Northwestern federal district formed in accordance with the Decree of the President Russian Federation No. 849 dated May 13, 2000
Into the Northwestern federal district includes 11 constituent entities of the Russian Federation: Republic, Komi Republic, Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Kaliningrad, Leningrad, Murmansk, Novgorod, Pskov regions, the city of St. Petersburg, Nenets autonomous region.
The center of the Northwestern Federal District is the city of St. Petersburg (area - 1.4 thousand km2, population as of 01.01.2007 - 4.6 million people).
The territory of the Northwestern Federal District is 1,687 thousand km2, or 9.9% of the territory of Russia.
As of January 1, 2007, 13.6 million people (9.53%) lived in the district, of which urban population was 82.2%, rural population- 17.8%, men - 45.9%, women - 54.1%. Population density - 8.0 people. per 1 m2.
The largest cities of the Northwestern Federal District are St. Petersburg, Kaliningrad, Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, Cherepovets, Vologda, Petrozavodsk, Severodvinsk, Novgorod, Syktyvkar. St. Petersburg is a millionaire city. The number of other cities does not exceed 230,000 people.
The resource and raw materials base of the Northwestern Federal District is not among the richest in Russia, nevertheless, the extraction of almost the entire Russian volume of apatite (with reserves of 72% of the total Russian) and titanium (77% of reserves) is concentrated in the district. Oil and gas reserves are about 8% of the total Russian reserves, coal reserves are about 3% Russian reserves. At the same time, the extraction of fuel resources plays an important role in the economy of the district, although it accounts for only 4% of the total for oil and 7% for coal. The district is concentrated large stocks peat and oil shale. About 19% of nickel and iron ores are mined here, while nickel reserves make up 18% of the total Russian reserves. Bauxite reserves (45% of Russia's total) have not yet been fully developed - their extraction is only 15% of the Russian level. The district has large reserves of diamonds (19% of the total Russian), there are deposits rare metals, gold, barite, uranium. Exploration of reserves of manganese and chromium ores is underway.
The Northwestern Federal District produces 10% of the country's gross domestic product (5th place among the districts). In terms of per capita gross regional product, the district ranks 3rd among.
The economy of the Northwestern Federal District is growing at a slower pace than the Russian economy as a whole.
An important role in the economy of the district is played by the metallurgical complex, consisting of 75% of ferrous and 25% of non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises, as well as mechanical engineering. The Okrug has developed a science-intensive industry specializing in the production of electronics and electrical engineering, instrument making; developed shipbuilding.
The Northwestern Federal District of Russia is one of the most developed timber industry regions of the country, and the timber industry sector is one of the key sectors in the region's economy. Almost 60% of the forests of the European part of Russia grow here. The stock of wood is about 10 billion m3. It produces 30% of Russian lumber, 40% of plywood, about 40% of industrial wood, 50% of cardboard and 60% of paper.
On the basis of the use of phosphate raw materials, gas and the disposal of metallurgy waste, the production of complex mineral fertilizers and plastics has been established, rubber products, synthetic resins, paints and varnishes, household chemicals are produced. Light industry The Northwestern Federal District specializes in the production of linen fabrics.
Developed fishing industry. In terms of fish catch, the Northwestern Federal District ranks second after the Far East. Fishing is carried out for cod, herring, sea bass, flounder, halibut, in rivers and lakes - salmon, whitefish, grayling, vendace, smelt. Fish processing is carried out at fish processing plants in Murmansk and Arkhangelsk.
The absolute leader among the types of activities are manufacturing industries, where almost 75% of industrial output is carried out.
On the territory of the North-Western Federal District, 9% of the area of housing in Russia is put into operation annually (5th place among the federal districts). In 2006, per 1,000 inhabitants, 340 m2 of housing was put into operation in the district, which is lower than the average Russian value, however, according to this indicator, the North-Western Federal District ranks third among other districts.
Over the past 5 years, the average per capita cash income in the Northwestern Federal District was higher than in Russia, reaching 10,640 rubles in 2006, which corresponds to the 3rd place among the federal districts. The share of the population with monetary incomes below the subsistence level in 2006 was 14.5% of the total population of the district.
At the end of 2006 in the bodies public service employment in the Northwestern Federal District, 119 thousand people were registered as unemployed, which amounted to 6.9% of total number unemployed in Russia. Unemployment benefits received 103 thousand people. The level of registered unemployment in the Northwestern Federal District - 1.6% - is one of the lowest in Russia.
The main production potential falls on St. Petersburg, the Leningrad and Vologda regions. The economic core of the region is St. Petersburg with a number of satellite cities. Economy this region based on science-intensive and highly skilled industries. The production of turbines, generators, compressors is concentrated in the region, instrument making and the production of automation equipment are developed. Vyborg specializes in electronics, Gatchina - in the production of agricultural machinery and spare parts. Production potential Vologda region constitute ferrous metallurgy, chemical industry and mechanical engineering. There are also enterprises of the timber, woodworking and pulp and paper industries in the region.
