sense, society is understood as: a) the population of a certain territory (for example, Russian society, European society); b) a certain stage historical development(for example, a slave society, feudal society); c) a group of people united for communication or some joint activities(for example, a society of dog breeders, a society of lovers of antiquities). In a broad sense, society is: a) all of humanity in its past, present and future; b) the entire population of the Earth, the totality of all peoples and countries. 2) Society as a system Society is a system (a set of interrelated elements). This system includes a set of subsystems of spheres of public life, social institutions, social communities and community groups. The delimitation of spheres of public life is based on the basic needs of man and society (for example, the economic sphere is associated with meeting the needs for food, clothing, housing, and other material conditions of existence). Traditionally, scientists distinguish four areas of public life. Each of the spheres, in turn, is also a complex self-organizing system. A social institution is a historically established stable form of organizing joint activities of people aimed at meeting the basic needs of a person and society. Basic Needs of a person The need for material conditions of existence The need for communication, association with other people The need for stability, security and social order The need to achieve truth, create goodness and beauty, creativity, religious faith, etc. Subsystems (spheres) of social life Economic Social Political Spiritual Social institutions Production, business, market, property, etc. Family, childhood, motherhood, etc. Power , state, law, court, etc. Education, science, art, religion, etc. Social institutions establish patterns of behavior and implement social control; streamline, coordinate the individual actions of people, give them an organized and predictable character; provide standard behavior of people in socially typical situations.
19 30 SOCIETY AS A FORM OF LIFE ACTIVITIES OF PEOPLE 5 Scientists characterize society as a living, self-organizing, complex, dynamic system. Last Feature connected with the fact that society as a whole and its individual subsystems, institutions, elements are in a state of continuous change and development. 3) Directions and forms of social development Progress and regress are considered to be two main directions of social development. Progress (from lat. progressus moving forward, success) is the development of society from less perfect to more perfect, from lower to higher, from simple to more complex. Regression (from lat. regressus reverse movement) is a return to obsolete structures, degradation, loss of the ability to perform certain functions. Progress and regress are always relative. None social change(including revolution, reform) cannot be progressive or regressive in itself. It can be recognized as such when its consequences are assessed by society positively or, conversely, negatively. Some scientists believe that the concept of progress is not applicable to all areas of society and human life, since it is impossible to determine the criterion for measuring progress. Such, for example, are art, the moral sphere, the achievements in which can only be judged subjectively. Social progress is contradictory improvement in some areas does not exclude the degradation of others. At the same time, at the same time, the pace and nature of the development of various subsystems and institutions can be different. Social progress has both positive and Negative influence into individual social phenomena, processes. Exist different approaches to the definition of criteria (indicators) of progress: the progress of science and technology, an increase in production indicators, the development of a public quality education, improving the living conditions of people, the democratization of society, etc. The most important of the criteria for progress is associated with “well-being” and opportunities for personal development (average life expectancy, the state of medicine and education, the development of the social protection system, respect for human rights, etc.). In modern society, the criterion social progress It is generally accepted to consider the measure of freedom that society can provide to the individual for maximum development her creativity. The development of society is carried out in two forms through evolution and revolution. Evolution involves gradual changes in individual elements of public life, including as a result of reforms (targeted transformations of any aspect of public life (orders, institutions, institutions) that do not destroy the foundations of the existing social structure). Revolution is understood as sharp qualitative complex changes, a leap in the development of society, which completely changes social life. These are, for example, social revolutions associated with a change in the political and economic systems of society, or a scientific and technological revolution, which led to a change in the nature of production, lifestyle and worldview of people. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS 1. What definitions of society do scientists give? 2. How is the systemic nature of society manifested? 3. What are the four areas of public life identified by scientists? 4. What is a social institution? 5. What are the directions of social development? What is the difference between reform and revolution?
20 5 SOCIETY AS A FORM OF LIFE ACTIVITIES OF PEOPLE 31 COMPLETE THE TASKS 1. Analyze judgments about society and its elements. Put the icon in the corresponding column of the table. Society is part of wildlife. Judgments True False social progress call the direction of development from simple forms public organization to more complex ones. Social institutions satisfy the significant needs of man and society. All structural elements of society are interconnected and interdependent. The political, economic and spiritual spheres are parts of society. Social institutions organize the activities of people, establish patterns of behavior. To political sphere include interactions regarding the production of material goods. The dynamism of social institutions is manifested in their isolation from each other. Reforms are changes that lead to a change in the foundations of the existing social order. 2. Establish a correspondence between functions and social institutions: for each element given in the first column, select the corresponding element from the second column. FUNCTIONS SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS A) creation of material wealth 1) family B) creation of legal norms 2) state C) implementation social management 3) production D) reproduction of new generations E) primary socialization of the individual Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters. Answer: A B C D E 3. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "social institution"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about social institutions in the economic sphere of society, and one sentence revealing any feature of one of these social institutions.
