Russia has common boundaries with several European countries. Russia has 196 km of borders ( Murmansk region) and Norway. The length of the Russian border (Murmansk region, Karelia, Leningrad region) and Finland is 1340 km. The border line of 294 km separates Estonia and the Leningrad and Pskov regions of Russia. The Russian-Latvian border is 217 km long and separates the Pskov region from the territory of the European Union. The Kaliningrad region, located several times, has a 280 km border with Lithuania and 232 km with Poland.

The total length of Russia's borders is, according to the border service, 60,900 km.

Western and southwestern borders.

Russia has 959 km of common border with Belarus. Russia has 1974 km of land and 321 km of maritime common border with Ukraine. With Belarus, the Pskov, Smolensk and Bryansk regions, and with Ukraine - the Bryansk, Belgorod, Voronezh and Rostov regions. Near Caucasus mountains Russia has a 255 km border with Abkhazia, 365 km with Georgia, 70 km with South Ossetia (or 690 km of border with Georgia according to the UN), as well as 390 km of border strip with Azerbaijan. borders with Abkhazia Krasnodar region and Karachay-Cherkessia, with Georgia - Karachay-Cherkessia, Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia, Ingushetia, Chechen and Dagestan. With South Ossetia North Ossetia. Dagestan borders Azerbaijan.

Part of the border territories of Russia are trying to challenge Estonia, Latvia, Republic of China(Taiwan) and Japan.

Southern borders.

The longest border of the Russian Federation is with Kazakhstan - 7512 km. Border with Central Asia Russian regions- Astrakhan, Volgograd, Saratov, Samara, Orenburg, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, Tyumen, Omsk, Novosibirsk region, as well as Altai region and the Altai Republic. Russia has 3485 km of border with Mongolia. Mongolia borders Altai, Tuva, Buryatia and Zabaykalsky Krai. Russia has 4,209 km of border with the People's Republic of China. This border separates the Altai Republic, the Amur Region, the Jewish Autonomous Region, the Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories from China. Primorsky Krai also has 39 km of border with North Korea.

Russia has borders of exclusive economic zones with Norway, the USA, Japan, Abkhazia, Ukraine, Sweden, Estonia, Finland, North Korea, Turkey, Poland and Lithuania.

Maritime borders.

Russia borders by sea with 12 countries - the USA, Japan, Norway, Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Ukraine, Abkhazia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and North Korea.

Switzerland is a country in Western Europe. It borders on several others European states, has no access to the sea, part of the border passes through the territory of the Alpine mountains. The old name for Switzerland is Helvetia, or Helvetia.

Swiss borders

The area of ​​Switzerland is about 3 thousand square meters. km. There are several other states in the neighborhood. From the north, Switzerland borders on Germany, to the west of it lies France, with east side- Austria and Liechtenstein, and in the South is Italy.

A significant part of the border with Germany runs along the Rhine River, and near Schaffhausen the river crosses into Switzerland. Then, on the eastern side, part of the border with Germany and Austria runs along the shore of Lake Borden. with France, it also passes along the water shore - this is Lake Geneva, it is known for its beauty and picturesque landscapes. From all the borders of Switzerland with different countries the longest is Italian. Its length is approximately 741 km. To feel the difference, it is useful to say that with France the length of the border is only 570 km, and with Germany - about 360 km. The length of the border with Austria and Liechtenstein in total is about 200 km.

Geography of Switzerland

More than half of the territory of Switzerland is covered by the Alps (only 58% of the territory). Another 10% of Switzerland is occupied by the Jura mountains. No wonder that ski resorts Switzerland is one of the most popular in the world: there are many beautiful peaks and descents. The highest mountain in the Jura system, Mont-Tandre, is located in Switzerland. highest point Switzerland, however, is located in the Alps, this is the peak of Dufour. Lake Lago Majore is the most significant of the country.