The Northwestern Federal District (NWFD) is located in the north and northwest of the European part of Russia and includes 11 subjects of the Federation - the Republics of Karelia and Komi, Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Kaliningrad, Leningrad, Murmansk, Novgorod, Pskov regions, St. Petersburg and the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The Northwestern Federal District was established by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 849 dated May 13, 2000. The center of the district is St. Petersburg.
The area of the federal district is 1677.9 thousand km 2, which is 9.9% of the territory of Russia.
The Northwestern Federal District occupies an advantageous geopolitical position. This is the only one of the federal districts of the Russian Federation that directly borders the countries of the European Union, Central and Northern Europe: Norway, Finland, Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Belarus. The Okrug plays an important strategic role as a border region.
Its internal borders are adjacent to the territories of the Ural, Volga, Central federal districts. The region covers the entire territory European North, has access to the North Arctic Ocean and the Baltic, White, Barents, Kara Seas, which creates favorable conditions for the development of export-import relations.
population population The population of the Northwestern Federal District is 13.5 million people, or 9.5% of the population of Russia. Since 1992, the number of inhabitants living on its territory has been declining. The highest rates of natural population decline were noted in the Vologda Oblast, the Republic of Karelia and St. Petersburg. Population decline is associated with unfavorable demographic situation in all regions of the district, characterized as negative indicators natural increase and increased migration processes.
The old age structure of the population makes a significant contribution to the significant natural decline in the Okrug's population. people in retirement age in the North-West Federal District there are already 1.5 times more than children under 16 years old. The Pskov and Novgorod oblasts stand out with a particularly old age structure of the population, which is associated with the long-term outflow of young people from these regions in the previous decades. The northern territories (Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Komi Republic, Murmansk Oblast) are distinguished by a younger age structure of the population. The city of St. Petersburg also stands out with the old age structure of the population.
Depopulation, i.e. population decline is a serious demographic and socio-economic problem of the federal district, requiring both state incentives to achieve positive indicators of natural reproduction, and a regulated influx of migrants (both are carried out within the framework of the new federal demographic policy for the period up to 2025).
At the same time, only the city of St. Petersburg, Leningrad and Kaliningrad regions are distinguished by a stable migration influx in the NWFD. These regions constantly have a positive migration balance, both with other regions of the district, and with most of the other subjects of the Russian Federation and new independent states. The relative migration inflow to the Kaliningrad region is especially intense, where it often overlaps the natural population decline. Therefore, the population of this region of the country compared with the beginning of the 90s. increased, while in all other regions of the Northwestern Federal District it decreased.
All other regions of the NWFD have a negative migration balance. The outflow of residents from the northern territories is especially intense - from the Komi Republic, the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the Murmansk and Arkhangelsk regions. In these regions, outbound migration is main reason population decline. Mostly young people and people of working age with children leave, which leads to further aging of the age structure of the population and aggravation of demographic problems.
The population of the Northwestern Federal District is distributed unevenly. Average density population is 8.2 people. per 1 km 2. The main part of the population is in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region (72.0 people per 1 km 2). highest density population is typical for Kaliningrad region(63.1 people per
1 km 2). The northern part of the okrug is characterized by low population density, with the most sparsely populated region being the Nenets Autonomous Okrug (24.0 people per 1 km2), located in the Arctic.
The federal district is different high level urbanization for Russia - almost 82% of the population lives in urban areas, while almost a third of the population is concentrated in the largest St. Petersburg agglomeration in the country. The smallest part of the urban population is observed in the Pskov, Arkhangelsk, Vologda regions and the Komi Republic.
National composition The county's population is heterogeneous. The NWFD is distinguished by the multinational composition of the population; most are Russians. Among other nationalities, Komi, Karelians, Saami predominate, in the northeast Arkhangelsk region- Nenets. In the European North, there is an acute problem of the survival of indigenous small peoples due to the reduction of their habitat. St. Petersburg is also multinational, where, as in Moscow, there are diasporas: Ukrainian, Tatar, peoples of the Caucasus, Estonian and others.
Human Resources The districts, especially in St. Petersburg, are distinguished by the presence of a significant number of highly qualified specialists employed in science-intensive industries, in science and trade, including private entrepreneurship, as well as in market infrastructure.
In the structure of the employed population by sectors of the economy, the share of those employed in trade is increasing, catering, consumer services and health care simultaneous reduction employed in industry, agriculture and construction. The solution of socio-demographic problems is possible through the stabilization and recovery of the economy, the adoption of effective nationwide and regional measures to implement social programs federal and regional levels aimed at social protection population.
in the Northwestern Federal District, where total strength population is declining, there is an increase in the number of economically active population, including those employed in the economy. Both the unemployment rate and the number of unemployed are steadily declining. The level of registered unemployment in the NWFD (1.4%) is one of the lowest in Russia.
