© Romanov K. M., 2015

© Cogito-Center, 2015

Reviewers:

doctor psychological sciences, Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Education S. B. Malykh;

Department of General and social psychology Grodno state university them. Ya. Kupala (Republic of Belarus)

* * *

Dedicated to the blessed memory of my teacher A. A. Bodalev

Introduction

The phenomenon of psychological culture has become the subject scientific analysis relatively recently. It looks rather paradoxical, first of all, for domestic psychology, built on the methodological provisions of the cultural-historical theory of L. S. Vygotsky. In the context of this approach mental development of a person is presented as a process of assimilation of the total social experience, fixed in material and spiritual culture. Man is a product of culture. Higher purely human mental functions arise through cultivation natural functions. From this it can be argued that in culture, as in a multidimensional formation, there is a special section in which psychological entity man as a subject and person. It contains the socially developed experience of a person dealing with people, including himself: psychological knowledge, ways of dealing, forms of relationships. Assimilation of this particular part of culture (or its slice), the child becomes a full-fledged subject and personality. Given this meaningful specificity of culture, we define it as psychological. How social phenomenon psychological culture fixed in people, in live communication, in artistic and scientific texts, in customs and traditions and its other carriers. As an individual personal phenomenon, it is a systemic personality formation that determines the ways a person treats other people and himself.

There are serious practical prerequisites for developing the problem of psychological culture. The progressive development of society is impossible without the education of a new generation of people who have fully absorbed all the achievements of material and spiritual culture. The most important direction this process is the formation of the younger generation of psychological culture. Psychological culture permeates all spheres of human existence, which explains the need for its emergence, development and existence in a person throughout life. The low level of its development or its defects give rise to numerous life problems: neurotic states, loneliness, family and industrial conflicts, and much more. AT recent decades the role psychological factors in all areas public life. Psychological technologies are becoming more and more widespread in management, politics, business, education, etc. A modern person must be competent enough to use these technologies. Otherwise, he risks becoming an object psychological manipulation. A high level of psychological culture is the main factor professional success professionals working with people: teachers, social workers, managers, civil servants, etc. Psychological technologies have entered the arsenal of the armed forces and special services of many states. They play an important role in ensuring national security.

There are also theoretical foundations to study this problem, since it is closely related to such fundamental problems psychology as personality and communication. In the process of socialization, the child masters ways of dealing not only with the objective world, but also with people, including himself as a person. He assimilates the culture of dealing with a person, which in its content seems to be psychological. It penetrates deeply into the personal essence of a person and is fixed in the corresponding psychological formations: needs, will, character traits, self-awareness, etc. Research in this area allows us to expand our understanding of a person as a subject and personality and about communication as a form of social life.

The problem of psychological culture is complex and interdisciplinary. There are several directions of its development: general psychological, age-psychological, psychological-pedagogical, socio-psychological, professional-psychological, acmeological, patho-psychological, ethno-psychological, cultural-historical, philosophical, etc. Only under this condition is it possible to achieve a true understanding of the phenomenon of psychological culture . To one degree or another, all of these areas are presented in this book.

The proposed concept of psychological culture is the author's. One of its advantages is that it allows you to overcome the functional approach to understanding deeply rooted in psychology. mental processes and properties. In the context of the direction we are developing, they are considered as psychological tools(organs) of human existence, the success of which depends on the extent to which the subject owns them, that is, on the level of development of his psychological culture. When developing the concept of psychological culture, we were guided by the methodological ideas of L. S. Vygotsky, M. M. Bakhtin, L. S. Rubinshtein, A. A. Bodalev, and others. One of the co-authors of the proposed concept of psychological culture is O. N. Romanova. I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to her.

The textbook can be useful for teachers of psychology, school psychologists, students of psychological specialties, philosophers, culturologists and other specialists.

Chapter 1
Psychological culture of personality as a subject of scientific research

1.1. general characteristics psychological culture

1.2. The specificity of the phenomenon of psychological culture

1.3. Psychological culture and personal resources

1.4. Structure of psychological culture

1.5. Development of psychological culture in ontogeny

Key Concepts: general culture, types of culture, psychological culture, personal resources, development of psychological culture, functions of psychological culture.

