Federal District of Russia is an economic region of the highest level, which is a large territorial and industrial complex, which combines industries of market specialization with industries that complement territorial complex, and infrastructure.

Federal districts of Russia ( Russian Federation) were created in accordance with the Decree of the President of Russia V.V. Putin No. 849 "On authorized representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Federal District" dated May 13, 2000.
In accordance with this Decree, all subjects of the Russian Federation (regions of Russia) are united into eight federal districts: federal district, Central Federal District, Volga Federal District, Southern Federal District, North Caucasian Federal District, Urals Federal District, Siberian Federal District, Far Eastern Federal District. Each of the eight existing federal districts has administrative center.
In accordance with federal law"About general principles organizations of local self-government in the Russian Federation" No. 131-FZ dated 06.10.2003, the regions of Russia include urban districts and municipal districts.

A municipal area is a collection of several urban or rural settlements or settlements and inter-settlement territories united by a common territory.

The city district is urban settlement that is not part of the municipality.

Russian Federation (Russia)- the largest state in the world by area. The year of foundation of Russia is considered to be 862 (the beginning of Russian statehood). The area of ​​the Russian Federation is 17.1 million km2, and is divided into 83 subjects of the federation in eight federal districts, including 46 regions, 21 republics, 9 territories, 1 autonomous region, 4 autonomous regions and 2 cities federal significance.

Federal districts of Russia: Central Federal District, North Caucasian Federal District, Northwestern Federal District, Urals Federal District, Southern Federal District, Siberian Federal District, Volga Federal District, Far Eastern Federal District.

Central Federal District in Russia.

Central Federal District. The administrative center of the federal district is the city of Moscow.

Central Federal District (CFD)- was formed on May 13, 2000 in accordance with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 849 “On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Federal District”. The territory of the district is 650.3 thousand square meters. km. (3.8%) of the territory of Russia and ranks first in Russia in terms of population. The Central Federal District is located in the central part of the East European Plain, its administrative center is the city of Moscow.
The Central Federal District consists of 18 subjects of the Russian Federation.

Northwestern Federal District in Russia.

NORTH-WESTERN Federal District. Area 1,677,900 sq. km. The administrative center of the district is the city of St. Petersburg.

Northwestern Federal District (NWFD)- was formed on May 13, 2000 in accordance with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 849 "On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Federal District." The Northwestern region is located in the north and northwest of the European part non-chernozem zone RF. The center of the Northwestern Federal District is the city of St. Petersburg.
The Northwestern Federal District consists of 11 subjects of the Russian Federation.

Southern Federal District in Russia.

Southern Federal District. The administrative center of the district is the city of Rostov-on-Don.

Southern Federal District (SFD)- formed by Decree of the President of Russia V.V. Putin dated May 13, 2000 No. 849, the composition of the Southern Federal District was changed on January 19, 2010 in accordance with the Decree of the President of Russia D.A. Medvedev No. 82 "On Amendments to the List of Federal Districts approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 13, 2000 No. 849, and to Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 12, 2008 No. 724 "Issues of the System and Structure federal bodies executive power".
From the moment of formation on May 13, 2000, the district was called "North Caucasian", by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1149 of June 21, 2000 - it was renamed into "Southern".
The Southern Federal District is located in the southern part of the European part of Russia, in the lower reaches of the Volga River. The center of the Southern Federal District is the city of Rostov-on-Don.
The Southern Federal District consists of 13 subjects of the Russian Federation

By decree of the President of Russia V.V. Putin dated July 28, 2016 No. 375, the Crimean Federal District was abolished, and its constituent entities - the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol - were included in the Southern Federal District.

Volga Federal District in Russia.

Volga Federal District. The county seat is the city Nizhny Novgorod.

Volga Federal District (VFD)- was formed on May 13, 2000 in accordance with the Decree of the President of Russia V.V. Putin No. 849 "On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Federal District". The Volga Federal District occupies the central and eastern part European part of Russia. The center of the Volga Federal District is the city of Nizhny Novgorod.
The Volga Federal District consists of 14 subjects of the Russian Federation.

