The meaning of Western Prussia in the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron. Polish-Soviet border in East Prussia

The meaning of WESTERN PRUSSIA in the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

PRUSSIA WESTERN

(Westpreussen) ? Prussian province, bordered in the west by Brandenburg and Pomerania, in the north by the Baltic Sea, in the south by Poznan and Russia (Vistula provinces) and in the east? with Eastern Poland, with which until 1878 it was one province of Prussia. Space 25521 sq. km. Western P. occupies a part of the North German lowland, through which the hilly North German ridge passes here. The Vistula River cuts through this ridge with a wide fertile valley. The main heights of the plateau are: Kartgauz with Mount Turmberg (331 m) and the Elbing Mountains (198 m).

Rivers: Vistula, which is divided at Mount Montauerspitze into Vistula and Nogat, and near Danzig into Danzig and Elbing branches; on the right, the Vistula here receives Drevenz and Ossa, and on the left: Schwarzwasser, Montau, Ferse and Motlau. Other rivers: Libe, Elbing, Reda, Leba, Stolpe and Kyuddov. Lakes: Drauzenskoe, Gezerikhskoe, Zorgenskoe, Tsarnovitskoe, Radaunskoe, Gros-Tsitenskoe, Muskendorfskoe, Feitskoe and Gros-Bettinskoe. Channels: Elbing-Oberland.

Climate: average annual temperature 7.6¦, Konitz 6.6¦, Schoenberg (on the Kortgauz plateau) 5.6¦. Precipitation annually 50 cubic meters. m.

Population. In 1895, there were 1,494,360 people; Lutherans 702030, Catholics 758168 and Jews 20238. By nationality (1890): Poles 439577, Kashubians 53616, others? Germans. From 1886?1894 the resettlement commission acquired 21,890 hectares here to strengthen the German element. earth. Arable land and orchards 55.1%, meadows 6.4%, pastures 7.0%, forests 21.3%, the rest? uncomfortable lands. In 1895, 111.5 thousand tons of wheat, 311.8 thousand tons of rye, 93 thousand of barley, 170.8 thousand of oats, 1,706 thousand of potatoes, 672 thousand of sugar beet, 367 thousand of hay and tobacco 1685 thousand kg. There are 554,000 cattle, 1,300,000 small cattle, 425,000 pigs, and 221,000 horses. Significant poultry farming and fishing. Extraction of amber and peat. Industry is concentrated mainly in the cities of Danzig, Elbing, Dirschau and Thorn. Shipbuilding, sawmills, glass, distilleries and breweries. Trade is significant in the harbors of Danzig and Elbing. In 1896 merchant navy consisted of 69 courts. Railways 1457 km. 13 gymnasiums, 4 real gymnasiums, two real schools, 19 progymnasiums, a commercial academy, an agricultural school, 6 teachers' seminaries, 3 institutes for the deaf and dumb, an institute for the blind, etc. Main city? Danzig. History? see Prussia (Duchy) and Teutonic Order. Literature? see Prussia (kingdom).

Brockhaus and Efron. Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron. 2012

The meaning of the word "Prussia"

In the course of its history, the term “Prussia” has had many different meanings:

Land of the Baltic Prussians, the so-called. Old Prussia (until the 13th century), conquered by the Teutonic Knights. This region is now located in parts of Southern Lithuania, the Kaliningrad enclave, and northeastern Poland;
Royal Prussia (1466 - 1772) - the territory received by Poland as a reward after the victory over the Teutonic Order in the Thirteen Years' War;
Duchy of Prussia (1525 - 1701) - a state created from the possessions Teutonic Order in Prussia;
Brandenburg-Prussia (1618 - 1701) - a principality from the united Margraviate of Brandenburg and the Duchy of Prussia;
Kingdom of Prussia (1701-1918) - the dominant state of the German Empire;
Province of Prussia (1829 - 1878) - a province of the Kingdom of Prussia, created from the merger of the Western and Eastern provinces;

Free State of Prussia (1918-1947): Republican state formed after the collapse of the Hohenzollern monarchy at the end of World War I.

