• · Brainstorm-- a stream of questions and answers, or suggestions and ideas for given topic, in which the analysis of correctness/incorrectness is performed after the assault. Read more about brainstorming on the lessons.
• · Clusters , comparison charts, puzzles-- Search keywords and problems on a specific mini-topic.
• · Interactive lesson using audio and video materials, ICT. For example, online tests, working with electronic textbooks, training programs, educational sites.
• · Round table(discussion, debate)- a group type of method that involves a collective discussion by students of a problem, proposals, ideas, opinions and a joint search for a solution.
• · business games(including role-playing, imitation, hole) - a fairly popular method that can be used even in primary school. During the game, students play the roles of participants in a particular situation, trying on different professions.
• · Aquarium- one of the varieties business game reminiscent of a reality show. In this case, the given situation is beaten by 2-3 participants. The rest observe from the outside and analyze not only the actions of the participants, but also the options and ideas proposed by them.
• · Project method-- self-development by students of a project on the topic and its defense.
• · barcamp, or anti-conference. The method was suggested by webmaster Tim O'Reilly. Its essence is that everyone becomes not only a participant, but also an organizer of the conference. All participants come up with new ideas, presentations, proposals on a given topic. The next step is to search for the most interesting ideas and their general discussion.

POPS formula, developed by law professor David McCoyd-Mason from South Africa, is an interactive technique feedback. Its components make it possible to disassemble educational problem, consolidate the material covered. Unlike test form control, in which chances, intuition or even luck are often present, given formula reveals more clearly existing gaps in the knowledge of students, and in essence.

This technique can be an excellent tool for building a discussion. It allows you to build your speech briefly, concisely, with reason, with all the relevant conclusions, which, of course, arouses interest among classmates and encourages them to a business dispute.

The POPS formula also becomes indispensable when preparing a responsible and “expensive” essay in terms of getting points while writing part C9 of the Unified State Examination in social studies. Having mastered its essence, graduates will be able to cope with such a task much easier.

The structure of the POPS formula contains 4 important components, which represent the decoding of the first letters of the given abbreviation and are necessary elements for constructing the text.

• · P- position. It is necessary to express your opinion on a given problem own opinion. To do this, you can use the following wording: "I believe that ...", "In my opinion, this problem deserves / does not deserve attention", "I agree with ...".
• · O- substantiation, explanation of one's position. Here it is necessary to give all possible arguments confirming your opinion. The answer should be justified, not empty words. It should touch upon points from the studied course or topic, disclose definitions and concepts. In this block, the main question is - why do you think so? And this means that it should be opened with the words "Because ..." or "Because ...".
• · P- examples. For clarity and confirmation of the understanding of your words, it is necessary to cite facts, and there must be at least three of them. This item reveals the ability of students to prove the correctness of their position in practice. Examples can be used as own experience, even far-fetched, and knowledge from the course of history or social science. The main thing is that they are persuasive. Speech turns used in this step - "For example ...", "I can prove this with an example ...".
• · With- consequence (judgment or conclusion). This block is final, it contains your final conclusions confirming the stated position. The beginning of sentences in it can be like this: "Thus ...", "Summing up ...", "Therefore ...", "Based on what has been said, I conclude that ...".

In such a speech, consisting of two to four sentences, you clearly state your position, give only one argument, but it is correctly formulated and illustrated, and in the conclusion you confirm the correctness of your judgment. At the same time, you do not have the opportunity to pronounce empty phrases and streamlined expressions. Speaking using the POPS formula is convenient to use not only in a situation where the time allotted for discussion is limited, but also when the task of the teacher is to teach the student to answer in essence, without using vague phrases and unclear judgments. It is also advisable to invite students to create a POPS formula that refutes the one already proposed by someone. interactive pops formula example

The POPS formula method correlates well with tasks that require the student to try himself as a teacher. Ability to identify the most characteristics studied phenomenon, process, structure, as well as apply the knowledge gained to solve new task especially relevant in our days, when student youth do not have sufficient erudition and vocabulary. Students often do not aim to identify causal relationships, that is, an emphasis on logical thinking shifted to algorithmic.