1.1
General characteristics of psychological culture

A newborn baby is not a person in the full sense of the word. He just has to become one. However, the "humanization" of the baby is not provided by genetic programs. They create only innate prerequisites for the formation of personality and subject. Second important condition This is the presence of a socio-cultural environment, which is the bearer of the total social experience: knowledge about the world, ways of communicating with people, ways of dealing with various subjects(natural or artificial) social norms, relations, social values etc. The development of a person as a subject and as a person is a process of assimilation of what is fixed within the limits of material and spiritual culture and in specific people as its carriers. Thanks to this process, the development of mental processes, abilities, character traits, needs, motives, relationships, beliefs, self-awareness, all kinds of knowledge, skills and abilities, that is, everything that makes a person a person and ensures his full entry into the system public relations as an equal member of society. These known positions cultural-historical theory of L. S. Vygotsky are confirmed by numerous empirical research and teaching practice.

The level of necessary development of the listed qualities and processes is determined by society as a kind of socio-cultural norm, which every normal citizen, every member of society must comply with. For example, modern man must have logical thinking, a certain system scientific knowledge, scientific beliefs, a system of everyday ideas about the world, a system practical skills and handling skills household appliances, ability to arbitrary regulation their behavior, self-awareness, etc. In each socio-cultural norm, the necessary level of mastery of the corresponding social experience. Therefore, if a person has fully mastered one or another sociocultural norm, we can say that he has high culture in the relevant area, for example: communication culture, moral culture, political culture, physical culture, household culture, information culture, psychological culture, etc. Together, this is called the general culture of a person, thanks to which he is such: a subject and a person. The transmission of culture from one generation of people to another can occur either spontaneously or purposefully in the process of education and upbringing.

Psychological culture exists and functions in the space of interpersonal and intrapersonal relationships. It defines the norms, rules and techniques of these relations. It focuses on the experience of man dealing with man, including himself. It is fixed in people, in the ways of live communication, in texts (artistic, scientific, religious), in works of art (cinema, theater, painting, sculpture, music), in certain traditions and rituals. It is this culture that makes a person a person. Assimilated it, he masters the specifically human ways of dealing with other people and with himself, and, thereby, masters his own psychological nature, that is, it becomes the subject of its being and personality. It is in these qualities that a person is a living bearer of psychological culture.

Psychological culture occupies a special position among all other cultures. It permeates them in terms of content, since a person is an integral element of any culture. The culture is human-centered. It was created by man and for man. For example, technical culture prescribes the rules for handling all sorts of technical objects: household appliances, car, computer, etc. But when developing these rules, they took into account functional characteristics and the capabilities of not only technical objects, but also their users: features of perception, attention, thinking, emotions, motives, etc. Possession of these rules allows you to optimize the ways of handling the corresponding technical objects as much as possible and minimize all kinds of losses and negative consequences for a person: overwork, unwanted mental states, injuries, the emergence of gambling or some other addiction, etc. A high level of development in a person of technical culture implies an adequate attitude towards himself as a subject of the corresponding activity (“what can I do”, “what consequences will this have for me” ). It prescribes the rules for the treatment of a person with himself in the conditions of this activity. This is the component of psychological culture in the structure of technical culture. In one form or another, it is part of any human culture: informational, everyday, environmental, economic, hygienic, etc. A high level of development of psychological culture ensures more effective interaction between a person and subject environment and with your body and significantly increases its capabilities. For example, a psychologically literate computer user is able to organize such a mode of his work that excludes the occurrence of overwork, gambling addiction or any other negative consequences. Therefore, the formation of psychological culture is very important element vocational training any specialists.

Psychological culture provides more effective ways a person's treatment of himself as a subject, personality and unique individuality in any sphere of social life. It enhances the quality human life, protects from unnecessary losses, failures, conflicts, psychological trauma etc., i.e. makes a person more successful.

However, the maximum psychological culture is represented in those areas of social life that involve human interaction with other people - in communication. It defines the rules and norms of a person's treatment not only with himself, but also with other people as subjects and individuals. It is she who ensures the existence of a person as a full-fledged member of society. joint way existence is possible only if each member of the community of people has necessary level psychological culture. And here he appears before himself and others not only as a subject of some kind of activity, but also as a person. The psychological culture of a person is not only a part or element of his common culture, but also essential component his personality. It acts as an indicator of personal maturity.