Prussia as a state was de facto abolished by the Nazis in 1934 and de jure by the Allied Control Council of Germany in 1947.

On the this moment the meaning of the term is limited to historical, geographical and/or cultural practices. Nowadays, there is a term “Prussian virtue”: self-organization, self-sacrifice, reliability, religious tolerance, frugality, modesty and many other qualities.

The Prussians believed that these virtues contributed to the rise of their country and the preservation of the identity of the people.

The black and white national colors of Prussia come from the Teutonic Knights, who wore a white coat with a black cross embroidered on it.

From a combination of black and white with red Hanseatic colors free cities Bremen, Hamburg and Lübeck and the black-white-red commercial flag of the North German Confederation appeared, which in 1871 became the flag of the German Empire.

Since the Protestant Reformation, the Prussian motto has been "Suum kuike" ("To each his own"; German Jedem das Seine). This motto also belonged to the Order of the Black Eagle created by King Frederick I.

The coat of arms and the flag of Prussia featured a black Eagle on a white background.

Geography and population

Prussia was originally a small territory in the so-called. East Prussia. The region, originally inhabited by the Baltics, became the most popular immigration destination for (mainly Protestant) Germans, as well as Poles and Lithuanians.

In 1914, the area of Prussia was 354,490 square kilometers. In May 1939 these figures were reduced to 297,007 square kilometers with a population of 41,915,040 inhabitants. The Principality of Neuenburg, now Neuchâtel in Switzerland, was part of the Prussian kingdom from 1707 to 1848.

Prussia was predominantly Protestant German state. AT southern region Masuria in East Prussia, the vast majority of the population were Germanized Protestant Masurians. This explains, in part, the reluctance of Catholic Austria and Germany to recognize the superiority of Prussia.

Greater Poland region - the cradle Polish nation, after the partition of Poland became the province of Posen. A large number of Poles also lived in the territory of Upper Silesia.

early years

He played far from the last role in the history of Prussia. His troops that came to the shores Baltic Sea, pushed the Aestian tribes living there and laid the foundation for the Prussian nation. Prussia owes the emergence of a developed society with the beginnings of a state and the first hierarchy of power to the emergence of the Germans Bruten and Wiedevud - it was they who laid the foundation for a strong and organized society and became the reason that the Prussians adopted much more in terms of mentality and traditions from the Germans than from the neighboring peoples - the Poles and Lithuanians.

At the invitation of the Polish prince, who had views of the territory of Prussia, with the personal approval of the Pope, the knights of the Teutonic Order invaded the territory of Prussia in the 11th century, bringing with them massive robberies and violence.

The active seizure of other orders by the Teutonic Order led not only to an increase in the sphere of influence, but also to a direct expansion of the territory of Prussia. Until the 16th century, the state was under the control of the Teutonic Order and, consequently, the Vatican.

The Thirty Years' War with Poland ended in defeat for the Teutonic Order. Archbishop Albrecht of Brandenburg adopted Protestantism and Prussia became not only a secular state, but also a state where Protestantism dominated at the official level. He also owns social reform and the idea of opening the first university. The son of Albrecht, to whom the throne was to pass, died, and the duchy was succeeded in turn by the Polish king.

Prussia within Poland

The presence of Prussian territories significantly increased the authority of the monarch, but Prussia still managed to maintain a certain independence: legislative and judicial system and the army. During the Swedish-Polish war, Prince Wilhelm I agreed to support the king, but with the condition of Prussian independence, which was fulfilled.

Independent Prussia

The reign of Friedrich Wilhelm I was the period of the real rise of Prussia. Economic, educational and military reforms, competent management of the treasury, the conquest of new lands - Prussia became one of the strongest powers in Europe. Frederick II and his son, however, failed to maintain the leading position of the state, and Prussia quickly lost its former influence. Napoleon's army also contributed a lot to this, after which the hopes of Prussia to return at least a fraction of its former state were practically destroyed.