In the central part of Switzerland there is a mountain plateau, it is called the Swiss Plateau. Most of industry is located in this part of the country. Here it is especially developed Agriculture and cattle breeding. Almost the entire population of the country lives in the Swiss plateau.

The territory of Switzerland is largely covered by various lakes, many of which are of glacial origin. In total, according to experts, about 6% of the world's reserves are concentrated in the country. fresh water! Despite the fact that the territory of the country is relatively small. In Switzerland, such major rivers like Rein, Rona and Inn.

Switzerland is usually divided into 4 districts. The most flat is the northern one, there are the cantons of Aargau, Glarus, Basel, Thurgau, St. Gallen and Zurich. Western District already covered by mountains to a greater extent, Geneva, Bern, Vaud, Fribourg and Neuchâtel are located there. In central Switzerland are the cantons of Unterwalden, Lucerne, Uri and Schwyz. South District The country is quite small in area.

Why is Switzerland called that?

The Russian name of the country goes back to the word Schwyz - that was the name of the canton (as the administrative unit is called in Switzerland), which became the core for all the other cantons to unite around it in 1291. On the German this canton is called Schweiz.

Related videos

Once an allied country called Czechoslovakia had a state border, after crossing which you could get into two completely around the world- capitalist and socialist. The first was presented on the map West Germany(Germany) and Austria, the second - East Germany(GDR), Poland, Hungary and the Soviet Union ( Ukrainian SSR). But after the famous political events In the early 1990s, today's Czech Republic has only four neighbors left - Germany, Austria, Poland, which is now united, and Slovakia, which separated from it.

USSR, farewell!

Its current independent Czech Republic, or the Czech Republic, began to change and legally formalize immediately after the withdrawal of January 1, 1993 from the CSFR (Czech and Slovak federal Republic). So, two “transitional” years before the collapse were called Czechoslovakia (Czechoslovakia) created after World War II. socialist republic). The country in which it was disbanded a little earlier military-political bloc socialist countries called the Warsaw Pact.

For four decades, Czechoslovakia, building socialism, both with the capitalist Germany and Austria, and with other representatives of the European socialist camp - Hungary, the GDR, Poland and even the USSR. But, since the political and closely related territorial redistributions in Europe took place not only in the territory of the former Czechoslovakia, but also in other countries of the continent, the changes turned out to be serious. Firstly, the “pro-Soviet” GDR and the “hostile” GDR, and therefore willingly accepting Czech emigrants, the FRG, disappeared from the world map forever. united Germany.

Secondly, after a peaceful “divorce” with Slovakia, later called “velvet”, the sovereign Czech Republic lost its common border not only with Hungary, but also with Ukraine, which had left the USSR by that time. By the way, the collapse of Czechoslovakia into two individual states- the only one similar case in Europe, not accompanied by an armed conflict, bloodshed, mutual territorial border claims and other revolutionary excesses.

Finally, thirdly, the newly minted country in the center of the continent has new frontier- with related Slovakia. BUT total length the border strip was now 1880 km. In Czechoslovakia, it was, of course, longer. The longest section of the Czech border is located in the north and connects it with Poland, it is 658 km. The Czech-German border in the west and north-west of the country is in second place and is slightly inferior to the leader - 646 km. The third longest is the southern state border with Austria, it reaches 362 km. And the last, fourth place, is occupied by the eastern and youngest border, with Slovakia, - only 214 km.

Edge at the border

Separate regions of the Czech Republic are called "edges" and almost all of them border on one or even two neighboring countries. In particular, the South Bohemian region with its capital in the city of České Budějovice, located in the south historical area Bohemia and, partly, in Moravia, has 323 km of common borders with Austria and Germany. Four more regions adjoin Germany - Pilsensky (its capital is Pilsen, the city of Prazdroi beer and Skoda cars), Karlovy Vary (half Russian-speaking resort city with healing springs of Karlovy Vary), Ustetsky (Usti nad Labem, famous for Rudny , Labsky and Lusatian mountains) and Liberec (Liberec). Moreover, the latter is territorially close not only to Germany (the length of the common border is 20 km), but also to Poland (130 km).