Direct access to the global market and proximity European states, the presence of two ice-free seaports - Kaliningrad and Murmansk, established land transport network and proximity to the main industrialized districts of Russia - the Central and the Urals, largely determined the multifaceted role of the territory of the district as a major supplier of various raw materials and industrial products, fuel and energy resources, a forge of qualified personnel, the most important Russian exporter of not only its own products, but also those produced in other regions of Russia. At the same time, the district can be considered as the largest importer of various products, the main recipient of foreign investment, and an important transit region.
The basis of the economy of the Northwestern Federal District is the use of rich natural resource potential and favorable economic and geographical position of the region.
The main branches of market specialization, which determine its place in the all-Russian territorial division of labor, are black and non-ferrous metallurgy, fuel industry (coal, oil, gas), multidisciplinary engineering, forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper, chemical and fishing industries. Agriculture specializes in dairy farming and reindeer husbandry.
The Federal District occupies a leading position in the production of electrical equipment, electronics, opto-mechanical products, shipbuilding, produces a significant part of the republican volume of phosphate raw materials (being the leader in the production of apatite and nepheline concentrates), industrial wood, more than 45% of cellulose, 62% of paper, 52 % of cardboard, finished rolled products, its share in the fish catch is significant. It is one of the leading centers scientific and technological progress, training of highly qualified personnel, the center of Russian history and culture, as well as tourism. The district performs important transport functions in the implementation of maritime transport.
Journal articles
1. Badokina E. A. The use of the price of capital in the justification of investment policy / E. A. Badokina, I. N. Shvetsova // Regional economy: theory and practice. - 2008. - N. 20. - S. 88-97 (On the example of the Komi Republic)
2. Berendeev M. V. Post-Soviet regional identity of the society of the Kaliningrad region: the problem of formation and measurement / M. V. Berenedeev// Bulletin of Moscow State University. Ser. Sociology and political science. - 2007. - N. 3. - S. 29-42
3. Beskrovnaya V. Implementation of the principles of budgetary federalism in the regions of Russia / V. Beskrovnaya // Federalism. - 2008. - N. 2. - P. 113-124 (Tables of revenues and expenditures of the budgets of St. Petersburg, the Pskov region and the Republic of Karelia for 2005-2007 are given.)
4. Boos G. The main directions of the budget policy of the Kaliningrad region / GV Boos, E. Yu. Matveeva // Finance. - 2009. - N. 2. - S. 3-8
5. Broilo E. V. The main problematic trends in the development of the Northwestern Federal District in the conditions of the market / E. V. Broilo // Regional economy: theory and practice. - 2007. - N. 5. - S. 97-103
6. Broilo E. V. Analysis of the problems of sustainable development of the North-Western Federal District / E. V. Broilo // Problems modern economy. - 2007. - N. 2. - S. 262-266 (On the example of the Pskov region)
7. Broilo E. V. Problems of stable economic development Northwest region/ E.V. Broilo / / / ECO. - 2007. - N. 2. - S. 51-61
8. Broilo E. Financial stabilization of organizations of the Komi Republic and the use of factoring / E. Broilo // Problems of theory and practice of management. - 2007. - N. 8. - S. 35-40
9. Brusser P. Public-private partnership - a new mechanism for attracting investments / P. Brusser, S. Rozhkova // Market valuable papers. - 2007. - N. 2. - S. 29-33 (On the example of St. Petersburg)
10. Budanov G. A. The role of regional authorities in the formation of social economic policy: stages of evolution / G. A. Budanov // ECO. - 2008. - N. 6. - S. 92-105 (On the example of the Vologda region)
11. Bulavin I. V. Analysis of the quality of program-target planning in the context of the implementation of the socio-economic strategy of the region / I. V. Bulavin // Regional economy: theory and practice. - 2008. - N. 6. - S. 17-28 On the example of the Vologda region
12. Bushueva L. I. Statistical analysis innovation activity of enterprises of the Republic of Komi / L. I. Bushueva // Problems of modern economics. - 2008. - N. 3. - S. 73-77
13. Byrko A. N. Regional tax regulation of social economic processes(on the example of the Republic of Karelia) / A. N. Byrko // Regional economy: theory and practice. - 2007. - N. 8. - S. 171-175