Ural Federal District in Russia.

Ural federal district. The administrative center of the district is the city of Yekaterinburg.

Ural Federal District (UrFO)- was formed on May 13, 2000 in accordance with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 849 "On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Federal District." The center of the Ural Federal District is the city of Yekaterinburg.
The Ural Federal District consists of 6 subjects of the Russian Federation.

The Northwestern Federal District was established in accordance with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 849 dated May 13, 2000.

The Northwestern Federal District includes 11 constituent entities of the Russian Federation: the Republic, the Komi Republic, the Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Kaliningrad, Leningrad, Murmansk, Novgorod, Pskov regions, the city of St. Petersburg, the Nenets Autonomous District.

The center of the Northwestern Federal District is the city of St. Petersburg (area - 1.4 thousand km2, population as of 01.01.2007 - 4.6 million people).
The territory of the Northwestern Federal District is 1,687 thousand km2, or 9.9% of the territory of Russia.

As of January 1, 2007, 13.6 million people (9.53%) lived in the district, of which urban population was 82.2%, rural population- 17.8%, men - 45.9%, women - 54.1%. Population density - 8.0 people. per 1 m2.

The largest cities of the Northwestern Federal District are St. Petersburg, Kaliningrad, Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, Cherepovets, Vologda, Petrozavodsk, Severodvinsk, Novgorod, Syktyvkar. St. Petersburg is a millionaire city. The number of other cities does not exceed 230,000 people.

The resource and raw materials base of the Northwestern Federal District is not among the richest in Russia, nevertheless, the extraction of almost the entire Russian volume of apatite (with reserves of 72% of the total Russian) and titanium (77% of reserves) is concentrated in the district. Oil and gas reserves are about 8% of the total Russian reserves, coal reserves are about 3% Russian reserves. At the same time, the extraction of fuel resources plays important role in the economy of the district, although it is only 4% of the total for oil and 7% for coal. Large reserves of peat and oil shale are concentrated in the district. About 19% of nickel and iron ores are mined here, while nickel reserves make up 18% of the total Russian reserves. Bauxite reserves (45% of Russia's total) have not yet been fully developed - their extraction is only 15% of the Russian level. The district has large reserves of diamonds (19% of the total Russian), there are deposits rare metals, gold, barite, uranium. Exploration of reserves of manganese and chromium ores is underway.

The Northwestern Federal District produces 10% of the country's gross domestic product (5th place among the districts). By the size of the average per capita gross regional product the district ranks 3rd among.

The economy of the Northwestern Federal District is growing at a slower pace than the Russian economy as a whole.

An important role in the economy of the district is played by the metallurgical complex, consisting of 75% of ferrous and 25% of non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises, as well as mechanical engineering. The Okrug has developed a science-intensive industry specializing in the production of electronics and electrical engineering, instrument making; developed shipbuilding.

The Northwestern Federal District of Russia is one of the most developed timber industry regions of the country, and the timber industry sector is one of the key sectors in the region's economy. Almost 60% of the forests of the European part of Russia grow here. The stock of wood is about 10 billion m3. It produces 30% of Russian lumber, 40% of plywood, about 40% of industrial wood, 50% of cardboard and 60% of paper.

On the basis of the use of phosphate raw materials, gas and the disposal of metallurgy waste, the production of complex mineral fertilizers and plastics has been established, rubber products, synthetic resins, paints and varnishes, household chemicals are produced. Light industry The Northwestern Federal District specializes in the production of linen fabrics.

Developed fishing industry. In terms of fish catch, the Northwestern Federal District ranks second after the Far East. Fishing is carried out for cod, herring, sea bass, flounder, halibut, in rivers and lakes - salmon, whitefish, grayling, vendace, smelt. Fish processing is carried out at fish processing plants in Murmansk and Arkhangelsk.