Unlike other cultures, it is not an instrumental (technical), but a deeply personal education. The rules for handling an object (for example, with a technical object) act for a person only as some tools designed to solve certain problems, which he can painlessly abandon and replace with others. The ways and norms of a person's treatment of other people and with himself are not technical devices, but personal formations. They are included in the structure of character, relationships, self-consciousness, ideals, values, motives, etc. It can be said that they constitute the very flesh and blood of a person. Therefore, a person cannot easily abandon them, which is tantamount to a rejection of himself: from his ideals, moral values, relations, etc. For example, fair man can't cheat because it contradicts him moral ideal. This way of behaving is part of his personality. He does so because he cannot do otherwise, as long as he remains so.

In the very general view psychological culture can be defined as a system of mental processes and properties of a person, thanks to which an understanding of oneself and other people as subjects and personalities is carried out, an effective impact on other people and oneself, an adequate attitude towards people (including oneself) as individuals. Psychological culture as a systemic personal education provides reasonable and effective use personal potential of a person to solve various life problems arising in the process of communication and substantive activity. For example, when faced with a certain task and solving it, a person, one way or another, turns to himself: “Can I solve it”, “Do I have the knowledge and practical skills necessary for this”, “Should I solve it at all” etc. All these questions are psychological in content. Answers to them require knowledge and understanding of oneself as a subject and as a person. In the context of communication, such psychological issues addressed not only to oneself, but also to other people - partners. Without understanding them as subjects and as individuals, it is impossible to determine effective ways of communication. Therefore, psychological culture permeates everything human being. This explains the need for its emergence, development and existence in humans throughout life. It arises in a child already in the first year of life in the context of communication with the mother, and then with other family members. Its further development is stimulated by the need for constant expansion and deepening social contacts both within the family and outside of it (in kindergarten, at school, in the yard, in public places, in professional educational institutions, in production, etc.), as well as its inclusion in new activities. Psychological culture as a personal education has an important functional purpose. It must be said that many authors tend to limit the functional space of psychological culture and identify it with the spectrum of functions of the culture of communication. We believe that it can be regarded as a kind of tool for a person to treat other people and himself as subjects, personalities and individuals. A high level of its development allows a person to:

1. Correctly navigate the surrounding people.

2. To know and understand oneself, that is, to have an adequate image of "I".

3. Perfectly own the necessary repertoire of ways psychological impact and use them wisely in social life.

4. To master perfectly the methods of self-management and self-regulation, which allow to realize their personal potential to the maximum extent.

5. It is correct (on a humanistic position) to treat people and build favorable relationships with them.

6. Have a respectful and adequate attitude towards oneself as a subject, personality and unique individuality.

Based on the foregoing, it can be following features psychological culture of a person: orientation in the surrounding people, psychological impact on other people, human attitude towards people, understanding oneself, self-regulation and attitude towards oneself. Each of them contains many other, more specific functions. Taken individually, all these functions are more or less lesser degree studied in psychology. Moreover, the first three of them can be defined as interpersonal. They provide communication between people. These functions are studied mainly within the framework of social psychology. The least studied of them was the function of psychological influence. AT last years interest in it has increased significantly not only in psychology, but also in related fields of knowledge (political science, management, pedagogy, rhetoric, etc.), not only in theory, but also in practice. The last three functions of psychological culture should be called intrapersonal, since they are focused not on another person, but on the subject himself. These functions ensure the existence of a person as a subject and personality. They are mainly studied in general psychology in the section "psychology of self-consciousness" precisely as its structural components and functions. The same functions and corresponding to each of them psychological education are also studied in the genetic plan (development and formation) in developmental and pedagogical psychology.