14. Vaniev A. G. On the work of organs state power Novgorod region on attracting investments for the economic development of the region / A. G. Vaniev // Regional economy: theory and practice. - 2007. - N. 18. - S. 50-59
15. Verkholantseva K. Participation experience Russian regions in European transboundary spaces (on the example of Euroregion "Karelia") / K. Verkholantseva // Power. - 2009. - N. 3. - S. 70-73
16. Vinokurov A. A. Northwestern Federal District: Features and Directions of Regional Development / A. A. Vinokurov // Regional Economics: Theory and Practice. - 2008. - N. 5. - S. 12-21
17. Vinokurov E. Kaliningrad region: between Russia and Europe / E. Vinokurov // World economy and international relationships. - 2007. - N. 8. - S. 25-30
18. Volkov V. A. Organization of public authority in cities federal significance/ V. A. Volkov // Management consulting. - 2007. - N. 3. - S. 226-233
19. Vulfovich R. M. Prospects for the development of the management system of St. Petersburg / R. M. Vulfovich // Management consulting. - 2007. - N. 3. - S. 140-151
20. Gadzhiev Yu. Economy of the Republic of Komi / Yu. Gadzhiev // Economist. - 2007. - N. 2. - S. 66-75
21. Gekht A. N. Investment policy and interbudgetary relations as instruments of territorial development of regions (on the example of the Republic of Karelia) / A. N. Gekht // Regional economy: theory and practice. - 2007. - N. 10. - S. 96-104
22. Glushanok T. Republic of Karelia: labor resources and the labor market / T. Glushanok // Man and labor. - 2007. - N. 3. - S. 25-28
23. Gogoberidze G. G. Maritime potential and strategies for the development of coastal areas Murmansk region/ GG Gogoberidze // Regional economy: theory and practice. - 2008. - N. 14. - S. 21-29
24. Gosteva L. F. Tourism as a factor in the economic development of the region / L. F. Gosteva, N. D. Sereda // Regional economy: theory and practice. - 2008. - N. 15. - S. 88-94 (On the example of the Vologda region)
25. Long-term forecast of socio-economic development of the Vologda Oblast / L. G. Iogman [et al.] // Problems of Forecasting. - 2009. - N. 1. - S. 74-92
26. Evtyugin A. A. To the question of the efficiency of living and materialized labor in modern agricultural production (on the example of the Vologda region) / A. A. Evtyugin // Regional economy: theory and practice. - 2008. - N. 21. - S. 88-91
27. Egorov D. G. Modification of the input-output balance for assessing alternative social economic strategies development northern regions Russia (on the example of the Murmansk region) / D. G. Egorov, A. V. Egorova // National interests: priorities and security. - 2009. - N. 2. - S. 38-49 + Tables.
28. Zhevlakov VZ Problems and prospects for the development of the banking sector / VZ Zhevlakov // Finance and credit. - 2008. - N. 42. - S. 10-14 On the example of the Kaliningrad region.
29. Zhirnel E. V. Territorial structure of the economy and problems of competitiveness of the region (on the example of the Republic of Karelia) / E. V. Zhirnel // Regional economy: theory and practice. - 2007. - N. 5. - S. 108-112
30. Zasyad-Volk VV Factors of effective land policy in the region / VV Zasyad-Volk // Management consulting. - 2007. - N. 2. - S. 62-82 (On the example Leningrad region)
31. Ivanov V. APK of the Republic of Komi: opportunities innovative development/ V. Ivanov // Problems of theory and practice of management. - 2008. - N. 6. - S. 27-33
32. Ivanov S. N. Integration of information flows in the region to reduce transaction costs in construction / S. N. Ivanov // Economic revival of Russia. - 2008. - N. 4. - S. 67-72 (On the example of St. Petersburg)
33. Ilyina I. The quality and structure of nutrition of the population of the Arkhangelsk region: dynamics and socio-demographic differentiation / I. Ilyina // Social politics and social partnership. - 2008. - N. 11. - S. 71-80
34. Kashina M. A. Council municipalities subject of the Russian Federation as a mechanism for horizontal and vertical coordination of the activities of bodies local government(on the example of the Leningrad region) / M. A. Kashina // Management consulting. - 2008. - N. 3. - S. 129-148
35. Kirillov A. A. Management by results: possible approaches (on the example of the implementation of the "program for reforming regional finance in the Leningrad region") / A. A. Kirillov // Management consulting. - 2007. - N. 2. - S. 219-225
36. Klebanov I. On the development of the Northwestern Federal District / I. Klebanov // Issues of local government. - 2007. - N. 3. - S. 4-5 (Speech at the northwestern interregional forum of the party " United Russia March 5, 2007)
37. Klepikov A. Joyless records: analysis of the results of regional development in 2008 shows that the crisis hit the North-West more than most other federal districts / A. Klepikov // Expert. Northwest. - 2009. - N. 11. - S. 18-19
38. Kovalev V. A. The Republic of Komi: from the post-authoritarian syndrome to the administrative regime / V. A. Kovalev // Political Science. - 2007. - N. 2. - S. 172-187