The absolute leader among the types of activities are manufacturing industries, where almost 75% of industrial output is carried out.

On the territory of the North-Western Federal District, 9% of the area of ​​housing in Russia is put into operation annually (5th place among the federal districts). In 2006, per 1,000 inhabitants, 340 m2 of housing was put into operation in the district, which is lower than the average Russian value, however, according to this indicator, the North-Western Federal District ranks third among other districts.

Over the past 5 years, the average per capita cash income in the Northwestern Federal District was higher than in Russia, reaching 10,640 rubles in 2006, which corresponds to the 3rd place among the federal districts. The share of the population with monetary incomes below the subsistence level in 2006 was 14.5% of the total population of the district.

At the end of 2006 in the bodies public service employment in the Northwestern Federal District, 119 thousand people were registered as unemployed, which amounted to 6.9% of total number unemployed in Russia. Unemployment benefits received 103 thousand people. The level of registered unemployment in the Northwestern Federal District - 1.6% - is one of the lowest in Russia.

The main production potential falls on St. Petersburg, the Leningrad and Vologda regions. The economic core of the region is St. Petersburg with a number of satellite cities. The economy of this region is based on knowledge-intensive and highly skilled industries. The production of turbines, generators, compressors is concentrated in the region, instrument making and the production of automation equipment are developed. Vyborg specializes in electronics, Gatchina - in the production of agricultural machinery and spare parts. Production potential Vologda region are ferrous metallurgy, chemical industry and mechanical engineering. There are also enterprises of the timber, woodworking and pulp and paper industries in the region.

- was formed on May 13, 2000 in accordance with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 849 "On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Federal District." The North-Western region is located in the north and north-west of the European part of the non-chernozem zone of the Russian Federation. The center of the Northwestern Federal District is the city of St. Petersburg.

Northwestern Federal District (NWFD), which includes 11 constituent entities of the Federation, plays an important strategic role in the border part of Russia in European North and west of the country. The Northwestern Federal District unites 2 economic regions: Northern and Northwestern. The territory of the district is located in the zone of mixed forests, taiga, forest-tundra and tundra. NWFD takes advantage geopolitical position- borders on Finland, Norway, Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, has access to the Baltic, White, Barents, Kara Sea. Within its limits there are very large industrial and bright cultural centers, important seaports, unique objects included in the World Cultural and natural heritage(in the cities of St. Petersburg and Novgorod, as well as on the Solovetsky Islands and Kizhi Island).