With the former Polish People's Republic, with its mining Silesian region, the Czech Republic is connected by a common border in four more regions - in Pardubice (Pardubice), Kralovegrad (Hradec-Kralove), Olomouc (Olomouc), where it has the longest length - 104 km, and , finally, in Moravian-Silesian (Ostrava). In the north and northeast, the Moravian-Silesian Region is in close contact with Poland, and in the southeast - with Slovakia. There is also a common border with the “relative” at the Carpathian region of Zlín (Zlin) and South Moravian (Brno), next to which there is not only the Slovak, but also the Austrian border area.

United Europe

In 2004, the Czech Republic entered the zone of the so-called European Union and the Schengen Agreement, removing the guards and opening the borders for free movement. Moreover, all border states - Austria, Germany, Poland and Slovakia - also joined the European Union. Tem more surprising fact that the first places in the number of foreigners who came to the Czech Republic not only for the sake of such popular tourism (the Slovaks are out of competition), but also settled here, are occupied by Ukrainians, Vietnamese and Russians.

The Russian Federation is a huge country, ranking first in the world in terms of area occupied by the territory. The states bordering Russia are located on all sides of the world, and the border itself reaches almost 61 thousand km.

Border types

The border of a state is a line that delimits its actual area. Territory includes land, water, underground minerals and air space located within the country.

In the Russian Federation, there are 3 types of borders: sea, land and lake (river). The sea border is the longest of all, it reaches about 39 thousand km. The land border has a length of 14.5 thousand km, and the lake (river) - 7.7 thousand km.

General information about all states bordering the Russian Federation

With which states does the Federation recognize its neighborhood with 18 countries.

Name of states bordering Russia: South Ossetia, Republic of Belarus, Republic of Abkhazia, Ukraine, Poland, Finland, Estonia, Norway, Latvia, Lithuania, Kazakhstan, Georgia, Azerbaijan, United States of America, Japan, Mongolia, China The countries of the first order are listed here.

Capitals of states bordering Russia: Tskhinvali, Minsk, Sukhum, Kyiv, Warsaw, Oslo, Helsinki, Tallinn, Vilnius, Riga, Astana, Tbilisi, Baku, Washington, Tokyo, Ulaanbaatar, Beijing, Pyongyang.

South Ossetia and the Republic of Abkhazia are partially recognized, because not all countries of the world have recognized these countries as independent. Russia did this in relation to these states, therefore, approved the neighborhood with them and the borders.

Some states bordering Russia argue about the correctness of these borders. For the most part, disagreements appeared after the end of the existence of the USSR.

Land borders of the Russian Federation

The states bordering Russia by land are located on the Eurasian continent. They also include lake (river). Not all of them are protected today, some of them can be crossed without hindrance, having only a passport of a citizen of the Russian Federation, which is not always checked without fail.

States bordering Russia on the mainland: Norway, Finland, Belarus, South Ossetia, Ukraine, the Republic of Abkhazia, Poland, Lithuania, Estonia, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Mongolia, People's Republic of China, North Korea.
With some of them there is also a border by water.

There are Russian territories that are surrounded on all sides foreign countries. These sites include the Kaliningrad region, Medvezhye-Sankovo ​​and Dubki.

You can travel to the Republic of Belarus without a passport and any border control on any of the possible roads.

Maritime borders of the Russian Federation

What countries borders Russia by sea? The maritime boundary is considered to be a line 22 km or 12 nautical miles from the coast. The territory of the country includes not only 22 km of water, but also all the islands in this sea area.

States bordering Russia by sea: Japan, United States of America, Norway, Estonia, Finland, Poland, Lithuania, Abkhazia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, North Korea. There are only 12 of them. The length of the borders is more than 38 thousand km. Russia has only a maritime border with the USA and Japan; the dividing line with these countries does not pass by land. There are borders with other states both by water and by land.

