In the domestic geographical science, to one degree or another, all the same problems that were in the field of attention in foreign countries. But this was not a complete adherence to foreign models of theoretical thought and scientific controversy. In addition to methodological borrowings, noticeable features of originality were formed associated with own experience development of science, distinctive features natural and socio-economic environment of activity and the mentality of scientists. AT Russian society issues of the development of natural and socio-economic processes, the problems of interaction and interdependence between natural lands and inhabitants, issues of optimizing natural and economic complexes were considered with an enviable sequence; fundamental problems the role of geographical science in natural science and nature management. And there are numerous examples of this.

A talented thinker, who died early, Dmitry Ivanovich Pisarev (1840-1868), sharply criticized the conclusions of T. Malthus about the impending troubles of a growing population and the disproportionately slow increase in food products. In Sketches from the History of Labor, he wrote: “The earth and its productive forces appear to Malthus as a chest filled with money ... In human labor, he ... sees the mechanical application of muscular strength and completely forgets the activity of the brain, which constantly triumphs over physical nature and constantly discovering new properties in it” (Saushkin, 1980, pp. 82, 83). Nikolai Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky (1828-1889) spoke with an understanding of the role of people’s productive activity in the transformation of nature: “Only the tireless diligence of a person can give nature a new, higher beauty instead of wild, primitive beauty, irrepressibly disappearing under his feet ... Wherever a person is, there nature must be recreated by human labor. The people bring desolation and savagery into their country if they do not bring culture into it” (Chernyshevsky, 1950, vol. 2, pp. 72, 73). high culture labor can be opposed to the destructive influence of thoughtless economic activity. Now, in this case, we are talking about the environmental imperative, that is, the priority of preserving the ecological situation.

Many of our compatriots took ecological positions. On the interaction of forces living and inanimate nature wrote A.T. Bolotov back in the 18th century. K.F. was an ecologist in essence of his ideas. steering wheel. In 1845, he published an article "On the influence of external conditions on the life of animals", in which it was argued that organisms are not only under the influence natural factors, but are influenced by other animals and plants, as well as humans. Under the influence of Roulier's ideas, scientific views ON THE. Severtsov. As Yu.G. Saushkin, "none of the scientists of the last century combined geographical and biological ideas so organically as Severtsov did." In 1855 he published the book "Periodic phenomena in the life of animals, birds and reptiles Voronezh province» with the justification of the influence of the habitat on the life of animals. Severtsov accepted Darwin's ideas about speciation, but noted Darwin's disregard for great influence external conditions as a defect of this doctrine. Severtsov told Darwin about this during their personal meeting in London in 1875. It is possible that, based on these conversations, a year later Darwin admitted: “In my opinion, the greatest mistake I made is that I attached too little value direct influence environment, that is, food, climate, etc., regardless of natural selection.

The works of K.M. Baer, ​​who professed integrated approaches in the study natural objects, including living organisms. IN AND. Vernadsky said: “A great naturalist, tormentor and great sage lived in St. Petersburg in the time of Nicholas. This is historical fact of great importance in the creation of our culture, although few of his contemporaries were aware of it. Baer's colleague at the academy, A.V. Nikitenko, in 1866 wrote in his diary: “An excellent scientist, wonderful person, young old man. It has philosophy, poetry, life." On Russian soil, a galaxy of prominent scientists, authoritative in the world scientific community, has developed. AT domestic science both complex geographic directions and highly specialized studies developed, in most cases, however, using complex geographical methods for analyzing the source material and synthesizing the results obtained. Geographers, Baer's contemporaries, were distrustful of the accelerated differentiation of natural science. A number of theorists perceived this process as a crisis of geography.

A significant contribution to the implementation of development ideas on the example of natural and natural-social systems was made by Russian scientists P.A. Kropotkin and L.I. Mechnikov, spiritually close to the famous French geographer, Eliza Reclus.