As you know, "Knowledge of some principles easily compensates for ignorance of some facts." But modern young people mainly draw knowledge from the Internet, which gives knowledge of only individual facts. That is, they know a lot of facts but do not know the mechanisms, principles, connections. Under these conditions, the teacher does not have the right to be only a source of information, but must be a navigator indicating goals and destinations. He must set the right vector, prioritize, form needs, a hierarchy of motives. All this can be achieved mainly through interactive methods training that form educational and cognitive competence, and subsequently professional competence.

Getting to know the POPS formula

Analyzing all my "pedagogical exploits", I cannot but say about the work in the group.

Small group work is one of the most popular strategies* as it gives all students (including shy ones) the opportunity to participate, practice collaboration, interpersonal skills (in particular, the ability to actively listen, develop a common opinion, resolve emerging disagreements). All this is often impossible in a large team. Work in small group- an integral part of many interactive methods*, such as mosaics, debates, public hearings, almost all types of imitations, etc.
When organizing group work, you should pay attention to the following aspects*. You need to make sure that students have the knowledge and skills necessary to complete the group task. Lack of knowledge will very soon make itself felt - students will not make efforts to complete the task. You should try to make your instructions as clear as possible. It is unlikely that the group will be able to absorb more than one or two, even very clear, instructions at a time, so the instructions should be written on the board and/or cards. Give the group enough time to complete the task.

While working on the article, I discovered something new for myself, which intrigued me.

* POPS formula

"This one is amazing in its potential. interactive reception, aimed at reflecting students, was created by law professor David McCoyd-Mason from South Africa. In English, it is written as follows: PRES-formula (Position-Reason-Explanation or Example-Summary). It was translated into Russian by Arkady Gutnikov, vice-president of the association “For civic education”, First Vice-Rector of the St. Petersburg Institute of Law.

As a result of the translation, the abbreviation POPS was obtained. The value of this technological technique lies in the fact that it allows students to briefly and comprehensively express their own position on the topic studied.

The teacher needs to know how well the class has learned new material. Polls independent work, tests take either a lot of time, or do not always allow assessing how fluent the student is in the material, how consciously he perceived it.

AT this case students are asked to write four sentences reflecting the following four points of the POPS - formulas:

P - position

O - explanation (or justification)

P - example

C - consequence (or judgment)

But this technique would not be technological, would not have completeness if we did not offer the beginning of sentences.

The first of the sentences (position) must begin with the words:

"I think that…".

The second sentence (explanation, justification of one's position) begins with the words:

"Because …".

The third sentence (focused on the ability to prove the correctness of one's position in practice) begins with the words:

"I can prove it with an example...".

And finally, the fourth sentence (consequence, judgment, conclusions) begins with the words:

“Based on this, I conclude that…”. material from the Internet)

However, I used it without calling it that. I organize reflection in a different form, like: I knew ..., I found out ..., I want to know ...

For high school students, I liked the POPS formula. She offers to become a co-author of a teacher in educational process.

Dictionary* (Wikipedia)

Strategy(from the Greek στρατηγία - "the art of the commander") a way to achieve a complex goal, later than any human activity at all.

Teaching method(from other Greek μέθοδος - path) - the process of interaction between the teacher and students, as a result of which the transfer and assimilation of knowledge, skills and abilities provided for by the content of training occurs

Aspect(from the Latin aspectus - appearance, appearance, sight, point of view) - one of the sides of the object in question, the way it is seen from a certain point of view. In addition, in a number special disciplines this word is used as a term:

Point of view(English point of view, POV) - life position, with which the subject evaluates the events taking place around him. The term comes from "from the point of view" - the place where the observer is located and on which the perspective he sees depends.

Resources used:

6. Wikipedia

7. Internet resource http://bioschool.narod.ru

The structure of the POPS formula contains 4 important components, which represent the decoding of the first letters of this abbreviation and are necessary elements for the implementation of the technique.

P - position. It is necessary to express your own opinion on the given problem. To do this, you can use the following wording: "I believe that ...", "In my opinion, this problem deserves / does not deserve attention", "I agree with ...".

O - justification, explanation of one's position. Here it is necessary to give all possible arguments confirming your opinion. The answer should be justified, not empty words. It should touch upon points from the studied course or topic, disclose definitions and concepts. In this block, the main question - why do you think so? And this means that it should be opened with the words "Because ..." or "Because ...".