is a lake region. Numerous lakes are located mainly in the western part; the largest of them are Ladoga, Onega, Ilmen. Flow through the district deep rivers. Plain rivers are of navigable value. Among them are Pechora, northern Dvina, Onega. Neva and others. In terms of hydropower highest value have Svir, Volkhov, Narva and Vuoksa.
The district richest in natural resources in the European part of the country: ferrous and non-ferrous metal ores, chemical raw materials, forest and water resources.
Economic development Northwestern District stimulates the presence of significant reserves of mineral raw materials, fuel and energy and water resources that can not only meet the needs economic complex countries, but also exported to many countries of the world.
The district accounts for a significant part of the balance reserves of copper, tin, cobalt. Fuel resources are represented by reserves of coal, oil, natural gas, oil shale, peat. The region is rich in non-ferrous metal ores. Of great value are industrial reserves aluminum-containing raw materials. The forests are very rich in fur-bearing animals (arctic fox, black brown fox, sable, ermine, etc.). The seas washing the territory of the district are rich in valuable species of fish (cod, salmon, herring, haddock, etc.).
The presence in the district of significant mineral and raw material and fuel reserves, as well as water and forest resources is an an important factor his economic development in the conditions of the formation of a market economy.
The economic potential of the territory of the Northwestern Federal District is one of the largest among other districts located in the European part of Russia. Its leading branch of the economy is industry.
The Northwestern Federal District produces a significant part of the republican volume of phosphate raw materials, industrial timber, about 33% of cellulose, finished rolled products, and its share in the fish catch is also large.
Economic- geographical position The district has a number of advantages. Access to the seas - the Baltic, Barents and White - provide shipping routes to the west - to the side Western Europe and east coast North America, as well as to the east - along the Northern Sea Route to the Russian Arctic and the countries of the Asia-Pacific region. Of great importance are common boundaries with countries European Union- Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland.
The main sectors of market specialization in the industrial sector are the fuel industry (oil, gas, coal), ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, diversified engineering, forestry and woodworking, chemical, food, fishing industries, and in agriculture - flax growing, dairy and meat cattle breeding, reindeer breeding , fishing. Leading positions in industrial development The regions of the European North have been preserved by the ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, woodworking and pulp and paper industries and the fuel industry.
In terms of foreign trade turnover, the NWFD ranks third in Russia after the Central and Ural federal districts. At the same time, exports and imports almost balance each other, while in Russia as a whole, exports exceed imports by 2.5 times. It can be said that the Northwestern Federal District specializes in the import of products foreign states to Russia.
The Northwestern Federal District occupies one of the first places in Russia in terms of production sea ​​vessels different types, unique steam, hydraulic and gas turbines, opto-mechanical products.
Precise and complex mechanical engineering is widely developed in the district: instrument making, radio engineering, electronics, electrical engineering, which is located in St. Petersburg. The prospects for the development of the industry are associated with further development science-intensive and precision industries, mechanical engineering, shipbuilding.
The Northwestern Federal District is one of Russia's largest producers and exporters of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, primarily steel, copper, aluminum and nickel.
In the Northwestern Federal District, the chemical industry belongs to the branches of market specialization. Both the basic chemistry, in particular the production of mineral fertilizers, and the chemistry organic synthesis. Fertilizers, rubber products, synthetic resins, plastics, paint and varnish products, various acids and ammonia, pharmaceuticals, phosphate raw materials, and household chemicals are produced here.
The chemistry of organic synthesis is developing on the use of woodworking waste - the production of alcohol, rosin, turpentine, viscose fibers. On the basis of local oil and gas resources in Syktyvkar (Komi Republic) plastics, alcohols, dyes are produced.
The level of agriculture does not provide local population foodstuffs, and industry - raw materials.
Agriculture specializes in dairy and beef cattle breeding, potato growing, vegetable growing and flax growing. Reindeer breeding is developed in the north of the district. The leading role of agricultural production is animal husbandry.
The city of St. Petersburg occupies a leading position in the economy of the district.

NORTHWESTERN Federal District. Area 1,677,900 sq. km.
The administrative center of the Northwestern Federal District - Saint Petersburg

Cities of the Northwestern Federal District.

Cities in the Arkhangelsk region: Velsk, Kargopol, Koryazhma, Kotlas, Mezen, Mirny, Naryan-Mar, Novodvinsk, Nyandoma, Onega, Severodvinsk, Solvychegodsk, Shenkursk. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Arkhangelsk.

Cities in the Vologda Oblast: Babaevo, Belozersk, Veliky Ustyug, Vytegra, Gryazovets, Kadnikov, Kirillov, Krasavino, Nikolsk, Sokol, Totma, Ustyuzhna, Kharovsk, Cherepovets. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Vologda.

Cities in Kaliningrad region: Bagrationovsk, Baltiysk, Gvardeysk, Guryevsk, Gusev, Zelenogradsk, Krasnoznamensk, Ladushkin, Mamonovo, Neman, Nesterov, Ozersk, Pionersky, Polessk, Pravdinsk, Primorsk, Svetlogorsk, Light, Slavsk, Sovetsk, Chernyakhovsk. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Kaliningrad.