In the second half of the 19th century, and especially in its last decades, and the beginning of the 20th century, the nature of geographical research is changing. NarV in the second half of the 19th century, and especially in
its last decades, and the beginning of the 20th century, the character
geographical research is changing. As well as
continuation of the study of little-known areas and countries
more and more detailed studies are being carried out
densely populated and more economically developed
areas, there is increasing attention
on relationships and patterns of distribution
individual components of nature. New
territory research methods. geographers and
travelers tend to approach the study
nature, proceeding from completely new, conquered
own right to exist in a scientific dispute
methodological principles. Perspectives on development
nature and relationship natural phenomena, on the
materialistic essence of phenomena and processes
become guiding in geographic
research.

A particularly fruitful influence on geographical science and natural science as a whole was exerted by the works of outstanding natural scientists and thinkers.

Especially fruitful influence on the geographical
science and natural science in general were rendered by works
eminent natural scientists and thinkers such as
like C. Lyell, A. Humboldt, C. Darwin. big
methodological significance for the development of natural science
and geography had scientific works and journalistic
Russian speeches revolutionary democrats, and in
features of the work of A. I. Herzen, N. G. Chernyshevsky and
V. G. Belinsky. It's hard to say which of the prominent
Russian geographers and travelers did not experience these
influences.

Based on the achievements of world science and the advanced worldview of the revolutionary democrats, Russian scientists have made a great contribution to the knowledge

Based on the achievements of world science and advanced
worldview of revolutionary democrats, Russians
scientists have made huge contribution into the knowledge of vast
spaces earth's surface and development
theoretical foundations physical geography.
The second half of the 19th century was marked by outstanding
discoveries of Russian travelers in Central
Asia. Particularly great merit in the study of this
little-known district of N. M. Przhevalsky and his
followers. After joining Russia Middle
Asia Begins in-depth study all natural
the complex as a whole and the components of the nature of this
territory. A whole galaxy of natural scientists devoted themselves to this - P.P. Semenov, N.A. Severtsov, J.V.
Mushketov, A.P. Fedchenko and many others.

The polar regions of Eurasia and the Arctic Ocean, Siberia and the Far East are being actively studied. Along with the development of geographical research

The polar regions of Eurasia and
Arctic Ocean, Siberia and the Far East.
Along with the development of geographical research
"in breadth", characteristic of the second half of XIX-beginning
XX century, research is developing "in depth" - knowledge
geographical patterns, clarification
interconnections and interdependencies of geographic
components and processes on the earth's surface. Such
Expeditions were a characteristic feature,
conducted in the European part of Russia, in the Caucasus and in
Central Asia. As a result of deep and varied
studies by V. V. Dokuchaev, new
original views on the subject of physical geography
and methods of territory research.

“The essence of the ideas in question,” wrote A. A. Grigoriev, “was to state an extremely important phenomenon of nature - integrity and

“The essence of the ideas in question,” wrote A.A.
Grigoriev, - consisted in ascertaining the extremely
important phenomenon of nature - integrity and inseparability
geographic environment, due to deep
interconnectedness and interdependence of all its
components” (A. A. Grigoriev. Development of the main ideas
physical geography.- In the book: "History of natural science
in Russia”, vol. 3. M., 1962, p. 520). The study of natural
components in their inseparable connection and geographical
environment as a whole led Dokuchaev to
establishing the law of horizontal and vertical (in
mountains) zonality natural conditions. Further
development of his ideas by A. N. Krasnov, L. S. Berg, G. F.
Morozov and other scientists essentially determined
level and direction of development of modern
national physical geography.

In 1803, at the direction of Alexander I, an expedition was undertaken on two ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva" to explore the northern part Pacific Ocean. It was the first Russian round-the-world expedition that lasted three years. It was headed by corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (1770-1846). It was one of the largest navigators and geographers of the century. During the expedition, more than a thousand kilometers of the coast of about. Sakhalin. Lot interesting observations left the participants of the trip not only about Far East but also about the territories through which they sailed. The commander of the Neva, Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky (1773-1837), discovered one of the islands of the Hawaiian archipelago, named after him. A lot of interesting data was collected by the expedition members about the Aleutian Islands and Alaska, the islands of the Pacific and arctic oceans. The results of the observations were reported to the Academy of Sciences. They were so significant that I.F. Kruzenshtern was awarded the title of academician. His materials formed the basis of the book published in the early 1920s. "Atlas South Seas". In 1845, Admiral Kruzenshtern became one of the founding members of the Russian Geographical Society and brought up a whole galaxy of Russian navigators and explorers.