39. Kozyreva G. Economic behavior of enterprises of the forestry sector of Karelia in the conditions of market transformations / G. Kozyreva // Questions of Economics. - 2007. - N. 7. - S. 136-151
40. Kolosova G. V. Social support for disabled people in St. Petersburg: state and prospects / G. V. Kolosova // Worker social service. - 2007. - N. 4. - S. 6-16
41. Kolotnecha O. Plywood clot. The reason for the collapse of one of the largest timber processing enterprises in the Novgorod region / O. Kolotnecha // Expert. Northwest. - 2009. - N. 9. - S. 14-15
42. Kondakov I. A. Comparative assessment of the scientific and technical potential of the Vologda region / I. A. Kondakov // Economics of the region. - 2009. - N. 1. - S. 104-118
43. Kostyleva L.V. Statistical estimates priorities of the regional socio-economic policy (on the materials of the North-West Federal District) / L. V. Kostyleva, E. A. Chekmareva // Questions of statistics. - 2008. - N. 7. - S. 34-39
44. Krumgolts D. V. Opportunities and main directions for the development of the fuel and energy complex of the North-Western Federal District in long term/ DV Krumgolts // Problems of modern economy. - 2007. - N. 3. - S. 457-459
45. Larichev A. A. The Republic of Karelia - a subject of the Russian Federation or a state? / A. A. Larichev // Constitutional and municipal law. - 2007. - N. 18. - S. 21-23
46. Levina I. V. Regional problems of development of the timber industry complex / I. V. Levina // Regional economy of Russia. - 2009. - N. 7. - S. 12-15 (On the example of the Komi Republic)
47. Lutova S. K. Ethnopolitical situation in St. Petersburg in early XXI century / S. K. Lutova // Management consulting. - 2007. - N. 2. - S. 56-61
48. Maklakhov A. V. Regional strategy for innovative development of industry / A. V. Maklakhov, V. V. Mitenev // Regional economy: theory and practice. - 2008. - N. 3. - S. 31-36 (On the example of the Vologda region)
49. Mamedov A.K. Economic analysis demographic component rural areas Pskov region / A. K. Mamedov // Regional economy: theory and practice. - 2008. - N. 35. - S. 77-83
50. Menkova N. M. Non-traditional methods increasing the financial independence of municipalities (for example, historical development Arkhangelsk region) / N. M. Menkova // Finance and credit. - 2007. - N. 42. - S. 51-59
51. Mironova N. Arkhangelsk region: experience of self-organization and local development / N. Mironova // Municipal authority. - 2007. - N. 6. - S. 36-42
52. Mikhel E. Economic factors of labor migration in the border region / E. Mikhel // Man and labor. - 2009. - N. 3. - P. 39 (On the example of the Republic of Karelia)
53. Moskalenko K. A. Special economic zone in the Kaliningrad region in the context of globalization: political and economic aspects of formation and development / K. A. Moskalenko // Bulletin of St. Petersburg University. Ser. Philosophy. Culturology. Political science. Law .... - 2008. - N. 2. - S. 117-124
54. Nemina VN Some aspects of activities and forms of interaction between public authorities and the non-profit sector in St. Petersburg / VN Nemina // Problems of the modern economy. - 2007. - N. 1. - S. 134-137
55. Ovchinnikov V. A. Reforming local government (on the example of the Leningrad region) / V. A. Ovchinnikov, N. G. Barbarova // Management consulting. - 2007. - N. 2. - S. 32-40
56. Ovchinnikova E. Expansion of the horizon / E. Ovchinnikova // Expert. Northwest. - 2008. - N. 22. - P. 30-38 (On the development of long-term, at least until 2020, strategies for the socio-economic development of the North-West)
57. Pastarnakova OA Project approach in the organization of cross-border cooperation at the local level / OA Pastarnakova // Management consulting. - 2008. - N. 1. - S. 203-215 (On the example of the North-West of the Russian Federation)
58. Rozhkova S. A. Using the world experience of public-private partnership in Russia / S. A. Rozhkova // ECO. - 2008. - N. 2. - S. 104-112 (On the example of St. Petersburg)
59. Rybakov F. F. Prospects for the socio-economic development of St. Petersburg / F. F. Rybakov // Economic revival of Russia. - 2008. - N. 1. - S. 56-61
60. Rybakov F. F. Industry of St. Petersburg: structural shifts recent years/ F. F. Rybakov // Bulletin of St. Petersburg University. Ser. Economics. - 2008. - N. 3. - S. 37-44
61. Sergeev A. Dynamics of socio-economic development of St. Petersburg / A. Sergeev // Economist. - 2008. - N. 5. - S. 52-62
62. Sidorov Yu. Yu. Special economic zones in industrial policy Petersburg / Yu. Yu. Sidorov // Problems of the modern economy. - 2008. - N. 3. - S. 400-402
63. Sinitsky V. The development of the North must remain strategic objective state / V. Sinitsky // Social policy and social partnership. - 2008. - N. 4. - S. 52-55