Settled disputed sections of the border

At all times there have been disputes between countries over territories. Some of the disputing countries have already agreed and are no longer raising the issue. These include: Latvia, Estonia, People's Republic of China and Azerbaijan.

The dispute between the Russian Federation and Azerbaijan occurred over a hydroelectric complex and water intake facilities that belonged to Azerbaijan, but were in fact in Russia. In 2010, the dispute was resolved, and the border was moved to the middle of this hydroelectric complex. Now water resources This hydroelectric complex of the country is used in equal shares.

After the collapse of the USSR, Estonia considered it unfair that the right bank of the Narva River, Ivangorod and the Pechora region remained the property of Russia (Pskov region). In 2014, countries signed an agreement on the absence territorial claims. There were no significant changes to the border.

Latvia, as well as Estonia, began to lay claim to one of the districts of the Pskov region - Pytalovsky. The agreement with this state was signed in 2007. The territory remained in the ownership of the Russian Federation, the border did not suffer any changes.

The dispute between China and Russia ended with the demarcation of the border in the center of the Amur, which led to joining the Chinese People's Republic parts of the disputed territories. The Russian Federation transferred southern neighbor 337 square kilometers, including two sites in the region and Tarabarov and one site near Bolshoi Island. The signing of the agreement took place in 2005.

Unsettled disputed sections of the border

Some disputes over the territory are not closed to this day. It is not yet known when the contracts will be signed. Russia has such disputes with Japan and Ukraine.
The disputed territory between Ukraine and the Russian Federation is Crimean peninsula. Ukraine considers the 2014 referendum illegal and Crimea occupied. The Russian Federation established its border unilaterally, while Ukraine issued a law establishing a free economic zone.

The dispute between Russia and Japan is over four Kuril Islands. The countries cannot come to a compromise, because both believe that these islands should belong to her. These islands include Iturup, Kunashir, Shikotan and Khabomai.

Borders of the exclusive economic zones of the Russian Federation

An exclusive economic zone is a strip of water adjacent to the border of the territorial sea. It cannot be wider than 370 km. In this zone, the country has the right to develop the subsoil, as well as to explore and preserve it, to create artificial structures and use them, to study the water and the bottom.

Other countries have the right to move freely through this territory, build pipelines and otherwise use this water, while they must take into account the laws of the coastal state. Russia has such zones in the Black, Chukchi, Azov, Okhotsk, Japanese, Baltic, Bering and Barents Seas.

The total length of Russia's borders is the largest in the world and reaches 62,269 km. Of these, the length of the maritime borders is 37636.6 km and land - 24625.3 km. Of the maritime borders, the coast of the Arctic, or the Russian Arctic sector, accounts for 19724.1 km, and on the coast of the seas - 16997.9 km.

Maritime boundaries run at a distance of 12 nautical miles (22.7 km) from the coast, separating internal territorial waters from international ones. At 200 nautical miles (about 370 km) from the coast is the border of the maritime economic zone of Russia. Within this zone, navigation of any countries is allowed, but the development and extraction of all types of natural resources located in the waters, on the bottom and in the bowels, is carried out only by Russia. Other countries can mine here Natural resources only in agreement with the Russian government. The northern borders of the country completely pass through the waters of the seas:, East Siberian and (follow the map). In addition, all of them are covered with drifting multi-year pack ice all year round, so navigation on the seas is difficult and is possible only with the use of nuclear-powered icebreakers.

The eastern borders of Russia pass mainly along the waters of the Pacific Ocean and its seas: Bering, Okhotsk and Japan. The closest maritime neighbors of our country here are Japan and. The length of the maritime border with is 194.3 km, and with the United States - 49 km. The narrow La Perouse Strait separates Russian territorial waters from both the island of Hokkaido.

In the south and southwest of Russia maritime boundaries pass with the countries ( , and ), as well as with the waters of the sea. By waters and seas - with Ukraine and. connects our country with, and and they follow it waterways to Europe and Thus, Russia belongs to the great maritime powers and it has both a merchant fleet and a navy.