One of the students and followers of Krusenstern was Faddey Faddeevich Bellingshausen (1778-1852). He was a member of the first Russian round-the-world expedition, and after her return he commanded the Minerva frigate on the Black Sea. In 1819-1821. he was assigned to head a new round the world expedition on the sloops Vostok (which he commanded) and Mirny (Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev was appointed commander). The expedition was drafted by Kruzenshtern. Its main goal was "the acquisition of complete knowledge about our globe" and "the discovery of the possible proximity of the Antarctic Pole." On January 16, 1820, the expedition approached the shores of Antarctica, unknown at that time to anyone, which Bellingshausen called the "ice continent". After stopping in Australia, the Russian ships moved to the tropical part of the Pacific Ocean, where they discovered a group of islands in the Tuamotu archipelago, called the Russian Islands. Each of them received the name of a famous military or naval leader of our country (Kutuzov, Lazarev, Raevsky, Barclay de Tolly, Wittgenstein, Yermolov, etc.). After a new stop in Sydney, the expedition again moved to Antarctica, where Fr. Peter I and the coast of Alexander I. In July 1821 she returned to Kronstadt. For 751 days of navigation, Russian ships covered a path of about 50 thousand miles. Except those made geographical discoveries, valuable ethnographic and biological collections were also brought, as well as observational data on the waters of the World Ocean and the ice sheets of a continent new to mankind. Later, both leaders of the expedition heroically proved themselves on military service Fatherland. And M.P. Lazarev after the defeat of the Turks under Navarino battle(1827) was appointed chief commander Black Sea Fleet and Russian ports on the Black Sea coast.

Gennady Ivanovich Nevelskoy (1813-1876) became the largest explorer of the Russian Far East in the middle of the century. Having since the XVIII century. vast possessions in the Far East, Russia never succeeded in their development. Even the exact limits of the eastern possessions of the country were not known. Meanwhile, England began to show attention to Kamchatka and other Russian territories. This forced Nicholas I, at the suggestion of the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia N. N. Muravyov (Amursky), in 1848 to equip a special expedition to the east. Captain Nevelskoy was placed at its head. In two expeditions (1848-1849 and 1850-1855), he managed, bypassing Sakhalin from the north, to discover a number of new, previously unknown territories and enter the lower reaches of the Amur, where in 1850 he founded the Nikolaev Post (Nikolaevsk-on-Amur). expedition geography russia

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Enlightenment and science in the second half of the 19th century.

"... you can't be a patriot today without relying on the rich heritage of our ancestors. Knowledge of the Fatherland's past makes a person richer in spirit, firmer in character and smarter in mind. History educates in him necessary feeling national pride! History requires us to respect ourselves, like grandfather's graves, and the culture of the people always depends on how much the people appreciate and know their past ... "(V. Pikul. "Night Flight") Plan 1. Development of education. 2. successes natural sciences. 3. Development geographical knowledge. 4. Development of the humanistic sciences. Homework.

1. The development of education 1 / 2 The abolition of serfdom, economic successes in the second half of the 19th century could not but lead to profound changes in all areas of culture. The post-reform period is characterized by the growth of literacy and the development of education.

The beginning of the development of out-of-school education (1859) 1 / 2 Became widespread various forms out-of-school education. In 1859, the first in Russia were organized in Kyiv Sunday schools. Then they appeared in other cities, by 1862 there were more than 300 of them. These schools were free. The curriculum in them was much wider than in public schools. Students were introduced to the basics of chemistry and physics, geography and national history were also studied.