64. Sintsov K. V. The concept of socio-economic development of the Pskov region / K. V. Sintsov // Regional economy: theory and practice. - 2007. - N. 5. - S. 113-116
65. Skachkov I. Rescue knot / I. Skachkov, A. Efremov // Securities market. - 2009. - N. 3-4. - pp. 48-50 (On the Murmansk port development project)
66. Sobolev O. N. On the main directions of optimizing the activities of state authorities of the Russian Federation to ensure national security in the Kaliningrad region / O. N. Sobolev // State and Law. - 2008. - N. 7. - S. 76-81
67. Strikunov A. V. Integration processes in agro-industrial production / A. V. Strikunov, L. I. Strikunova // Bulletin of the branch of the North-Western Academy of Public Administration in Pskov. - 2008. - N. 2. - S. 46-51
68. Styrov M. Estimation of financial resources of the industry of the Republic of Komi / M. Styrov // Federalism. - 2009. - N. 1. - S. 237-242
69. Tazhetdinov S. R. On increasing the income of regional budgets / S. R. Tazhetdinov // Finance. - 2007. - N. 3. - S. 19-21 (On the example of St. Petersburg)
70. Labor market trends in retail / E. Razumova [et al.] // Handbook of personnel management. - 2007. - N. 10. - P. 114-117 (On the example of the labor market in the field of retail (retail trade) in St. Petersburg)
71. Tolstoguzov O. V. Problems of improving state development planning economic system at the regional level (the experience of the Republic of Karelia) / O. V. Tolstoguzov // Regional Economics: Theory and Practice. - 2009. - N. 6. - S. 9-15
72. Trofimov A. Ya. Problems of reforming the local government of the Pskov region on present stage/ A. Ya. Trofimov // Bulletin of the branch of the North-Western Academy of Public Administration in Pskov. - 2008. - N. 2. - S. 12-16
73. Uskova T. V. Problems of assessing the competitiveness of regions / T. V. Uskova, A. S. Barabanov // Questions of statistics. - 2009. - N. 1. - P. 49-56 On the example of the North-Western Federal District.
74. Uskova T. V. The industrial sector of the Vologda Oblast: problems and development trends / T. V. Uskova // Forecasting problems. - 2008. - N. 5. - S. 81-87
75. Feraru G. S. Socio-economic trends in the development of the timber industry complex of the Arkhangelsk region: problems and ways to solve them / G. S. Feraru // Regional economy: theory and practice. - 2008. - N. 22. - S. 32-40
76. Fofanova N. Active Forms protection of the population from unemployment contribute to the implementation public policy employment in the Kola North / N. Fofanova, L. Grushevskaya // Personnel Service and Personnel. - 2007. - N. 10. - S. 6-9
77. Chaika L. V. Forecast of the development of energy and the economy of the region (on the example of the Komi Republic) / L. V. Chaika // Problems of forecasting. - 2007. - N. 3. - S. 94-105
78. Chaldaeva L. A. Regional securities market: problems of formation and development / L. A. Chaldaeva, I. N. Fedorenko // Regional economy: theory and practice. - 2009. - N. 5. - S. 20-23 (On the example of the Northwestern Federal District)
79. Chervonnaya I. I. Formation of regional labor potential (on the example of the Arkhangelsk region) / I. I. Chervonnaya // Problems of modern economics. - 2008. - N. 3. - S. 443-446
81. Chernyaeva Z. History and state of the state debt of the Republic of Karelia / Z. Chernyaeva // Securities market. - 2008. - N. 23/24. - pp. 65-69
82. Chuzhmarov A. Problems of ensuring the economic security of the industry of the Republic of Komi / A. Chuzhmarov // Federalism. - 2008. - N. 3. - S. 236-243
83. Kharin A. G. Research of features of investments in the Kaliningrad region: sources of financing and assessment of investors' expectations / A. G. Kharin // Finance and credit. - 2009. - N. 14. - S. 79-82
84. Khaimur E. Prospects for government borrowing and public debt of St. Petersburg for 2009 - 2011 / E. Khaimur // Securities market. - 2009. - N. 3-4. - pp. 62-64
85. Shilovsky A. V. Diplomacy of the regions: experience and prospects / A. V. Shilovsky // Regionology. - 2008. - N. 1. - S. 30-40 (On the example of the Murmansk region)
86. Shishkina E. A. Kaliningrad region as a regional model of the global socio-cultural and socio-natural space / E. A. Shishkina // Regionology. - 2008. - N. 4. - S. 340-346
87. Yakovleva A. V. Analysis of unemployment in major city and its predictive analytical value for regulation of the labor market (on the example of Moscow and St. Petersburg) / A. V. Yakovleva // Regional economy: theory and practice. - 2008. - N. 30. - S. 53-59
- formed on May 13, 2000 in accordance with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 849 "On authorized representative President of the Russian Federation in the Federal District. Northwestern region located in the north and northwest of the European part non-chernozem zone RF. The center of the Northwestern Federal District is the city of St. Petersburg.