German Empire

The creation of a unified German state became a fixed idea for perhaps the most famous Prussian in the world, Otto von Bismarck. Scattered German states United under the leadership of Wilhelm I. The German Empire became the leading world power, and Prussia dictated cultural and political trends.
Wilhelm I, however, overestimating own forces, removed Bismarck from the post of chancellor and significantly spoiled his own reputation with rash statements against other countries. Such a policy very soon led to the isolation of the country, and then to the war, after which the Empire could not recover.

Third Reich

During the reign of Hitler, the already fuzzy borders of Prussia began to completely blur, and Berlin, the capital of Prussia, ceased to be such, becoming the capital and symbol of the Third Reich. After graduation, part of Prussia, Koenigsberg (Kaliningrad), went into the possession of the USSR, the rest was “divided” between the FRG and the GDR.

So, simply and ingloriously, the history of one of the most extraordinary states ended. Prussia, which stood at the origins of modern Germany, in fact, was almost always under someone's patronage, but still managed to maintain a certain independence and originality.

West Prussia(German Westpreussen listen)) was a province of Prussia on both banks of the lower Vistula River, with its capital at Danzig. It existed from 1773 to 1829 and from 1878 to 1919.

It was formed 1772/1793 from the territories that Prussia had conquered in the Partitions of Poland. Frederick II ordered that the new province be named "West Prussia" and that the Duchy of Prussia, united with Ermland (Warmia), be called "East Prussia".

The name "West Prussia" means the west of the historical Baltic region of Prussia, and not the kingdom of the same name that arose in 1701 with its capital in Berlin (the lands of the former Electorate of Brandenburg, which became the center of the Prussian power of the Hohenzollerns, are located to the west of West Prussia). During the 19th century, with the course of the territorial expansion of the kingdom of Prussia to the west, this name became even more conditional. The name East Prussia (the former duchy) has the same meaning (relative to the Baltic territory).

In 1939, after the inclusion of the free city of Danzig into the Third Reich, the Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia was formed.

After 1945, the state of Prussia was liquidated (formally in February 1947), West Prussia and two-thirds of East Prussia became part of Poland (see Pomeranian Voivodeship), and one-third of East Prussia went to the USSR.

Source: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Prussia

Even in the late Middle Ages, the lands located between the Neman and Vistula rivers got their name East Prussia. For all the time of its existence, this power has experienced various periods. This is the order time, and the Prussian duchy, and then the kingdom, and the province, as well as post-war country up to renaming due to redistribution between Poland and the Soviet Union.

The history of the origin of possessions

More than ten centuries have passed since the first mention of the Prussian lands. Initially, the people who inhabited these territories were divided into clans (tribes), which were separated by conditional borders.

The expanses of Prussian possessions covered the now existing part of Poland and Lithuania. These included Sambia and Skalovia, Warmia and Pogezania, Pomesania and Kulm land, Natangia and Bartia, Galindia and Sassen, Skalovia and Nadrovia, Mazovia and Sudovia.

Numerous conquests

The Prussian lands throughout their existence were constantly subjected to attempts to conquer by stronger and more aggressive neighbors. So, in the twelfth century, the Teutonic knights - the crusaders - came to these rich and alluring expanses. They built numerous fortresses and castles, such as Kulm, Reden, Thorn.

However, in 1410, after the famous Battle of Grunwald, the territory of the Prussians began to smoothly pass into the hands of Poland and Lithuania.

The Seven Years' War in the eighteenth century sapped Prussian army and led to some eastern lands were conquered by the Russian Empire.

In the twentieth century, hostilities also did not bypass these lands. Beginning in 1914, East Prussia was involved in the First World War, and in 1944 - in the Second World War.

And after the victory of the Soviet troops in 1945, it ceased to exist altogether and was transformed into the Kaliningrad region.

Existence between the wars

During the First World War, East Prussia suffered heavy losses. The map of 1939 already had changes, and the updated province was in a terrible state. After all, it was the only territory of Germany that was swallowed up by military battles.