Mass opening of zemstvo schools (1864 - 1874) 1 / 2 a huge role zemstvos began to play in the spread of education. From 1864 to 1874 alone, almost 10,000 zemstvo schools were opened. The government gave preference to parishes, but the state did not have enough money to maintain them. Therefore, the zemstvo school continued to be the most common type elementary school, covering all provincial and district cities, as well as many rural areas. Verbal counting. N.P. Bogdanov - Belsky. 1895

main type high school were high schools. In 1861, there were 85 men's gymnasiums in Russia, where 25 thousand people studied. A quarter of a century later, their number has tripled, and there are 70,000 gymnasium students. In the late 60s of the XIX century, the issue of women's education was raised. Already by the beginning of the 90s, about 300 women's secondary educational institutions were opened, up to 75 thousand girls studied in them. Women were allowed to attend lectures at universities as volunteers. Soon, higher courses for women began to operate in St. Petersburg and Moscow. Gymnasium Gymnasium student

Higher education Universities are being opened in Tomsk and Odessa. There are special higher educational establishments: Medical-Surgical (Military-Medical) Academy Technological, Mining, Railways, Electrotechnical Institutes

Medical-Surgical (Military-Medical) Academy Mining Institute Petrovsky Agricultural Academy

However, in general, the literacy rate of the population in Russia remained one of the lowest in Europe. According to the 1897 census For comparison: At the end of the 60s According to the population census of 1897 For comparison: At the end of the 60s

2. Development of science and technology various industries science and technology. Many of the discoveries of Russian scientists were of an applied nature and were widely used for applied purposes, becoming a significant contribution to the world technical progress. 1867 - the work "On Averages", in which the theorem underlying various issues probability theory. Mathematician and mechanic and Pafnuty Lvovich Chebyshev

Stoletov's discovery of the speed of light by A.G. Stoletov in 1876, by measuring the ratio of electromagnetic and electrostatic units, obtained a value close to the speed of light. Stoletov's proposal to organize the measurement of this quantity, adopted by the First Congress of Electricians in 1881, contributed to the approval electromagnetic theory Sveta. Physicist Alexander Grigorievich Stoletov

The invention by Yablochkov of an electric arc lamp. In 1876, P.N. Yablochkov created an arc electric lamp. Soon, Yablochkov's light bulbs lit up the streets and houses of many cities around the world. Physicist Pavel Nikolaevich Yablochkov Candle Yablochkov

Aircraft of Mozhaisky In 1881 Marine officer A.F. Mozhaisky designed the world's first aircraft, however, his tests ended in failure. Physicist Alexander Fedorovich Mozhaisky

Blinov's caterpillar tractor In 1888, self-taught mechanic F.A. Blinov invented the caterpillar tractor.

Mendeleev's table Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev D.I. Mendeleev was a scientist with versatile knowledge and interests (chemistry, physics, metrology, aeronautics, Agriculture, economics, education. His discovery in 1869 brought worldwide fame. periodic law chemical elements one of the fundamental laws of natural science. Periodic system elements of Mendeleev shows that Chemical properties elements, i.e. their qualities, are determined by the quantity of their atomic weight. Thus, his discovery serves as a brilliant confirmation of one of the general laws development of nature - the law of the transition of quantity into quality.

Popov's report on radio communications Alexander Stepanovich Popov Professor A.S. Popov developed a generator electromagnetic oscillations; On April 25, 1895, in the Russian Physical Society, he demonstrated a receiver-transmitter made by him. In 1900, Popov's radio was used in practical purposes to rescue the fishermen Gulf of Finland. For his discovery, the scientist was awarded the Big Gold Medal at the World Exhibition in Paris in 1900. Radio Popova

A collection of Russian soils collected by Dokuchaev was shown at the World Exhibition in Paris. 1 / 1 VV Dokuchaev initiated the science of the properties of various soils. In 1889, the published works of Dokuchaev, awarded a gold medal, were shown at the World Exhibition in Paris. In the book Our Steppes Before and Now, the scientist outlined a plan to combat the drought that hit the black earth zone of Russia in 1891. This plan provided for measures to influence the nature of the steppes through planting forests. Vasily Vasilyevich Dokuchaev

Scientists-naturalists Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov I.M. Sechenov created the doctrine of the reflexes of the brain, having carried out a revolution in biology. He was the first to prove the unity and mutual conditioning of mental and bodily phenomena, emphasizing that mental activity it is the product of the brain.