It should be noted that they are studied mainly separately, in greater or lesser isolation from each other. In reality, they are different sides and elements of a single personal education- psychological culture. An integrated approach to their study can be very productive. Moreover, it fits well into the cultural-historical theory of L. S. Vygotsky. It is important to emphasize that intrapersonal functions (self-knowledge, self-regulation and attitude towards oneself) have a genetic relationship with similar components of communication (interpersonal understanding, interpersonal influence and interpersonal attitude). The child discovers himself as a person and masters complex art dealing with himself insofar as he opens others in human quality and learns how to treat them like human beings. This idea is well reflected famous expression K. Marx: “Only by treating the man Paul as his own kind, the man Peter begins to treat himself as a man.”

The development of a person's psychological culture occurs mainly spontaneously. The child learns through own experience communication with people. Reading plays an important role in the assimilation of psychological culture. fiction, watching films and performances, where a child or an adult gets acquainted with mental characteristics people (character traits, actions, emotional experiences and states), ways of behaving towards each other, interpersonal relationships etc.

Among specially organized pedagogical procedures great importance have activities aimed at educating a child's culture of behavior, as well as literature lessons. In general, the school does not provide significant influence on the development of the psychological culture of children in connection with low level humanization of modern secondary education. Oddly enough, the curricula of the secondary secondary school do not provide for such a subject as human psychology or human psychological culture. As a result, children develop a rather primitive idea of ​​a person as some kind of anatomical and physiological device, whose behavior and even consciousness and thinking are explained through mechanisms. conditioned reflexes. Named subject must be studied throughout the entire period of study at school. Naturally, at each age level it should have the appropriate methodological specifics. Only under these conditions can full assimilation be ensured. psychological knowledge, the formation of the necessary practical skills and abilities, the development of appropriate mental processes (primarily psychological thinking), mental properties and relationships.

Any acts of human life are directly or indirectly mediated by people. Therefore, psychological culture structural component personality, seems to be the most important tool effective interaction a person with people, a factor of adaptation, survival, life success and social life. According to experts, further development society will be closely connected with its ever greater psychologization and with the penetration of psychology into all spheres of social life. One of the consequences of this will be the development and implementation of very powerful psychotechnologies for influencing a person, which can be used in any sphere of life (advertising, ideology, politics, management, everyday life, education, etc.) and with for any purpose, including inhumane ones.

We feel the elements of such influences and their negative consequences already today. In the future, their effectiveness will increase immeasurably, since the possibilities for the development and improvement of psycho-technologies of influence are simply endless. In the face of such a powerful psychological pressure a person runs the risk of becoming an obedient object of all kinds of manipulations for anyone: individuals, officials, businessmen, political leaders, managers totalitarian sects and criminals, parties, organizations, the state, special services, etc. It is hard to imagine psychological consequences similar pressure on the individual. Only a person who has high level development of psychological culture. Thus, the development of the psychological culture of adults and especially children is the most important and urgent pedagogical and social task of the 21st century.

As the analysis shows, psychological culture is a very multifaceted and poorly studied phenomenon. It can be studied in structural-content, functional, cultural-historical, ontogenetic, psychological-pedagogical, acmeological, national-ethnic and many other aspects.

Psychology is the most interesting and unknown field of man. It is studied not only by specialists, but also by writers. There are many recognized experts and works of the psychological genre in literature. Let me briefly introduce you to some of them.

1. "Fake" Nicholas Bourne

Bourne's intellectual novel has become very close to many fans of the psychological genre. In 1981, the film of the same name was released. The events of the novel take the reader to the Middle East 30 years ago. We see the war going on there through the eyes of a journalist who is trying to understand the ongoing nightmare. The hero of the book sends his reports to a German newspaper. But what kind of information does the journalist provide? How can you understand who is right and who is wrong when shots, bombings, explosions are heard all around? Is not the word of any weapon more terrible?
Unfortunately, now many of us can already answer this question ...

2. "Hero of our time" Mikhail Lermontov

The events of the novel take place during the Russian-Caucasian war of 1830. It is known that the author himself took part in military operations in the Caucasus. There he accidentally meets a retired staff captain, who tells him about his former subordinate guardsman G. A. Pechorin, exiled here for "immoral", as they would say in Soviet time, behavior. Pechorin becomes not only the hero of the novel, but the author sees in his face, in his behavior, in his way of life the hero of the time.