The land borders of our Motherland are very long. In the northwest our neighbors are Norway and Finland. The length of the border with Finland is 219.1 km, and with Finland - 1325.8 km. The length of the border along the coast Baltic Sea is 126.1 km. Along the western border of Russia are the states: Estonia, Latvia, Belarus and. By territory Kaliningrad region the land border passes with and Lithuania. Section of the maritime boundary near the southeastern part of the Baltic Sea ( sea ​​coast Kaliningrad region) is 140 km. In addition, the length of the river border of the region with Lithuania is 206.6 km, the lake border - 30.1 km, and with Poland - 236.3 km.

The length of the land border of Russia with Estonia is 466.8 km, with Latvia - 270.6 km, with - 1239 km, with Ukraine - 2245.8 km. The length of the Black Sea sea border is 389.5 km, along the Caspian Sea - 580 km, and along - 350 km.

The southern border of Russia with Georgia and Azerbaijan runs along the mountain ranges of the Main Caucasian (Dividing) Range and the spurs of the Samur Range. The length of the border with Georgia is 897.9 km, with Azerbaijan - 350 km. On the coast of the Caspian Sea southern border Russia with Kazakhstan passes through the Caspian lowland, along the plains and uplands of the Urals and Trans-Urals, the southern outskirts of the lowland and along the river valley approaches the foothills. The total length of the land border with Kazakhstan reaches 7598.6 km.

Russian border guards also guard land borders in the mountains and. The total length of the Tajik border reaches 1909 km.

Further east, the southern border of Russia with and passes along high mountains Altai, Western and. To the east of Mongolia, Russia again borders China along the Argun and Ussuri, which are used by both countries. Total length land borders with China is 4209.3 km, and with - 3485 km.

In the extreme southeast, Russia borders on the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. The length of the border is 39.4 km.

As we see, most of The borders of our country runs along natural boundaries: seas, rivers and mountains. Some of them hinder international contacts. These are covered with multi-year pack ice and high mountain ranges in the south of Russia. European, Barents, Baltic, Black, Azov and, border rivers and river valleys contribute to the diverse ties between Russia and foreign countries.

Because of long distance in longitude in Russia there is a large difference in time - it is 10 . Accordingly, the entire territory of the country is divided into 10 time zones. In sparsely populated areas and on the seas, the boundaries of time zones pass along the meridians. In densely populated areas, they are carried out along the borders of administrative regions, territories and autonomous republics, skirting big cities. This is done to make it easier to calculate time. Within administrative divisions established common time. in many time zones is accompanied by a number of inconveniences and difficulties. So, the programs of Central Television from Moscow have to be repeated especially for residents eastern regions countries, since many transmissions take place there on deep into the night or early morning. At the same time, the time difference allows you to maneuver the use of electricity. With the help of powerful transmission line systems, the maximum supply of electricity moves after the sun, which makes it possible to manage with fewer power plants.

Every place on earth has its own the local time. In addition, there is summer and winter local time. This is when, by order of the government of a number of states, in March-April, the clock hands are moved 1 hour ahead, and in September-October - 1 hour back. For the convenience of international and intercity communications, the so-called standard time is introduced. In Russia, the timetable for trains and planes is drawn up according to Moscow time.

In the USSR for more rational use Since 1930, during the daylight hours, clocks have been moved forward 1 hour everywhere - this is standard time. Decree time of the 2nd time zone in which Moscow is located is called Moscow time.

The local time of the inhabitants of the Kaliningrad region is 1 hour (more precisely, 54 minutes) different from the local Moscow time, since the Kaliningrad region is located in the first time zone.

The role and importance of time in the economy and people's lives is enormous. Humans and all plant and animal organisms have a “biological clock”. This is conventionally called the ability of living organisms in time. Watch the animals and you will see what they have strict regime day. Plants also have a certain rhythm of life.