Scientists-naturalists Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov I.I. Mechnikov and N.F. Gamaleya organized the first bacteriological station in Russia, developed methods for the fight against rabies. Nikolai Fedorovich Gamaleya

Przhevalsky's discovery of a species of wild horse (1879) Przhevalsky's expedition Modern zoologists managed to save an endangered species - the Przewalsky's Horse. This is the only wild horse preserved in nature. It was discovered by Nikolai Przhevalsky in 1879 in the Gobi desert, in southern Mongolia. In the middle of the twentieth century, these animals remained three dozen, and they all lived in captivity. But from now on existence rare species is no longer under threat: thanks to successful breeding, the wild horse is again released into the Mongolian steppes.

Expeditions of Miklukho-Maclay Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklukho-Maclay N.N. Miklouho-Maclay devoted his life to the study of peoples South-East Asia, Australia, Pacific Islands. For two and a half years he lived on the northeastern coast of New Guinea, was able to win the love and trust of its inhabitants. He made two difficult trips to the inner regions of Malacca, visited the Philippines and Indonesia, lived in Australia, where he founded a biological station. In 1881, he developed a project to create in New Guinea independent state- The Papuan Union, designed to resist the colonialists.

Historical science Sergei Mikhailovich Soloviev S.M. Solovyov is a professor, dean of the Faculty of History and Philology, rector of Moscow University. Author of the 29-volume History of Russia from Ancient Times. belonged to public school who considered the state driving force historical development.

Start of scientific activity Klyuchevsky Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky Student of S. M. Solovyov V.O. Klyuchevsky in 1882 brilliantly defended his doctoral dissertation at Moscow University " Boyar Duma Ancient Russia". Author of many historical research and "The Course of Russian History", which he read at Moscow University. Great importance attached to the study of socio-economic causes historical events and phenomena. Students of all faculties gathered at the lectures of V. O. Klyuchevsky, and as a rule they ended under a flurry of student applause.

Opening of the Historical Museum in Moscow Historical Museum founded in 1872, opened in 1883. It is the largest repository of monuments national history and culture. The Moscow City Duma gave its own land for the construction of the museum.

Opening of the Hermitage for visits C mid-nineteenth century, the number of museums is growing. In addition to art and natural science museums, industrial, memorial, agricultural and local history museums are opening. In 1865, the Hermitage became accessible to the public with its richest collections of Western European art; at the end of the century, the first art museum was established. state museum Russia - Russian Museum. The province also opens museums and art galleries and hosts industrial, art and trade exhibitions.

Homework: Make a table "Achievements of science in the second half of the 19th century" in a notebook. SCIENCE OF DISCOVERIES AND ACHIEVEMENTS (Who? What? When?) Mathematics Physics Chemistry Biology Geography History 2. Paragraph 36.

Thank you for your attention!

On the development of geography in Russia in XVIII century Initially, the ideas of Western European scientists, for example, B. Vareniya, had a certain influence. But they were so strongly and critically revised, so many new things were introduced into science by Russian scientists (I.I. Kirillov, V.N. Tatishchev, M.V. Lomonosov), that the Russian geographical school of that time has a new, original character. And this was due primarily to practical tasks.

If countries Western Europe science was largely aimed at meeting the practical needs of maritime navigation and overseas trade, then in Russia there were other practical needs - settlements and economic development the world's largest landmass, a kind of "ocean", forests, and. In the XVIII century. the development of the territory of Russia was especially intensive: it firmly became on, on, on the ocean; the mining regions of the Urals arose, hundreds of new cities and towns were built; numerous began to be used for shipping. In the second half of the XVIII century. Russia came out on top in the world in the production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, began to mine gold, trade in bread; as before, she continued to abound in furs, to catch fish and beat the sea animal, to dress flax, hemp, smoke tar ...

For the needs of the economic development of the territory of Russia, first of all, it was necessary and economic statistics(“political arithmetic”). Of the “chicks of Petrov's nest”, Ivan Kirillovich Kirilov (1669-1737) was the first to combine these sciences into one whole. In the early 1720s. he headed astronomical, topographic, cartographic and statistical work in Russia. Kirilov planned to compile a three-volume "All-Russian Empire", with 120 maps in each volume. But he managed to publish in 1734 only the first issue, which included a “general” map of the entire country and 14 “special” (private) maps of individual administrative-territorial units. On these, in particular, many economic objects were placed, and brief economic and statistical characteristics of different localities were included in the text.