M. Yu. Lermontov is one of the most brilliant and great Russian writers. Despite its extremely short life, this man managed to create the heights of prose and poetry, which are still inaccessible to contemporaries.

3. Magus John Fowles

The book is a mystery, the book is mysticism. Tragedy, intellect, psychology, paradox, erotic fantasies - all mixed up in one narrative. In the plot, the author uses the myth of Orpheus: the hero needs to go down to the kingdom of Hades and pass tests in order to meet his beloved.
Most of The action of the novel takes place on the Greek island of Fraxos. There, unusual psychological experiments are carried out on people, causing them fear and various other emotions. This game of "cat and mouse" makes life hell for the test subjects. The author managed to skillfully combine the unusual situation and the realism of the characters.

4. Kafka on the Beach by Haruki Murakami

In this work, as in the previous one, Greek myth about Oedipus. The protagonist's father predicts to his 15-year-old son that he will cohabit with his mother and sister, after which he will kill his parent. From this terrible prophecy, the young man runs away from home, settles on a Japanese island and changes his name. Now his name is Kafka. Unfortunately, Kafka did not manage to escape from his father's prophecy - it came true.

In parallel with this plot, the author develops the second line of the novel. It tells the story of a man who once saw a UFO landing. The aliens gave him the ability of a clairvoyant, for which the hero paid with mental retardation. But, he can talk to cats like people.
Fate brings these two heroes together. The prophet opens a portal to the other world for Kafka, where he meets with the souls of dead people. But in the end, the young man chooses real life. Portal closes...

5. "Bridge" by Ian Banks

A well-known writer from Scotland spends in parallel three storylines. The first - tells about a hero who has lost his memory, no one is able to help him; the second is about a country-fairy tale and a witcher; the third describes rich life Edinburgh engineer. These, such different people unites ... The bridge in the spans of which they all live.

6. "House on the embankment" Yuri Trifonov

The events of the novel unfold in one place - Moscow, but take place in different time: 30s of the last century, 40s and 70s. Main character – scientist in the field of literature. The book tells about the dramatic events of his life, unexpected turns, meetings with former classmates and fellow students. The author analyzes the effect of the totalitarian system of that state on people, their degradation and fear. Yu. Trifonov's novel is one of the best in the world's modern literature.

7. Selected Days by Michael Cunningham

In one novel, the author managed to combine three storylines, and even different genre. The first line is mystical in nature and tells, oddly enough for such a genre, about a revolution in industry. The second story in the thriller genre reveals to us some of the secrets of modern terror. Third, the short story takes the reader into the distant future after the apocalypse. All three stories are interconnected by the place of action - New York. And also, the main characters: a woman, a man, a boy and a poet-prophet.

8. The Spire, William Golding

The events of the novel take place in the distant 14th century in a small town in England. The main character, the abbot of the monastery, believed in his “special mission”. What? And what did the attempt to carry out this mission lead to? The author explores in the book the characters, willpower, the ability to sacrifice and many other aspects of the human psyche.

The Spire is the fifth novel Nobel laureate William Golding, who became a classic during his lifetime English Literature.

Legal psychology. Romanov V.V.

M.: Jurist, 1998. - 488 p.

The author of the textbook V.V. Romanov - Doctor of Psychology, Candidate legal sciences, Professor, Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation. The textbook has been prepared in accordance with the standard curriculum for legal psychology and contains recommendations of a psychological nature. The material is presented taking into account the new (as of January 1, 1998) legislation. Attached curriculum and thematic plan course in legal psychology.

For students, graduate students, teachers of law schools and faculties, as well as law enforcement officers (investigators, prosecutors, judges), lawyers.