The biological clock works under the influence of the main daily rhythm of the Earth - its rotation around its axis, which determines the change in illumination, air, cosmic radiation, gravity, electricity, length of day and night. Life processes inside human body are also subject to earthly rhythms. Rhythms biological clock” of living organisms are encoded in the cells of organisms and are inherited by natural selection, through chromosomes.

I would be grateful if you share this article on social networks:

Russia is a huge state in terms of territory. Frontiers pass both by land and by sea. I would like to recall in detail who borders on Russia, because our neighbors are a lot of states.

Length

Russian border guards have to work quite hard to protect state borders, because the total length of the country's borders (don't be surprised!) Is more than 62 thousand kilometers. Note that the land border is shorter than the sea border, and is 24625 km. The maritime frontiers, respectively, stretched for 37,736 km.

What countries does Russia border on by sea?

So, let's first consider the sea frontier of our country, which protects the navy from intruders and saboteurs. In the north, the border of Russia (with some exceptions) passes entirely through the waters of the Northern Arctic Ocean, affects the Baltic Sea. Who borders Russia in the north? By Barents Sea you can swim from Arkhangelsk to the Norwegian island of Svalbard. The northern coast of Russia is also washed by the Karsky, East Siberian, Chukchi Seas, Laptev Sea. Navigation along them is very difficult, but this does not create any particular inconvenience in communication between countries, since only a formal border with the North Pole passes here.

The Baltic Sea, although relatively small, provides sea ​​route from Russia to Sweden, Poland, the Baltic States, Finland.

Maritime eastern border

In the east, unlike northern borders, the seas do not freeze, so maritime trade with neighbors is very active. And who borders on Russia along the Bering, Okhotsk and Japanese seas? Powerful economically developed states: USA and Japan. It is with these partners that maritime trade in this region is mainly carried out. The length of the border with Japan is 149 kilometers, and with the United States only 49 kilometers. From the city of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, you can sail to the port of Sapporo (Hokkaido, Japan) through the relatively small La Perouse Strait.

On this section of the border, Russia has a territorial conflict, that is, it is impossible to talk about a complete legally formed border. It's about about the fate of the Kuril Islands (they are also claimed by Japan). This dispute has been going on since 1945, when the USSR defeated Japan in Soviet-Japanese War. As such, no peace treaty was concluded at the end of World War II, so this territorial question yet to be decided.

Western land border of Russia

The states bordering Russia in the west are mostly former union republics. The longest part of the border in this section is Ukrainian. We are talking about 2245 kilometers. On the Russian side, Ukraine adjoins the territories of Bryansk, Kursk, Belgorod, Voronezh, Rostov regions, as well as Krasnodar Territory. Which regions of Ukraine border Russia? There are many such regions, namely: Lugansk, Kharkiv, Sumy, Chernihiv and Kyiv region. In connection with famous events On the territory of the Donetsk and Luhansk regions, problems arose again, because control over the border with the Lugansk region of Ukraine became more complicated.

The border with Belarus in its length is 2 times less than the Ukrainian section, and is in numerical terms 1239 kilometers. If you specify by region, then from Russia you can enter the territory of the allied Belarus from the lands of the Bryansk, Tver, Pskov, Smolensk regions.

In the northwest there is a land border with Latvia (270 km) and Estonia (466 km). The uniqueness of this part lies in the fact that it is possible to get from the Kaliningrad region to the territory of other regions of Russia by land only through the countries of the Schengen zone (the Baltic countries already have a visa-free regime with Europe, as they are members of the EU).

Asia: who borders Russia on land?

The only Asian land neighbors of Russia from Asia were huge in size, but different in population density of the state: Mongolia and China. It is this part of the land border that is very long, because the junction with the territory of China lasts 4209 km, and with Mongolia - 3485 km.

You can enter China from the following regions of the Russian Federation: the Republic of Altai, the Chita, Amur, Khabarovsk regions, the Jewish Autonomous Region and Primorsky Krai. If you are traveling to Russia from Mongolia, your path may pass through the republics of Altai, Tuva, Buryatia, as well as through the Chita region.