In 1727 I.K. Kirilov completed the work “Blossoming State Russian state” (it was published only in 1831) - the first Russian statistical and economic-geographical description.

Ideas and suggestions of I.K. Kirilov were significantly developed by Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev (1986-1750) and Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (1711-1765). It is with them that the original Russian scientific geography. Both outstanding scientists began their activities during the reforms of Peter I, when the very word “geography” came into use in Russia.

V.N. Tatishchev is a man of versatile talents: a warrior (participant Battle of Poltava), diplomat, builder of cities and factories, metallurgist, historian, ethnographer, archaeologist, botanist, paleontologist, cartographer, economist and geographer - such is the range of activities of this remarkable scientist. Peter I in 1719 specifically instructed Tatishchev to compile the history and geography of Russia, which he did diligently only in 1724.

V.N. Tatishchev knew well the book of Vareniya, which was translated into Russian in 1718. He mentions it in his writings. Tatishchev's system of geographical sciences outwardly to a certain extent resembled the system proposed by Varenii. But in essence, methodologically very different from it. In his work “On Geography in General and on Russian Geography” (1746), Tatishchev divided geography three times into three sections, thereby proposing, as it were, a three-dimensional (three-dimensional) model of geographical science:

P.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky began his career as a geologist and botanical geographer. He spent his trip to the Tien Shan (1856-1857) as a naturalist. But then his attention was drawn to questions of history, historical geography, demographics, population geography and, finally, economic geography generally. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky wrote many regional monographs, including the five-volume Geographical and Statistical Dictionary of the Russian Empire (1863-1885). In 1871 he published a work on the historical geography of Russian settlements. He was also an expert member of the editorial commission for the preparation of the reform of 1861, which freed the peasants of Russia from serfdom. From January 1, 1864, P.P. Semyonov became the first director of the newly organized Central Statistical Committee. He led it until 1897 and left because of disagreement with the distortion of the program of the first All-Russian population census of 1897 that he compiled.

A man of diverse interests, competent in many fields of knowledge, Semenov-Tyan-Shansky was ideally suited to manage such complex organization, as the Russian Geographical Society, for 41 years (1873-1914); it was he who was able to maintain its unity and, consequently, the originality of the national geographical science.

Among historians of geographical science, the difficult question of scientific school P.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky. He did not teach at the university, did not have students in literally the words. But he turned the Russian Geographical Society into a first-class school for young researchers: travelers, ethnographers, oceanologists, cartographers, and economists. Among them were not only N.N. , who from the hands of Semenov-Tyan-Shansky received a broad program for the study of the peoples of the New, not only N.M. , who received from the same hands a program for studying the Ussuri Territory, and then, but also such great researchers as G.N. Potanin, M.V. Pevtsov, A.L. Chekanovsky, I.D. , I.V. Mushketov, A.P. Fedchenko, A.A. Tillo, P.A. Kropotkin, A.I. , I.P. Minaev, Yu.M. Shokalsky and many others. Each of these names is an outstanding phenomenon in the history of geographical science. It can be said that in Russian geographical society Semenov-Tyan-Shansky created a brilliant constellation of geographers of various specialties, but most of all - geographers general profile involved in comprehensive research nature and man.

Alexander Ivanovich Voeikov (1842-1916), like P.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, was distinguished by deep education and breadth scientific research. He studied in Berlin, Göttingen and. He defended his doctoral dissertation “On direct insolation in various places on the earth's surface” in 1865 at the University of Göttingen. He devoted his entire subsequent life to the study of thermal and water balances Earth. In the 1870s, Voeikov traveled throughout the United States of America and Asia. In 1884 he began his activity at St. Petersburg University.