Cities in the Leningrad region: Boksitogorsk, Volosovo, Volkhov, Vsevolozhsk, Vyborg, Vysotsk, Gatchina, Ivangorod, Kamennogorsk, Kingisepp, Kirishi, Kirovsk, Kommunar, Lodeynoye Pole, Meadows, Luban, Nikolskoye, Novaya Ladoga, Otradnoe, Pikalevo, Podporozhye, Primorsk, Priozersk, Svetogorsk, Sertolovo, Slates, Pinery, Syasstroy, Tikhvin, Tosno, Shlisselburg. The administrative center of the federal district is the city St. Petersburg.

Cities in the Murmansk region: Apatity, Gadzhievo, Zaozersk, Zapolyarny, Kandalaksha, Kirovsk, Kovdor, Kola, Monchegorsk, Olenegorsk, Ostrovnoy, Polyarnye Zori, Polyarny, Severomorsk, Snezhnogorsk. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Murmansk.

Cities in Novgorod region: Borovichi, Valdai, Malaya Vishera, Okulovka, Pestovo, Soltsy, Staraya Russa, Hill, Chudovo. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Velikiy Novgorod.

Cities in the Pskov region: Velikiye Luki, Gdov, Dno, Nevel, Novorzhev, Novosokolniki, Opochka, Ostrov, Pechory, Porkhov, Pustoshka, Pytalovo, Sebezh. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Pskov.

Cities in the Republic of Karelia: Belomorsk, Kem, Kondopoga, Kostomuksha, Lakhdenpokhya, Medvezhyegorsk, Olonets, Pitkyaranta, Pudozh, Segezha, Sortavala, Suoyarvi. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Petrozavodsk.

Cities in the Komi Republic: Vorkuta, Vuktyl, Emva, Inta, Mikun, Pechora, Sosnogorsk, Usinsk, Ukhta. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Syktyvkar.

Cities and Administrative center in Nenets autonomous region- city Naryan-Mar.

Cities in the city of Saint Petersburg: Zelenogorsk, Kolpino, Krasnoye Selo, Kronstadt, Lomonosov, Pavlovsk, Peterhof, Pushkin, Sestroretsk. The administrative center of the federal district, the city of federal significance, the capital of the Leningrad region - the city St. Petersburg.

Federal districts of Russia: , .

It occupies a relatively small area (10% of the country's territory) and concentrates about 10% of the population of Russia with medium density population 8 people / km 2. Center - St. Petersburg.

The specialization of the economy of the district is determined, first of all, by its advantageous geographical position: access to the Baltic Sea, proximity to the Baltic countries and Finland, as well as to the developed Central District and raw material base North.

Raw material base for many industrial enterprises The North-Western District serve the north of the European part of Russia. For example, aluminum smelters in the cities of Volkhov (Leningrad region) operate on bauxite from the local Tikhvin deposit and nepheline Kola Peninsula. The refinery in Ukhta uses oil from the Komi Republic through an oil pipeline.

Apatites of the Kola Peninsula and methane phosphorites serve as raw materials for the production of phosphate fertilizers in the city of Kingisepp. Nitrogen fertilizers, as well as polymeric materials are produced

Novgorod chemical plant, using as raw material natural gas that comes through the gas pipeline.

Cherepovets metallurgical plant "Severstal" (Vologda region) supplies rolled steel to metal-intensive engineering enterprises in St. Petersburg. Izhora Plant and Elektrosila (St. Petersburg) produce power equipment, including for nuclear power plants. Baltiysky, Admiralteysky (St. Petersburg) and Vyborgsky (Vyborg) shipyards build nuclear-powered icebreakers, large tankers, dry cargo ships, fishing and research vessels. St. Petersburg also manufactures subway cars, Kirovets heavy tractors and machine tools.

precision engineering was developed in St. Petersburg thanks to qualified workers and the scientific and technical potential of the city. Instrumentation, Computer Engineering, precision optics, consumer electronics: the range of products is quite large.