Northwestern Federal District (NWFD), which includes 11 constituent entities of the Federation, plays an important strategic role as a border part of Russia in the European North and the west of the country. The Northwestern Federal District unites 2 economic regions: Northern and Northwestern. The territory of the district is located in the zone of mixed forests, taiga, forest-tundra and tundra. The NWFD occupies an advantageous geopolitical position - it borders on Finland, Norway, Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, has access to the Baltic, White, Barents, Kara Sea. Within its limits there are very large industrial and bright cultural centers, important seaports, unique objects included in the World Cultural and natural heritage(in the cities of St. Petersburg and Novgorod, as well as on the Solovetsky Islands and Kizhi Island).
is a lake region. Numerous lakes are located mainly in the western part; the largest of them are Ladoga, Onega, Ilmen. Flow through the district deep rivers. Plain rivers are of navigable value. Among them are Pechora, northern Dvina, Onega. Neva and others. In terms of hydropower highest value have Svir, Volkhov, Narva and Vuoksa.
The district richest in natural resources in the European part of the country: ferrous and non-ferrous metal ores, chemical raw materials, forest and water resources.
Economic development Northwestern District stimulates the presence of significant reserves of mineral raw materials, fuel and energy and water resources that can not only meet the needs economic complex countries, but also exported to many countries of the world.
The district accounts for a significant part of the balance reserves of copper, tin, cobalt. Fuel resources represented by reserves of coal, oil, natural gas, oil shale, peat. The region is rich in non-ferrous metal ores. Industrial reserves of aluminum-containing raw materials are of great value. The forests are very rich in fur-bearing animals (arctic fox, black brown fox, sable, ermine, etc.). The seas washing the territory of the district are rich in valuable species of fish (cod, salmon, herring, haddock, etc.).
The presence in the district of significant mineral and raw materials and fuel reserves, as well as water and forest resources is an important factor its economic development in the context of the formation of a market economy.
The economic potential of the territory of the Northwestern Federal District is one of the largest among other districts located in the European part of Russia. Its leading branch of the economy is industry.
The Northwestern Federal District produces a significant part of the republican volume of phosphate raw materials, industrial timber, about 33% of cellulose, finished rolled products, and its share in the fish catch is also large.
The economic and geographical position of the district has a number of advantages. Access to the seas - the Baltic, Barents and White - provide shipping routes to the west - to the side Western Europe and east coast North America, as well as to the east - along the Northern Sea Route to the Russian Arctic and the countries of the Asia-Pacific region. Great importance have common borders with countries European Union- Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland.
The main branches of market specialization in the industrial sector are the fuel industry (oil, gas, coal), ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, multidisciplinary engineering, forestry and woodworking, chemical, food, fishing industries, and in agriculture - flax growing, dairy and meat cattle breeding, reindeer breeding , fishing. The leading positions in the industrial development of the regions of the European North to date have been retained by ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, woodworking and pulp and paper industries and the fuel industry.
In terms of foreign trade turnover, the NWFD ranks third in Russia after the Central and Ural federal districts. At the same time, exports and imports almost balance each other, while in Russia as a whole, exports exceed imports by 2.5 times. It can be said that the Northwestern Federal District specializes in the import of products foreign states to Russia.
The Northwestern Federal District occupies one of the first places in Russia in terms of production sea vessels different type, unique steam, hydraulic and gas turbines, optical and mechanical products.
Precise and complex mechanical engineering is widely developed in the district: instrument making, radio engineering, electronics, electrical engineering, which is located in St. Petersburg. The prospects for the development of the industry are associated with further development science-intensive and precision industries, mechanical engineering, shipbuilding.
The Northwestern Federal District is one of Russia's largest producers and exporters of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, primarily steel, copper, aluminum and nickel.
In the Northwestern Federal District, the chemical industry belongs to the branches of market specialization. Both the basic chemistry, in particular the production of mineral fertilizers, and the chemistry organic synthesis. Fertilizers, rubber products, synthetic resins, plastics, paint and varnish products, various acids and ammonia, pharmaceuticals, phosphate raw materials, and household chemicals are produced here.
The chemistry of organic synthesis is developing on the use of woodworking waste - the production of alcohol, rosin, turpentine, viscose fibers. On the basis of local oil and gas resources in Syktyvkar (Komi Republic) plastics, alcohols, dyes are produced.
The level of agriculture does not provide local population foodstuffs, and industry - raw materials.
Agriculture specializes in dairy and beef cattle breeding, potato growing, vegetable growing and flax growing. Reindeer breeding is developed in the north of the district. The leading role of agricultural production is animal husbandry.
The city of St. Petersburg occupies a leading position in the economy of the district.
NORTH-WESTERN Federal District: Area 1,677,900 sq. km. The administrative center of the federal district - city
Cities by regions of the Northwestern Federal District.
Cities of the Arkhangelsk region: Velsk, Kargopol, Koryazhma, Kotlas, Mezen, Mirny, Naryan-Mar, Novodvinsk, Nyandoma, Onega, Severodvinsk, Solvychegodsk, Shenkursk. The administrative center of .
Cities of the Vologda region: Babaevo, Belozersk, Veliky Ustyug, Vytegra, Gryazovets, Kadnikov, Kirillov, Krasavino, Nikolsk, Sokol, Totma, Ustyuzhna, Kharovsk, Cherepovets. The administrative center of .