It is characteristic that A.I. Voeikov directly connected the study with the improvement of agricultural production. Dealing with the issues of improving Russia, he decided to compare farming methods in areas with a climate similar to climatic conditions European Russia. This is how the first study of climate analogs came about. Following his advice, the coast began to successfully grow tea, in Central Asia - cotton, on - wheat. famous work A.I. Voeikov “Climates of the globe, especially Russia” was published on mother tongue in 1884. And in 1887 it was transferred to German and came out in Germany, was highly appreciated by climatologists of others.

However, one of the most significant merits of A.I. Voeikov to the world geographical science is that he declared the importance of studying the influence of man on his environment. natural environment. He was one of the first European scientists to recognize and point out the detrimental effects of human land use (George Perkins Marsh had done this somewhat earlier in his book Man and Nature (1864), which was translated and published in Russia in 1866. In In particular, A. I. Voeikov believed that as a result of destruction in nature, various changes occur, which in some areas turn into catastrophic consequences. Voeikov warned that predatory deforestation in the north of the country could change the climate towards its greater aridity. He was passionate champion of the revival of deserts and lands through them.

The beginning of modern physical geography in Russia is associated with the work of the creator of scientific soil science, Professor of St. Petersburg University Vasily Vasilyevich Dokuchaev (1846-1903). Dokuchaev's ideas, forecasts, and proposals were based on comprehensive long-term expeditionary research. Three large expeditions of Dokuchaev - according to the assessment of lands in the Nizhny Novgorod and Poltava provinces and the Special Steppe Expedition - in total worked for 15 years (1882-1885, 1888-1897). To this we must add that Dokuchaev in 1890-1900. headed the commission he created for natural history, agriculture and hygiene research Petersburg and its environs - the first comprehensive geographical study big city. The main works of V.V. Dokuchaev - "Russian" (1883) and "Our steppes before and now" (1891). the doctrine of the soil served as the starting point for the development of the idea of ​​natural geographical complex. According to Dokuchaev, there is the result of the interaction of maternal, water, heat and organisms; it is, as it were, a product and at the same time its “mirror”, a clear reflection of a complex system of relationships in natural complex. Therefore, from the study of the soil lies shortest way to geographical synthesis.

Dokuchaev was well aware negative sides far advanced by that time, the differentiation of natural science and saw that geography, as he said, "spreads in all directions." In 1898, he suggested the need to develop new science on the relationships and interactions between the components of animate and inanimate nature and on the laws of their joint development. The beginning of this science, as if an introduction to it, was his doctrine of the zones of nature (1898-1900). Now this doctrine is known to every schoolchild, but at that time only a few scientists (among them Dokuchaev’s student G.F. Morozov, 1867-1920) foresaw the beginning of Dokuchaev’s ideas in modern geography. Later Academician L.S. Bert (1876-1950) clearly pointed out that “the founder of modern geography was the great soil scientist V. Dokuchaev” (Bert L.S. Geographical zones THE USSR. M., 1947. T. 1).

The remarkable Russian scientist Dmitry Nikolaevich (1843-1923) created an exceptionally large and strong university school of geography. First, at Moscow University, and then, through its graduates, at other universities in Russia.

The first department of geography in Russia was opened at Moscow University in 1884, first at the Faculty of History and Philology; D.N. was invited to manage it. Anuchin. In 1887, he achieved the transfer of this department - geography, anthropology and ethnography - to the natural department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, where he began his work in training young geographers, who then grew into major world-famous scientists.

versatility scientific interests D.N. Anuchin was exceptional: anthropology, ethnography, archeology, history and methodology of science, hydrology (including limnology), cartography, geomorphology, regional studies. But this versatility was not a random collection of current interests, jumping from one subject of study to another. They, like many prominent scientists, theoretically constituted, as we now say, a “single bloc”.

D.N. Anuchin believed that geography should study the nature of the earth's surface. He divided geography into geography and country studies. Geography studies the complex of physical and geographical components of the entire surface of the Earth, and country studies, although a wider complex that includes a person (“Without a person, geography will be incomplete,” D.N. Anuchin wrote in 1912), but within the framework of individual regions ( "countries"). Since the nature of the earth's surface is formed in the process of its historical development, historical method necessary in geographical research. And of course, geographical research important not in themselves, but necessary in practice.

These are the main provisions of D.N. Anuchin, every modern geographer in Russia will support them.