Signing Treaty of Versailles expensive for East Prussia. The winners decided to reduce its territory. Therefore, from 1920 to 1923, the League of Nations began to control the city of Memel and the Memel region with the help of French troops. But after the January uprising in 1923, the situation changed. And already in 1924, these lands, as an autonomous region, became part of Lithuania.

In addition, East Prussia also lost the territory of Soldau (the city of Dzialdovo).

AT total about 315 thousand hectares of land were disconnected. And this is a large area. As a result of these changes, the remaining province found itself in a difficult situation, accompanied by enormous economic difficulties.

The economic and political situation in the 20s and 30s.

In the early twenties, after the normalization of diplomatic relations between the Soviet Union and Germany, the standard of living of the population in East Prussia began to gradually improve. The Moscow-Kenigsberg airline was opened, the German Oriental Fair was resumed, and the Koenigsberg city radio station began work.

However, global economic crisis did not skip these ancient lands. And in five years (1929-1933) five hundred and thirteen various enterprises and grew to 100,000 people. In such a situation, taking advantage of the precarious and uncertain position of the current government, Nazi Party took control into her own hands.

Territory redistribution

A considerable number of changes were made to the geographical maps of East Prussia until 1945. The same thing happened in 1939 after the occupation of Poland by the troops Nazi Germany. As a result of the new zoning, part of the Polish lands and the Klaipeda (Memel) region of Lithuania were formed into a province. And the cities of Elbing, Marienburg and Marienwerder became part of the new district of West Prussia.

The Nazis launched grandiose plans for the redivision of Europe. And the map of East Prussia, in their opinion, was to become the center of the economic space between the Baltic and Black Seas, subject to the annexation of territories Soviet Union. However, these plans failed to materialize.

Post-war time

As the Soviet troops arrived, East Prussia also gradually changed. Military commandant's offices were created, of which by April 1945 there were already thirty-six. Their tasks were to recalculate the German population, inventory and a gradual transition to civilian life.

In those years, thousands of German officers and soldiers, there were groups engaged in sabotage and sabotage. In April 1945 alone, the military commandant's offices captured more than three thousand armed fascists.

However, ordinary German citizens also lived on the territory of Koenigsberg and in the surrounding areas. They numbered about 140 thousand people.

In 1946, the city of Koenigsberg was renamed Kaliningrad, as a result of which the Kaliningrad region was formed. And in the future, the names of other settlements were also changed. In connection with such changes, the previously existing 1945 map of East Prussia was also redone.

East Prussian lands today

These days on former territory Prussians is the Kaliningrad region. East Prussia ceased to exist in 1945. Although the area is part of Russian Federation, they are geographically dispersed. Except administrative center- Kaliningrad (until 1946 it bore the name of Koenigsberg), well-developed cities such as Bagrationovsk, Baltiysk, Gvardeysk, Yantarny, Sovetsk, Chernyakhovsk, Krasnoznamensk, Neman, Ozersk, Primorsk, Svetlogorsk. The region consists of seven city districts, two cities and twelve districts. The main peoples living in this territory are Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians, Lithuanians, Armenians and Germans.

To date, the Kaliningrad region ranks first in the extraction of amber, storing about ninety percent of its world reserves in its bowels.

Interesting places of modern East Prussia

And although today the map of East Prussia has been changed beyond recognition, the lands with the cities and villages located on them still keep the memory of the past. Spirit of the Disappeared great country and to this day is felt in the current Kaliningrad region in cities bearing the names Tapiau and Taplaken, Insterburg and Tilsit, Ragnit and Waldau.

Excursions conducted at the Georgenburg stud farm are popular with tourists. It existed as early as the beginning of the thirteenth century. The fortress of Georgenburg was a haven for German knights and crusaders, whose main business was horse breeding.

The churches built in the fourteenth century (in the former cities of Heiligenwalde and Arnau), as well as the churches of the sixteenth century in the territory of former city Tapiau. These majestic buildings constantly remind people of old days prosperity of the Teutonic Order.