The favorable geographical position of the Northwestern Federal District (access to the Baltic Sea) determined its specialization in the road transport complex. Due to the loss of ports in Tallinn, Klaipeda, Riga and Ventspils, the volume of export-import cargo flows passing through the domestic Baltic ports has increased dramatically. The economic recovery in the industry can be judged by the expansion of existing and construction of new ports in the Gulf of Finland. In addition to the four currently operating: in St. Petersburg (the largest), Kaliningrad (non-freezing), Baltiysk ( home base Baltic Fleet) and Vyborg, new ports are being built in Ust-Luga, Batareinaya Bay (near Sosnovy Bor) and Primorsk (Fig. 1).

New modern customs inspection points for motor vehicles have been opened on the Russian-Finnish border. They will allow unloading existing ones and significantly reduce the loss of time for Russian and foreign transport workers when crossing the border.

Port facilities is a complex complex, including fishing and transport ships, shipbuilding and shipyards, receiving bases and fish canning enterprises. Moreover, fishing is carried out not only in the Baltic Sea, but also in the Atlantic.

Fish industry is one of the main areas of specialization of the district.

Rice. 1. New port complexes Gulf of Finland

- the most western edge Russia, it's part of the former East Prussia, which became part of the USSR in 1945 by decision Potsdam conference. The region occupies a small territory (0.1% of the country's territory) and is a Russian exclave between the Baltic Sea, Lithuania and Poland. The population makes up 0.6% of the country's population and is concentrated in cities (77%). The population density of the region is high - 63 people/km2.

Centre - Kaliningrad, big cities— Council to, Chernyakhovsk.

The port of Kaliningrad is located at the mouth of the Pregol River and is connected to the sea by a deep-water canal through which large-capacity vessels can pass. The fishing industry and port facilities are the main branches of specialization of the region.

The peculiarity of the Kaliningrad region is also that it contains up to 90% of the world's amber reserves, which are mined in quarries at the Primorskoye and Palminikskoye deposits. Amber is a pine resin hardened and polished with water, which is used in medicine, chemical industry, but the main thing is that jewelry is made from it. This is the symbol of the Baltic Sea.

The share of the European North accounts for 1/4 of the total Russian production iron ore, 9/10 - apatites (raw materials for the production of phosphate fertilizers). The European North is a supplier of coal, oil, gas, non-ferrous and rare metals.

Over the years economic reforms in Russia, the volume of capital investments in the sector of specialization of the economy of the European North, its industrial infrastructure, and geological exploration decreased. Production volumes also declined. However, in recent times there have been positive trends in the increase in industrial production.

Developments hard coal of the Pechora Basin, oil and gas of the Timan-Pechora oil and gas province are being conducted in the Komi Republic, as well as in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

The raw material factor determines the specialization of the industry of the majority northern cities districts. Even during the period of planned economy in the area of ​​oil and gas fields, the Timan-Pechora Territorial Production Complex (TPK) was formed with the center in the city of Ukhta. A large oil refinery operates here, and a gas processing plant operates in Sosnogorsk. Pipelines have been built linking the deposits of the Timan-Pechora province with the processing plants of the Central and Northwestern regions. These are the Usinsk-Ukhta-Kotlas-Yaroslavl-Moscow oil pipeline and the gas pipeline (section of the Siyaniye Severa gas pipeline from Western Siberia) Vuktyl-Ukhta-Gryazovets with branches to Moscow and St. Petersburg and further to Belarus, Latvia and Estonia.

In addition, the timber, woodworking, pulp and paper industries are developing; ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy.

Indicators of the Northwestern Federal District

Administrative-territorial composition: Saint Petersburg; republics - Komi, Karelia. Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Kaliningrad, Leningrad, Murmansk, Novgorod, Pskov regions. Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

Territory- 1687 thousand km 2. Population - 13.5 million people.

Administrative center- Saint Petersburg.

The Northwestern Federal District unites the Northwestern and Northern economic regions and the Kaliningrad region.

The Okrug plays an important strategic role as a border region of Russia in the European North and West of the country, within which large industrial and cultural centers, seaports on the Baltic, White and Barents Seas are located.