21 32 SOCIETY AS A FORM OF PEOPLE'S LIFE ACTIVITIES 5 4. Give three examples illustrating the inconsistency of progress. 5. You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Development of society." Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points. 6. Read the sentence below. "Society is a set of stones that would collapse if one did not support the other." (Seneca) What sign (characteristic) of society is reflected in this statement? Give the concepts, theoretical provisions, reasoning and conclusions that reveal this sign (characteristic) of society. Give two examples from various sources illustrating this sign (characteristic) of society.
TOPIC 1. INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY
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Lesson 1. Man as a result of biological and socio-cultural evolution.
MAIN CONTENT OF THE LESSON
Man, individual, personality.
Man is essentially a biosocial being - he is part of nature and at the same time is inextricably linked with society. The biological and social in man are merged into one, and only in such unity does he exist.
The biological nature of a person is manifested in the anatomical and physiological features, structure various bodies and systems, instincts and reflexes. Biologically, each person is unique, since the set of genes received from parents is unique.
Scientists consider the most important differences between a person and other living beings: the presence of thinking and verbal speech; the ability to purposefully, including creative activity; the ability to consciously transform the surrounding reality, to create essential goods and values; the ability to make complex tools of labor with the help of other tools and use them in the process of producing the necessary goods.
Man as a social being is inextricably linked with society. He can reveal his social nature only by carrying out certain activities, communicating with other people. The social essence of a person is manifested through such qualities as consciousness and reason, the ability and readiness for work and creativity, freedom and responsibility.
To characterize the essence of a person, scientists use the concepts of "individual", "personality", "individuality". An individual is a single representative of humanity. Personality is a set of socially significant qualities of an individual that are formed in the process of social life. Personality is a person as a carrier of consciousness, endowed with a number of important social qualities: the ability to learn, work, communicate with other people, participate in society, have spiritual interests, evaluate and control their actions, and be responsible for their consequences. The personality of a person is formed and develops throughout his life, in the course of socialization (in the process of mastering social roles, cultural wealth accumulated by society). The concept of "individuality" is used to refer to such a combination of biological and social qualities that distinguishes one person from all others. We can say that individuality is the originality of a person.
Human needs.
Needs are a person's awareness and experience of the need for what is necessary to maintain life and develop a person (a person needs water and air, food and warmth, various objects of material and spiritual culture, etc.). They underlie the orientation of the individual.
human needs
natural social spiritual
(biological; physiological, (in communication, in work, life (ideal) (in cognition
material, etc.) (air for success, occupation of a certain surrounding world, achievement
breath, water, food, clothes and positions in society, etc.) zhenie harmony and beauty;
housing, procreation, etc.) religious faith, artistic
creative creativity, etc.)
There are also individual (the needs of an individual associated with the specific conditions of his life, characteristics of his personality) and public (characterize social life) needs. The individual needs of people can, in principle, contradict social needs.
Long-term (strategic) needs are associated with promising opportunities and goals of personal development, social group, organizations, society as a whole, and momentary - the needs of the current moment; long-term needs may not be realized by a person, society, up to a certain point, in contrast to momentary needs. The satisfaction of momentary needs may, in principle, contradict the satisfaction of long-term needs.
Genuine Needs related to what a person really needs, and the satisfaction of imaginary needs can be harmful to health, intellectual and moral development personality.
REINFORCEMENT OF LEARNED
Answer the questions:
What is the biosocial essence of man?
What is the biological nature of man?
What are the most important differences between humans and other living beings?
How is the social essence of a person manifested?
What is the meaning of the concepts "individual", "personality", "individuality"?
What are needs? What groups of needs do scientists distinguish?
Write down the missing word in the diagram.
_________work __________
Below are a number of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, refer to the concept of " social qualities personalities."
Life experience, tolerance, education, skills, practical skills,instincts , communication skills.
Find in the list of qualities that distinguish a person from an animal.
1) the desire for self-realization 2) the need for work 3) the ability to build dwellings
4) the need for food and water 5) the ability to display the world in ideal images
Test for independent work(Social science. 10 class. 44 diagnostic variant. pp. 5-12)
Dictionary
Individual - a single, specific person, considered as a biosocial being.
Personality - the individual who is the subject conscious activity, which has a set of social significant features, properties, qualities that he implements in public life.
Needs - the need for something that is necessary to maintain the vital activity of the human body, the development of his personality.
Bibliography.
Social science. I will pass the exam! Method of preparation. Zaitseva E.V. – Enlightenment, 2016.
Social science. Grade 10. 44 diagnostic options. Kotova, Liskova, 2012.
Dictionary of terms in social science. Brandt M.Yu. – Ed.: Exam, 2014.
JOB TRAINING Lesson 1.
Analyze judgments about a person. Put the "˅" sign in the corresponding column of the table.
2. Write down the word missing in the diagram.
______________________
allows a person to influence the substances and forces of nature, creating material wealth
is a form of human activity aimed at satisfying material needs
contributes to the improvement and development of human qualities
3. Below are a number of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, refer to the concept of "social qualities of the individual."
Life experience, tolerance, education, skills, practical skills, instincts, sociability.
Find and indicate the term "falling out" of general series.
4. Find in the list of qualities that distinguish a person from an animal.
1) the desire for self-realization
2) the need for labor
3) the ability to build dwellings
4) the need for food and water
5) the ability to display the world in ideal images