With Kazakhstan, Russia has a land border, probably the largest. This Republic has always been associated with the Asian world, but in recent times this axiom began to be questioned, because the national football team and club teams of this country take part in European cup tournaments. Therefore, the border with Kazakhstan is most likely European. By the way, the Russian Federation has very close relations with this state economic ties within the framework of the Customs Union, so the movement of vehicles on checkpoints very active.

But that's not all!

What countries borders Russia on land in the north? It was said above that the northern part of Russia is mainly cold seas. But there are also land sections of the border with Scandinavian countries. For example, the common section of the boundary with Finland is 1325 km., And with Norway - 219 km.

The southern neighbors of the Russian Federation are the former components of the USSR: Georgia and Azerbaijan. Protect integrity Russian territory from encroachments from the lands of these states is problematic due to geographical features mountainous terrain of the Caucasus.

In this article, we looked at who borders on Russia. The advantage of the geographical position of our country on the world political map emphasize two points:

1. The Russian Federation is located at the junction of two continents: Europe and Asia.
2. There are common borders with more than 10 states.

The Russian state occupies about 31.5% of the total area of ​​the entire Eurasian continent, located in its northeastern part. After the collapse Soviet Union the formal number of neighbors of the Russian Federation has changed slightly, but state border, as before, shares it with other countries on water and on land. To have more full view about your state, you certainly need to know where the land and sea borders of Russia lie.

general information

A notable feature of the Russian Federation is the fact that it is located immediately in Europe and Asia, occupying the northern part of the first and eastern regions second. To date, the length state border is 60.9 thousand kilometers: 38.8 passes on the sea surface, 22.1 - on land (including 7.6 thousand kilometers on the river and lake).

Based on the rules international law, state territory The Russian Federation is considered to be that part of the Earth's surface that is within this dividing line, including subsoil, internal and territorial waters, and airspace.

The limits of the state are determined by two methods:

• delimitation - an agreement between countries on the establishment of borders;
• demarcation - fixing these boundaries with boundary markers on the ground.

After the collapse of the USSR, the Russian territory has two types of borders:

• old (inherited as a legacy from the Soviet past);
• new.

The borders of the states that were once part of the USSR coincide with the old dividing lines. Most of them are sealed by special agreements. New borders today separate the Russian Federation from the Baltic countries and from the Commonwealth Independent States. After the “union of fraternal republics” ceased to exist, the Russian Federation lost about 40% of its borders.

Today, our country borders on other states by water and land. At the same time, the land line of demarcation is more typical for the southern and western regions, but in the east and in the north there is mainly a water border.

Land borders

So, to begin with, let's consider with which countries Russia has a land border. Today, our state has 14 such neighbors. All of them are active members of the UN. In addition, there are two more territories that are not officially recognized by other members of the world community - South Ossetia and Abkhazia. According to other countries, they still belong to Georgia, and therefore official recognition these lines were not received as Russian ones.

In addition, do not forget about the following features of the neighborhood:

• the shortest land border with Russia runs along the borders of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. It is only 17 km. At the same time, the total length of the dividing line is 39.4 km;
• Lithuania and Poland are bordered exclusively by the Kaliningrad region;
• an insignificant enclave of Sankovo-Medvezhye in Bryansk region surrounded on all sides by Belarus;
• The most important Russian neighbor is the Norwegian state, the border with which runs along the marshy tundra. This is where all the most important power stations Russian and Norwegian origin;
• a little to the south, the Russian-Finnish border stretches, which runs through a wooded and rocky area. For our country, this site is of particular importance because there is an active international trade. It is to the Vyborg port that cargo is delivered from Finland.

In general, the list of land borders of Russia looks like this:

1. Georgia.
2. Ukraine.
3. Kazakhstan.
4. China.
5. DPRK.
6. Mongolia.
7. Belarus.
8. Azerbaijan.
9. Poland.
10. Lithuania.
11. Norway.
12. Estonia.
13. Finland.
14. Latvia.