Table 2. The share of economic indicators of the Northwestern Federal District in the national

Specialization of the industrial production of the district by types economic activity determined on the basis of the coefficient of localization in table. 3.

Table 3. Specialization of industrial production in the Northwestern Federal District

The types of economic activity that determine the specialization of the district in terms of the localization coefficient can be considered the following (see Table 3): mining, except for fuel and energy; manufacturing industries (including food products, including drinks, and tobacco; wood processing and production of wood products; pulp and paper production; publishing and printing activities; metallurgical production and production of finished metal products; production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment; production Vehicle and equipment; other productions); production and distribution of electricity, gas and water.

According to the natural-geographical and transport conditions, the peculiarities of the distribution of productive forces and the population of the territory, the district is divided into three component parts; North-Western economic region, Northern economic region and Kaliningrad region.

2 republics and 1 autonomous region. All of them are located in the north and northwest of the country.

This district of the state was officially recognized in 2000. It included 11 subjects, including the administrative center of federal significance St. Petersburg. The total area is almost 2 million square meters. km, which is about 10% of the total size of Russia. According to 2015 data, the population is slightly less than 14 million people, of which 80% live in cities.

AT economic terms great importance for the country has the Northwestern Federal District. Cities that occupy a special place:

• The leader in all respects, of course, is St. Petersburg.
• The capital of the Komi Republic is Syktyvkar.
• The regional center is Kaliningrad.
• City military glory- Novgorod.
• The largest port in Russia is Murmansk.
• The center of the municipality is Severodvinsk.
• Urban district - Arkhangelsk.
• Petrozavodsk is the capital of the Republic of Karelia.
• Vologda is a center for the development of science.
• The city of the Vologda region - Cherepovets.

The resources of the Northwestern District allow it to occupy one of the most honorable places throughout the country. Titanium, gas, oil, apatite are mined here. The lands of the district are full of peat deposits and oil shale. Extensive deposits of gold, diamonds, nickel, uranium allow the economy of not only the region, but the entire state to develop rapidly.

Komi Republic

The history of Komi begins in 1921. Until 1936, it was equated to autonomous region, however, from December 5 of that year, she was awarded the title of a republic that is part of Soviet Union. It received its current name on January 12, 1993. During 1994, the constitution was officially adopted, the emblem, anthem and flag were approved, and the first elections of the head of the republic were held.

AT this moment it is part of the Northwestern Federal District. Composition of the Komi Republic:

• administrative districts - 12;
• cities of republican subordination - 8;
• regional settlements - 2;
• village councils - 190;
• settlements - 37.

The industrial crisis fell on the collapse of the USSR. This has led to mass migration. From 1990 to 2000, the population decreased by 20%.

At present, the economy of the republic is set on high level. Here, they are mainly engaged in the extraction and processing of minerals, such as gems, oil and gas.

Nenets Autonomous Okrug

According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, this district is a subject of the state. It received official significance in 1926. The city of Naryan-Mar was appointed as the administrative center. It is the most sparsely populated region in the Northwestern Federal District. The cities of this region are half populated by Russians, and the indigenous people make up a little less than 20%. Total population the population of the district is about 43 thousand people. Charter autonomous region allows you to operate outside the Russian Federation.

The district includes:

• city administrative significance - 1;
• PGT - 1;
• villages - 42.

Main economic sphere- reindeer breeding and Agriculture.

Republic of Karelia

The first mention of Karelia appeared in the 7th century, these were the tribes that were members of the Baltic-Finnish United Union. Since 2001, it has been a full-fledged subject of Russia with its own legislature. A constitution and basic paraphernalia were adopted. The capital of the republic is Petrozavodsk. Mechanical engineering and metallurgy is the main industry, which allows it to take a leading position among other regions that are part of the Northwestern Federal District.

The regions of the republic can be divided into northern, southern and central parts. Each of them differs in population and economic development.

1. The central part - only 13% of the total population.
2. Northern - approximately 14%.
3. Southern areas The republics of Karelia are densely populated - 73%.