Format: pdf/zip

The size: 2.87 MB

Download / Download file 15 07/07/2017, files removed at the request of the Yurait publishing house (see note)

TABLE OF CONTENTS
From author 5
Section One INTRODUCTION TO LEGAL PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 1. SUBJECT OF LEGAL PSYCHOLOGY.
§ 1. Subject, content, tasks of legal psychology 8
§ 2. Brief historical overview development of legal psychology 15
§ 3. Methodological problems of legal psychology 24
Section Two PERSONALITY IN THE SPHERE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES
Chapter 2. PSYCHOLOGY OF THE PERSON IN LAW ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY
§ 1. The concept of personality in psychological and legal science. 34
§ 2. The structure and content of personality 44
Chapter 3
§ 1. Methods for studying personality in professional activity lawyer 58
§ 2. Brief introduction to the region psychological diagnostics 61
§ 3. Classification psychological methods(tests) personality studies 64
Chapter 4
§ 1. Sensations and perception. Their role and significance in the professional activities of a lawyer.90
§ 2. Memory. Accounting by a lawyer for the patterns of memory of participants in the software process
§ 3. Thinking and imagination. Their role in the work of a lawyer 119
§ 4. Attention in the professional activities of a lawyer 129
Chapter 5. EMOTIONS, FEELINGS, MENTAL STATES, THEIR PSYCHOLOGICAL AND LEGAL ASSESSMENT
§ one. General view about emotions, feelings, mental states 134
§ 2. States emotional tension, their role and significance in criminal and civil proceedings 138
§ 3. Ways to overcome negative mental states in the professional activities of a lawyer 174
Chapter 6 USE OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THEM BY A LAWYER IN PRACTICE
§ 1. Temperament, its influence on the behavior of subjects of law enforcement 180
§ 2. Character, its properties and traits 191
§ 3. Orientation, motivational sphere in the structure of the personality of the subjects of criminal and civil processes. 214
Chapter 7. FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGICAL EXAMINATION IN CRIMINAL AND CIVIL PROCEEDINGS
§ 1. The subject of a forensic psychological examination, the grounds and reasons for its appointment 225
§ 2. Methodological foundations forensic psychological examination, its competence. The main issues addressed by an expert psychologist 231
§ 3. Preparation, appointment, use of forensic psychological examination by the investigator (court) 241
Section Three CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 8. PSYCHOLOGY OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR (PSYCHOLOGY OF CRIME)
§ 1. General psychological characteristic activities 248
§ 2. Psychological analysis criminal behavior in various forms guilt. . 254
Chapter 9. PSYCHOLOGY OF THE PERSONALITY OF THE CRIMINAL
§ 1. The concept, the structure of the personality of the offender 264
§ 2. Typology of the criminal's personality 279
Chapter 10
§ 1. Concept, psychological characteristics of the group 286
§ 2. Psychological and legal assessment of organized criminal formations (groups), their illegal activities 290
Section Four PSYCHOLOGY OF THE PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY OF A LAWYER
Chapter 11 REQUIREMENTS FOR HIS PERSON
§ 1. Socio-psychological characteristics of the professional activities of a lawyer 306
§ 2. Structural-psychological analysis of the professional activity of a lawyer. 311
§ 3. Psychological structure, professionally significant qualities(psychogram) personality of a lawyer 315
§ 4. Assessment of abilities for legal activity on the psychological qualities of a person 324
Chapter 12
§ 1. Psychology of inspection of the scene 345
§ 2. Psychology of conducting a search 358
§ 3. Psychology of presentation for identification 362
§ four. Psychological features conducting an investigative experiment (checking testimony on the spot) 368
Chapter 13
§ 1. Concept, structure, types professional communication lawyer 373
§ 2. General socio-psychological patterns of professional communication 375
§ 3. The most common situations of professional (non-procedural) communication of a lawyer 398
Chapter 14
§ 1. General socio-psychological conditions of interrogation 407
§ 2. Psychological features of interrogation in a demon conflict situation 412
§ 3. Psychological features of interrogation in a conflict situation 416
§ 4. Psychology of interrogation at a confrontation 428
§ 5. Psychological features of the interrogation of minors 432
Chapter 15
§ 1. General psychological characteristics of the organizational and managerial substructure in the activities of a lawyer 439
§ 2. Psychological features of decision-making by a lawyer 446
Chapter 16
§ I. Psychological and legal characteristics of the cognitive substructure of judicial activity 459
§ 2. Communicative substructure of the activity of the court 462
§ 3. Psychological features of decision-making by a judge 470
APPENDIX. Curriculum for the course "Legal Psychology", 476

Writers at all times sought to capture their contemporary, conveying their time, their ideas, their ideals through his image. This is how the psychological novel was born.