The only free border for the transportation of goods and travel of citizens remains the border with the Belarusian state. Residents of the two countries can cross it only with an internal passport confirming citizenship to the Russian Federation or the Republic of Belarus.

Before the collapse of the USSR, our state had a border with Iran. But after the recognition of the sovereignty of the North Caucasian republics, such a boundary automatically ceased to exist.

Territorial disputes

The so-called disputed territories deserve special attention. So, let's say, Estonia claims the right bank of the Narva River, which is located on the territory of Ivangorod. In addition, this state is interested in certain area Pskov region, as well as the Saatse boot. It is the latter that is the place of the crossing of the Ural brick to Europe. Once upon a time, it was really planned to transfer this territory to Estonia, but due to the amendments it made to the treaty, the Russian side did not ratify the document.

Latvia also once put forward its claims to a part of the Pytalovsky district of the Pskov region. But in 2007, an agreement was signed, according to which this piece of territory remained assigned to Russia.

Quite recently the Russian-Chinese border was demarcated. According to the signed agreement, our Chinese neighbors received a small piece of land in Chita region and two more - near the islands of Bolshoi Ussuriysky and Tarabarov.

To this day, the dispute over the island of Tuva between the Russian Federation and China does not fade away. In its turn, Russian diplomats refuse to recognize the independence of Taiwan, and therefore no interstate relations with this territory simply does not exist. And although political scientists do not predict serious problems with Chinese side in the coming years, some fears (so far at the level of rumors) regarding the division of Siberia are still present.

maritime borders

According to the data of the Border Service of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation, the length of the land borders of Russia is much less than the boundaries that pass through the water. AT total Russia's maritime neighbors are 12 countries. Japan and the United States are rightfully considered the most important of them. Both states are separated from the territory of Russia by straits.

So, with Japan we are separated by such straits:

• La Perouse;
• Treason;
• Soviet;
• Kunashirsky.

All of them separate Sakhalin and the South Kuriles from the Japanese island of Hokkaido. The length of this border is 194 kilometers, while the Russian-American border stretches for only 49 kilometers.

Between Russia and the United States is the Bering Strait - the border separating Ratmanov Island from Krusenstern Island.

After Crimea became part of Russian territory, we also had neighbors in the Black Sea:

• Turkey;
• Bulgaria;
• Georgia.

Part of the border with the following countries passes through the sea:

• Norway (in the Barents Sea),
• Finland and Estonia (in the Gulf of Finland);
• Lithuania and Poland (in the Baltic Sea);
• Ukraine (in the Black and Azov Seas);
• Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan (in the Caspian Sea);
• North Korea (in the Sea of ​​Japan).

Disputed territories

Do not forget that some offshore areas of the Russian Federation still cause territorial disputes. We are talking about the unresolved fate of the Kuril Islands, which Japan also claims. This confrontation has been going on since the end of World War II, namely since 1945.

Disputes about other borders do not subside. Until recently, the confrontation with Ukraine over the Bosphorus, or rather the Tuzla Spit, could be called relevant. By itself, the scythe is of no particular value. Its role becomes significant only in the light of construction Kerch bridge. But since the entry of Crimea into the Russian Federation, this dispute has somewhat faded.

Conclusion

Summing up all of the above, it should be noted that the clear establishment and observance of state borders is of particular importance in terms of the integrity and security of the state.

But do not forget that the territory of most countries, including the Russian Federation, is also a zone of passage of the shortest transit cargo routes and air routes connecting not only Europe and Asia, but also countries North America with the Eurasian continent. Based on this, the issue of maintaining close economic and political contacts remains important. Such cooperation will avoid the need to search for new ways of communication, in particular the construction of gas pipelines, railways and other communications bypassing the territories with which there are certain kinds of conflicts.

State borders of Russia: video