The main inhabitants are Russians (57%) and Karelians (37%), other nationalities - 6%.

St. Petersburg

The only city in the district of federal significance is St. Petersburg. It is the cultural capital of a great state. It was founded by Peter I in 1703. One of the main headquarters of the Russian Armed Forces is located here. Thanks to direct access to the sea, the main command was located here. Navy states.

St. Petersburg - scientific, cultural and industrial centre with a highly developed economy, part of the Northwestern Federal District. The composition of the Leningrad region does not include given city, as it is recognized as an independent entity.

The population is more than 5 million people. It bears the proud name of a millionaire. It is an urban agglomeration total area is almost one and a half thousand square meters. km.

Leningrad region

The territory of the Leningrad region extends over 84 thousand square meters. km. This is the only region whose authorities are located in another region (Moscow). In 1993, a constitution was adopted, where they recognized Leningrad region subject of the great state called Russia. The Northwestern Federal District includes this region with 217 municipalities. This is one urban district and 17 districts, which include 61 urban settlements and 138 villages. The region is inhabited by almost 2 million people. Main industries: construction, metal processing, transport. The approximate annual income is 700-800 billion rubles.

Kaliningrad region

The Northwestern Federal District of the Russian Federation includes In terms of area, it is the smallest in comparison with other regions of Russia. Its size is slightly more than 15 thousand square meters. km. A feature of this region is the fact that after the collapse of the USSR, the Kaliningrad region lost its land border with Russia. The population here is about 960 thousand people.

90% of the world's amber is located here. Also in the Kaliningrad region, rock salt, peat, and oil are mined.

In 1938 it was formed Murmansk region. It occupies almost 145 thousand square meters. km of area with a population of about 766 thousand people. The Northwestern Federal District unites all its regions. Such types of industry as non-ferrous metallurgy, mining, light industry, metalworking and chemical industries are well developed. The annual turnover varies around 300 billion rubles, which allows us to maintain average positions in the ranking Russian subjects. The structure includes 5 districts of self-government and 12 districts of urban subordination.

It was formed in 1944, but its borders were finally formed only in 1958. All 4 years of the Great Patriotic War was occupied by the Germans, which largely influenced its development and population. In 1967, for her courage and rapid recovery after the hostilities, she received the highest award- The order of Lenin.

Currently, according to the data for 2015, the population of the region is about 650 thousand people. After entering the Northwestern Federal District, its gross turnover reached almost 80 billion rubles. Agriculture, electric power industry, construction are developed here.

Education of the Vologda Oblast with modern borders took place in 1937. However, in 1944, the Pavinsky and Vokhomsky districts passed into the possession of the Kostroma district. The total population is 1.1 million people. The city of Vologda is the administrative center. The indigenous people are Russians and Vepsians.

Municipalities of the region:

• areas with local government - 26;
• districts - 2;
• urban settlements - 22;
• villages - 322.

The most developed branches of industry are electric power industry and ferrous metallurgy.

The Northwestern Federal District includes 7 regions within its borders. Novgorodskaya takes the 6th place in terms of area with a size of 55.3 square meters. km. It was formed in 1944. However, already in 1956, the districts were redistributed, and the village councils of Dmitrovsky and Mozolevsky became subordinate to the Leningrad Region. The population is over 618 thousand people.

There are 3 cities in Novgorod Oblast regional significance. These are Veliky Novgorod - the administrative center, Borovichi and Staraya Russa.

1519 industrial complexes operate on the territory. Leading areas: woodworking, chemical, metallurgy.

most large area Russia, located in the European part, is Arkhangelsk (590 thousand sq. Km). Its dimensions can be compared with the areas of some countries, for example:

When separating Northern region in 1937 Arkhangelskaya was formed. According to current data for 2015, the population was almost 1.2 million people. The most important industrial sectors are concentrated in this area: shipbuilding, woodworking, pulp and paper production, diamond mining.