Cities of the Kaliningrad region: Bagrationovsk, Baltiysk, Gvardeysk, Guryevsk, Gusev, Zelenogradsk, Krasnoznamensk, Ladushkin, Mamonovo, Neman, Nesterov, Ozersk, Pioneer, Polessk, Pravdinsk, Primorsk, Svetlogorsk, Light, Slavsk, Sovetsk, Chernyakhovsk. The administrative center of .
Cities of the Leningrad region: Boksitogorsk, Volosovo, Volkhov, Vsevolozhsk, Vyborg, Vysotsk, Gatchina, Ivangorod, Kamennogorsk, Kingisepp, Kirishi, Kirovsk, Kommunar, Lodeynoye Pole, Meadows, Luban, Nikolskoye, Novaya Ladoga, Otradnoe, Pikalevo, Podporozhye, Primorsk, Priozersk, Svetogorsk, Sertolovo, Slates, Pinery, Syasstroy, Tikhvin, Tosno, Shlisselburg. Administrative center of the city
North-Western Federal District - an administrative formation in the north and north-west of the European part of Russia, includes 11 constituent entities of the Russian Federation: Number of cities 152
Formed by decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 13, 2000. The center of the district is the federal city of St. Petersburg.
The territory of the Northwestern Federal District is 9.8% of the territory of the Russian Federation. The population of the district as of January 1, 2009 is 13,462,000 people. (9.5% of the population of Russia). The basis of the population are the townspeople.
The Northwestern Federal District occupies an advantageous geopolitical position - it borders on Finland, Norway, Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, has access to the Baltic, White, Barents, Kara Seas.
Center of the Federal District St. Petersburg Territory - area 1,689 thousand km² (9.8% of the Russian Federation)
Population 13,652,525 thousand people (9.545% of the Russian Federation, January 1, 2012) Density 8 people / km² (2012)
% urban us. 82.4%
The volume of prom. production 671 billion rubles. (2002
The economy of the Northwestern Federal District has a large raw material orientation. Almost 72% of reserves and almost 100% of apatite mining, about 77% of titanium reserves, 45% of bauxite reserves, 19% of mineral water reserves, about 18% of diamond and nickel reserves are concentrated here. The most important link for the economy of the district is the extraction of oil and coal.
The Northwestern Federal District includes 11 subjects of the Russian Federation: the Republic of Karelia, the Republic of Komi, the Arkhangelsk; Vologda, Kaliningrad, Leningrad, Murmansk, Novgorod, Pskov regions, St. Petersburg, Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The Northwestern Federal District includes all subjects of the Russian Federation belonging to the Northwestern and Northern economic regions.
The district covers an area of 1,687 thousand square meters. km, which is 9.9% of the territory of Russia. The Northwestern Federal District is home to 13,501 thousand people (9.5% of Russia's population). The basis of the population are the townspeople. The center of the federal district is St. Petersburg. The largest cities of the Northwestern Federal District are St. Petersburg, Kaliningrad, Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, Cherepovets, Vologda, Petrozavodsk, Syktyvkar, Veliky Novgorod, Pskov, Severodvinsk, Ukhta, Velikiye Luki. In total, there are 152 cities in the district.
Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Northwestern Federal District - Ilya Iosifovich Klebanov.
1. Economic and geographical position of the region
The North-Western region is located in the northern part of the Non-Chernozem zone of the Russian Federation. The most striking feature of the North-Western region is the discrepancy between the historical role of the region and the very modest territory of the region. This discrepancy is due to the following features:
1. The location of the area on the outskirts, remoteness from the center of Russia. This situation prevented the region from the Tatar-Mongol yoke, there were not even serfs in the north - Pomors).
2. The area is sharply pushed towards Europe. Here are Pskov and Novgorod-Veliky - the most noble cities, for a long time connected with European countries through trade as part of the Banza (a medieval union of the Baltic states). The region, along with Kyiv and Veliky Novgorod, is the third historical center for the formation of East Slavic culture.
3. Seaside and border position of the region. The North-Western region is inferior to most of the economic regions of the Russian Federation in terms of population and territory, therefore it is called the region of one city - St. Petersburg. It contains 59% of the region's population and 68% of its urban population.
In the North-Western region, populated by ancient Slavic tribes, trade and crafts developed, international trade, industry and qualified personnel were concentrated in St. Petersburg, and the region's outlying position contributed to the development of the economy. All these reasons played a certain role in shaping the modern image of the district.
The region occupies one of the leading places in terms of the level of economic development, the scale and diversity of industrial production, research and development products, the training of highly qualified specialists in the national economy, the pace of the formation of market relations, the scale of participation in Russia's world economic relations.
The North-Western region is located on the Russian Plain. The climate in the area is maritime, temperate continental. The air has high humidity, the soils are sod-podzolic