Knight's castles

The land rich in amber reserves has attracted German conquerors since ancient times. In the thirteenth century Polish princes together with gradually seized these possessions and rebuilt numerous castles on them. The remains of some of them, being architectural monuments, and today make an indelible impression on contemporaries. The largest number knightly castles were erected in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Their place of construction was the captured Prussian rampart-earthen fortresses. When building castles, traditions in the style of order Gothic architecture were necessarily observed. late medieval. In addition, all buildings corresponded to a single plan for their construction. Nowadays, an unusual

The village of Nizovye is very popular among residents and guests. It houses a unique museum of local lore with ancient cellars. Visiting it, one can say with confidence that the whole history of East Prussia flashes before one's eyes, starting from the time of the ancient Prussians and ending with the era of Soviet settlers.

"We will win after all. When and how is the Fuhrer's business."

I. Goebbels

The Duchy of Prussia arose in 1525 on part of the lands of the Teutonic Order, which conquered the Prussians in the 13th century - a group of Baltic tribes that inhabited part of the southern coast of the Baltic Sea. In 1618, Brandenburg merged with the Duchy of Prussia, and in 1701 the Brandenburg-Prussian State became the Kingdom of Prussia (capital Berlin). The history of the emergence and development of the Prussian state was constantly associated with the seizure of foreign lands. The dominance of the military in Prussia has always been her feature. leadership role Junkers played in the economic and political life of Prussia - large German landowners with a stronghold in East Prussia. The Prussian kings from the Hohenzollern dynasty (Frederick II and others) in the 18th - first half of the 19th centuries significantly expanded the territory of the state. In 1871, the Prussian Junkers, led by Bismarck, completed the unification of Germany with iron and blood. Prussian king become German emperor. As a result of the November Revolution of 1918 in Germany, the monarchy in Prussia was abolished. Since 1945, Germany has been divided into separate lands. In 1947, the Control Council passed a law on the liquidation of the Prussian state as a stronghold of militarism and reaction.

political, economic and strategic importance The leaders of the Wehrmacht understood East Prussia well. Therefore, extensive work was carried out here to improve the system of field and long-term fortifications. Numerous hills, lakes, swamps, rivers, canals and woodlands. Of particular importance was the presence in the central part of East Prussia of the Masurian Lakes, which were separated by advancing from the east Soviet troops into two groups - northern and southern, complicating the interaction between them. The construction of defensive structures in East Prussia began to be carried out long before the start of the war. All of them were covered by ditches, wooden, metal and reinforced concrete gouges for a considerable distance. The basis of only one Heilsberg fortified area was 911 long-term defensive structures.

On the territory of East Prussia, in the region of Rastenburg, under the cover of the Masurian Lakes from the moment of the attack on the USSR and until 1944, Hitler's Headquarters "Wolfschanze" was located in a deep underground, located 1 km east of the city of Rostenburg (Kentishn). It was built with the strictest secrecy by the Todt military construction organization in the winter and spring of 1941. It was a piece of land surrounded by barbed wire, fields and ditches, on which carefully disguised reinforced concrete bunkers were located, half going into the ground. The bunkers were equipped with apartments, offices of German leaders. Hitler's bunker was located in the northern part of the Wolfschanze, had walls 6 meters thick, was surrounded by barbed wire, which was under high voltage. The camp was guarded by the "SS battalion of the Fuhrer's personal guard". It also housed the headquarters of the High Command of the Wehrmacht (OKW) and a large underground communications center. Nearby was the headquarters of the ground forces and air force(Luftwaffe).