1. Aldous Huxley “Counterpoint”

A refined, evil and impeccably accurate novel of manners, going back to the work not even of Wilde, but of Thackeray. A novel, the author of which, like a surgical scalpel, dissects the life and customs of the English high society of the era of the “beautiful twenties”. A novel full of humor and sarcasm, but sometimes rising to the level of high tragedy.
Before you is the “search for lost time” according to Aldous Huxley, the time of the general enthusiasm for Freudianism and avant-gardism, the time of tireless spiritual searches, brilliant victories and bitter defeats…

2. Nicholas Bourne "Fake"

In war as in war ... Should we not know. This is what is happening now. So it was thirty years ago: the Middle East, bombings, a journalist trying to understand the essence of the ongoing nightmare. But is it only a nightmare? After all, around the corner of this hell there is a peaceful quarter, there is a woman who can be loved under the howl of flying shells ... What is true in this war and in this love, and what is false? What kind of “information mythmaking” does Georg Laschen do when he sends his reports to one of the German newspapers? “A thought spoken is a lie”? And feelings ... And life itself ... Are they really fake?

3. Mikhail Lermontov “A Hero of Our Time”

The novel “A Hero of Our Time” is one of the pinnacles of Russian prose of the first half of XIX in. Perceived by M.Yu. Lermontov's contemporaries as "strange", the novel encourages more and more new generations of readers to look for solutions to his riddles.

4. John Fowles "The Magus"

Magus by John Fowles is a psychological drama, a mystical detective story with elements of eroticism, a paradoxical novel, an intellectual mystery...
On the Greek island, psychological experiments are conducted that are related to the fears and emotions of people and turn their lives into torture. The game starts.

5. Haruki Murakami “Kafka on the Beach”

I noticed that something black had stuck to the chest of the white T-shirt, shaped like a large butterfly with open wings ... In the flickering light of a fluorescent lamp, it became clear: it was dark red blood stain. The blood is fresh, not yet dried. Quite a bit of. I bent my head and sniffed the stain. No smell. Blood splatters - quite a bit - were also on a dark blue shirt, where it was not so noticeable. And on a white T-shirt - so bright, fresh ... A nightmarish journey through the labyrinths of the soul - in the new novel by Haruki Murakami "Kafka on the Beach".

6. Ian Banks “The Bridge”

In the novel by the famous Scottish writer Ian Banks, "The Bridge" (The Bridge), three layers of narrative are closely intertwined. This is the story of a man who has lost his memory and cannot be helped by a psychoanalyst; a story about a barbarian, a sorcerer and fairyland; a description of the turbulent personal life of an Edinburgh power engineer. It is not completely known what unites them, except for the Bridge, in the spans of which all these people live. It is not clear which of them is actually sleeping.

7. Yuri Trifonov “House on the embankment”

“House on the Embankment” is one of the sharpest and most topical works XX century. The story provides a profound analysis of the nature of fear, the degradation of people under the yoke of a totalitarian system.
Genuine interest in a person, the desire to show him in the most dramatic events of his life and turning points in history put the story of Yuri Trifonov in a row the best works world literature.

8. Michael Cunningham “Selected Days”

Novel " Selected days”is a story of amazing power. An original and courageous writer, Cunningham combines three parts of different genres in the book: a mystical story from the era of the industrial revolution, a thriller about modern terrorism and a short story about a post-apocalyptic future, which are connected by the setting (New York), an unchanged group of characters (man, woman, boy) and the prophetic figure of American poet Walt Whitman.

9. William Golding “The Spire”

The novel The Spire by William Golding is, according to many critics, the culmination of his work both in terms of ideological content, and artistic creativity. In this novel, which takes place in English city XIV century, reality and myth are intertwined even more than in "Lord of the Flies". In "The Spire" Golding, laureate Nobel Prize, recognized during his lifetime as a classic of English literature, again turns to the essence human nature and the problem of evil.

10. Fyodor Dostoyevsky "Crime and Punishment"

"Crime and Punishment" is a brilliant novel, the main themes of which: crime and punishment, sacrifice and love, freedom and human pride - are framed by an almost detective story.
Repeatedly filmed and staged more than once, it is still read in one breath to this day.