The defeats on the Soviet-German front forced the Wehrmacht command to take additional measures to defend the Headquarters. Autumn 1944 General base ground forces approved a plan for the construction of facilities throughout Eastern Front, including in East Prussia. In accordance with this plan, old fortifications were hastily modernized on its territory and in Northern Poland and field defenses were created, which included the Ilmenhorst, Letzen, Allenstein, Heilsberg, Mława and Torun fortified areas, as well as 13 ancient fortresses. During the construction of fortifications, advantageous natural boundaries, solid stone structures of numerous farms and large settlements, interconnected by a well-developed network of highways and railways. Between the defensive strips there were a large number of cut-off positions and separate defense units. As a result, a fortified defensive system was created, the depth of which reached 150-200 km. It was the most developed in terms of engineering to the north of the Masurian Lakes, where there were nine fortified lanes in the direction of Gumbinnen, Koenigsberg.

The defense of East Prussia and Northern Poland was entrusted to Army Group Center under the command of General G. Reinhardt. It occupied the line from the mouth of the Neman to the mouth of the Western Bug and consisted of the 3rd tank, 4th and 2nd armies. In total, by the beginning of the offensive of the Soviet troops, the enemy grouping consisted of 35 infantry, 4 tank and 4 motorized divisions, a scooter brigade and 2 separate groups.

The greatest density of forces and assets was created in the Insterburg and Mlava directions. In reserve high command and armies were two infantry, four tank and three motorized divisions, separate group and a scooter brigade, which accounted for almost a fourth of total all connections. They were mainly located in the region of the Masurian Lakes, and partly in the Ilmenhorst and Mlavsky fortified regions. Such a grouping of reserves allowed the enemy to carry out maneuvers to launch counterattacks against the Soviet troops advancing north and south of the Masurian Lakes.

In addition, various auxiliary and special units and subunits (fortress, reserve, training, police, naval, transport, security) were deployed on the territory of East Prussia, as well as parts of the Volkssturm and Hitler Youth detachments, which then took part in the conduct of defensive operations. Ground forces supported aircraft of the 6th air fleet. The ships of the Wehrmacht Navy, based in the Baltic Sea, were intended for the defense of sea lanes, artillery support for troops in coastal areas, and also for their evacuation from isolated sections of the coast.

According to the plan developed by January 1945, Army Group Center had the task, relying on fortified defenses, to stop the advance of Soviet troops deep into East Prussia and tie them down for a long time. The General Staff of the German Ground Forces also prepared an active version of the combat operations of the Army Group Center: "delivering a counterattack from East Prussia to the flank and rear of the central grouping of Soviet troops operating in the Berlin direction." It was to take effect successful solution army group "Center" of defensive tasks and its possible strengthening at the expense of the Courland grouping. It was also planned to release a number of divisions as the front line was leveled by eliminating the ledges in the defense and withdrawing the troops of the 4th Army behind the line of the Masurian Lakes.

German statesmen and military leaders, natives of East Prussia, who had extensive possessions there (G. Goering, E. Koch, V. Weiss, G. Guderian and others), insisted on strengthening Army Group Center even at the expense of weakening defenses in other areas front. In his appeal to the Volkssturm, E. Koch called for defending this area, arguing that with the loss of it, all of Germany would perish. Trying to fortify morale troops and population fascist command unleashed widespread chauvinist propaganda. The entry of Soviet troops into East Prussia was used to intimidate the Germans, who, allegedly, from young to old, were expected to die imminently.

In essence, everyone capable of carrying weapons was enrolled in the Volkssturm. Fascist ideologists continued to stubbornly assert that if the Germans showed high stamina, the Soviet troops would not be able to overcome the "impregnable fortifications of East Prussia", and thanks to the new weapons, the victory would be for the Germans. With the help of social demagogy, repression and other measures, the Nazis tried to force the population of Germany to fight until last man. "Every bunker, every quarter German city and every German village,” emphasized Hitler’s order, “must be turned into a fortress, in which the enemy either bleeds to death, or the garrison of this fortress in hand-to-hand combat perish under its ruins... In this severe struggle for existence German people even monuments of art and other cultural values. It must be carried through to the end."

Ideological indoctrination was accompanied by repressions of the military command. An order was announced in the troops on receipt, which demanded that East Prussia be held by all means. In order to strengthen discipline and instill general fear in the army and in the rear, Hitler's directive on death penalty"with the immediate execution of death sentences before the ranks."

P erway World War inflicted on East Prussia huge damage, since the province was the only German territory in which hostilities took place.

The total damage amounted to 1.5 billion marks. destruction varying degrees 39 cities were subjected and 1900 rural settlements. Particularly affected eastern regions provinces (Eidtkunen, Darkemen, Shirvindt were completely destroyed here, Stallupenen was badly damaged). Local authorities immediately began to eliminate the consequences of the war. The provinces helped cities from the hinterland of Germany with labor, building materials and food.

AT The Treaty of Versailles turned out to be just as difficult for East Prussia as for the rest of Germany. The winners decided to reduce its territory. The Memel region and the city of Memel itself were transferred to the control of the League of Nations and from 1920 to 1923 were occupied by French troops.

But at the end of January 1923, an uprising broke out in Memel demanding reunification with Lithuania. The Lithuanian government officially supported the rebels. February 16 conference of ambassadors to the League of Nations, held in difficult situation, accepted positive decision, on the basis of which a convention was signed in Paris on May 8, 1924, establishing a broad autonomy for the region within Lithuania.

In addition, the Soldau region (Dzyaldovo) separated from East Prussia.

AT Altogether, East Prussia lost about 315,000 hectares and 166,000 of its former citizens. The province was cut off from the rest of Germany. Her new "island" position led to isolation from the lands with which she had close economic ties. East Prussia found itself in a difficult situation, she faced big economic difficulties. The transit Russian transport and commodity communication, the most important source of income, was cut off.

In and around the lands cut off from the empire, a rather tense political situation associated with serious territorial claims from Poland. Then political and military elite East and West Prussia in the second half of 1919 put forward a project of independent eastern state to respond militarily to the ambitions of a neighboring country.

The implementation of these plans ran into sharp objections from the high military command, as it did not meet the goals of the foreign policy of the Reich, according to which East Prussia should remain German territory under any circumstances. But resolving the dispute with Poland (and Lithuania) through military force in conditions Weimar Republic was impossible in view of the disarmament of Germany envisaged by Versailles.

Disputes were settled diplomatically.

But in 1922, diplomatic relations between Germany and the USSR were restored in Rappalo, and East Prussia had an important economic partner in the east.

Deruluft airline business card

AT In 1922, the Moscow-Königsberg airline was opened. By the way, Sergei Yesenin and Isadora Duncan were among the "Renovators" of this international airline. Their plane landed on May 10, 1922 at 20:00. at the Königsberg Devau airfield.

This year Soviet Russia For the first time, she took part in the German Oriental Fair established in Königsberg (back in 1920), presenting expositions of Russian export goods in the House of Technology.

In 1924, a city radio station began operating in Königsberg.

Gradually, East Prussia was moving away from the post-war shock.

H The National Socialist movement at the very beginning of its development did not receive a significant resonance and distribution in East Prussia. In the leadership of the NSRPG there was not a single native of this province of Germany.

Portal for the student. Self-training

The meaning of Western Prussia in the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron. Polish-Soviet border in East Prussia

The meaning of WESTERN PRUSSIA in the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what is WESTERN PRUSSIA in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

The meaning of the word "Prussia"

Geography and population

early years

Prussia within Poland

Independent Prussia

German Empire

Third Reich

The history of the origin of possessions

Numerous conquests

Existence between the wars

The economic and political situation in the 20s and 30s.

Territory redistribution

Post-war time

East Prussian lands today

Interesting places of modern East Prussia

Knight's castles

Portal for the student. Self-training

The meaning of WESTERN PRUSSIA in the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what is WESTERN PRUSSIA in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

The meaning of the word "Prussia"

Geography and population

early years

Prussia within Poland

Independent Prussia

German Empire

Third Reich

The history of the origin of possessions

Numerous conquests

Existence between the wars

The economic and political situation in the 20s and 30s.

Territory redistribution

Post-war time

East Prussian lands today

Interesting places of modern East Prussia

Knight's castles

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