P - examples. For clarity and confirmation of the understanding of your words, it is necessary to cite facts, and there must be at least three of them. This item reveals the ability of students to prove the correctness of their position in practice. As examples, you can use both your own experience, even far-fetched, and knowledge from the course of history or social science. The main thing is that they are persuasive. The phrases used in this step are "For example ...", "I can prove this with an example ...".

C - consequence (judgment or conclusion). This block is final, it contains your final conclusions confirming the stated position. The beginning of sentences in it can be like this: "Thus ...", "Summing up ...", "Therefore ...", "Based on what has been said, I conclude that ...".

Application of POPS

POPS - a formula developed by law professor David McCoyd-Mason from South Africa, is:

• interactive feedback. Its components allow you to analyze the educational problem, to consolidate the material covered. Unlike the test form of control, in which chances, intuition, or even luck are often present, this formula reveals more clearly existing gaps in the knowledge of students, and in essence.
• This technique can be an excellent tool for building a discussion. It allows you to build your speech briefly, concisely, with reason, with all the relevant conclusions, which, of course, arouses interest among classmates and encourages them to a business dispute.

1. History lesson on the topic "Russia in the second half of the 19th century."

In my opinion, the abolition of serfdom in Russia was inevitable.

Because it impeded the development of all spheres of society.

As evidence, there bright examples. First, Russia lagged far behind other world powers in terms of the standard of living of the population. Secondly, Russia shamefully lost the Crimean War.

Thus, I conclude that this reform was vital. She played big role in the history of Russia, giving a powerful impetus to the great transformations in the 60s of the 19th century.

2. Fragment of an essay about the statement of J. Zhores.

“Revolution is a barbaric way of progress” (J. Jaurès).

I agree with Jean Jaurès. A way of developing a society based on violence and having tragic consequences for its people cannot be civilized.

Because, firstly, the natural course of history is violated. And secondly, revolutions carry terrible death doom the nations to fratricidal wars break fates. And often they do not end in a few days.

As an example, it suffices to recall 5 years of government as a result of the Great French Revolution or 72 years of human life as a result October revolution in Russia. Also impressive discoveries and methods revolutionary eras- guillotine, repression that claimed many lives. But in the end, after any revolution, society returns in its development back to the stage that was forcibly interrupted.

Therefore, Jaures is certainly right. Humanity must choose for itself evolutionary path development. And social progress through violence is peculiar only to barbarians, but not to a society striving for the ideas of democracy and peace.

1. Choice of utterance

Choosing phrases for an essay you must be sure that

You know the basic concepts of the basic science to which it refers;

Clearly understand the meaning of the statement;

You can express your own opinion (fully or partially agree with the statement or refute it);

You know the social science terms necessary for a competent justification of a personal position on theoretical level(at the same time, the terms and concepts used must clearly correspond to the topic of the essay and not go beyond it);

Can you give examples from social practice, history, literature, as well as personal life experience to validate your own opinion.

2. Defining the problem of utterance
For more clear wording problems suggest list possible wording problems that occur most often:

The main problems of basic social sciences and humanities

Philosophy Correlation of matter and consciousness. Space and time as forms of being. Movement and development as ways of existence. The problem of the essence of consciousness. Features of the human psyche. Relationship between the conscious and the unconscious. The infinity of the process of cognition. The question of the cognizability of the world: agnosticism and gnosticism. The ratio of the subject and object of knowledge. The ratio of sensory experience and rational thinking, their main forms. Intuition and its role in cognition. Truth and its criteria. Relative and absolute truth. Empirical and theoretical levels of scientific knowledge. Interaction of nature and society. Ecological problem and ways to solve it. material and spiritual sides public life, their ratio. Relationship between individual and society. The ratio of freedom and responsibility of the individual. culture as transformative activity the person as a whole. Multivariance of social development. essence of civilization. Basic approaches to the study of society. Social Progress, its criteria and main stages. Spiritual life of society. public consciousness, its structure and forms. Science as a form of social consciousness. aesthetic consciousness. Philosophical understanding art. Religion as a form of culture, a type of worldview. Moral consciousness. Philosophical understanding of morality. The main global problems of mankind and possible ways their decisions. Information revolution as the most important component of scientific and technological revolution. Role populace and personalities in history. Globalization of public life. Social Psychology interpersonal communication, its essence and tasks to be solved. Essence and barriers interpersonal communication and possible options their elimination. intrapersonal conflict- conflict social roles one man. Interaction, communication of people, building their relationships. Psychological climate team. Man among people. Essential characteristics small group. The relationship between the individual and the group. Features of the formation of groups. Roles, norms and status of the individual. Self-control as a correlation of one's behavior with the norms of society or a group. Self-determination as a choice own position. The mismatch between the claims and capabilities of people. The relationship of the main spheres of socialization of the individual. national identity. Social interaction. The value of the communication process. The essence of social conflict. The relationship between the individual and the team. Sources social progress. Social development. Family relationships. Conflict between fathers and sons. The essence of the crowd and the herd instinct. Socio-psychological portrait of a leader. Family relationships. The system of organizational, socio-economic, psychological, moral and legal solutions that ensure the effective realization of the possibilities of the individual in society and the group. Economics The contradiction between limited resources and limitless human needs. The problem of economic choice. Factors of production and their importance in the economy. Labor as a kind of activity and an economic resource. Capital as an economic resource. intellectual capital as main source formation of competitive advantages in economic activity. Factors that determine the productivity and competitiveness of production in the modern economy. The essence and functions of money in the economy. Resource efficiency. Meaning public division labor. The two sides of the social division of labor are specialization and cooperation. The benefits of social cooperation of labor: teamwork, learning by doing and comparative advantage. Efficiency in the allocation of available resources. The role of trade in the development of society. Incentives and production efficiency. Justice in the distribution of social benefits. The essence of market relations. The role of the state in regulating the economy. Sociology The ratio of objective and subjective factors influencing social processes. The role of spiritual and material values ​​in people's lives. Social inequalities and wrestling. Preservation of the stability of public life. Progressive change (progress) in the organization of society. Patterns of differentiation of male and female social roles. Historically established unequal relationship between men and women. specific qualities of the city. social nature knowledge, thinking, activities of society. Information transfer processes between social groups. Youth as a social community. Features of the socialization of the coming generations. Features of youth lifestyle. Formation of life plans, goals and value orientations. social mobility. Fulfillment of various social roles. Science as social institution. Social features Sciences. Education as a social institution, its functions in society and the relationship with other social institutions. Interaction of religion and society. Family as a social institution and a small group. The structure and functions of the family, patterns of family behavior. Man's attitude to work, his social activity. The impact of globalization on local life. Influence national factors on the social structure and migration of the population. national identity. Trends in interethnic relations. Interethnic conflicts. National features value orientations and stereotypes of behavior. Political science Political system society and its role in society. The place and role of the state in the political system of society. parties and social movements in the political system of society. Features of modern political relations. Subjects of policy. Global politics and international relations. Types of human attitude to politics. Regulation of political behavior and political activity. The ratio of ends and means in politics. Political progress and its criteria. Correlation between economics, politics and law. Essence and features political power. The nature and functions of political power. Legitimacy of political power and its types. Political regime: concept and signs. The essence of a democratic regime. authoritarian regime. Totalitarian regime. Political system of society: concept, functions and structure. Origin of the State. Essence and signs of the state. state sovereignty. State power as special variety social power. The form of the state and its elements. Relationship between society and the state. Civil society: concept, structure, signs. Correlation and interrelation of the state and law. Legal state: concept and principles. Separation of powers as a principle rule of law. State and individual: mutual responsibility. The concept, functions, types and structure of political parties. party systems. Socio-political movements, pressure groups. political relations. political pluralism. The essence and structure of the political process. Revolution and reform as types of political transformations. Political modernization. Uprising, revolt, rebellion, putsch as types of political process. Political campaigns: their strategy and tactics. Populism: concept and features. Direct and representative democracy. Political decision. Essence and functions of political leadership. Political consciousness: concept, structure, functions. The role of ideology in politics. Political culture: concept and structure, types. Interaction of the individual, society and the state. The functioning of political norms, values, expectations, orientations and aspirations inherent in various social groups. Interaction of the institution of law with other social institutions. Jurisprudence Law as a regulator of public life. social value rights. Essence and specific features states. The political system and the role of the state in it. Law and morality: similarities and differences. Law-making: principles, types, law-making process. The mechanism for the implementation of fundamental rights, freedoms and duties of the individual. State and civil society. The concept, signs of a social state. Legal nihilism and ways to overcome it. Offenses: concepts, signs and composition. Types of offenses. The essence of legal responsibility. Legal culture.

After formulating the problem, it is necessary to indicate urgency of the problem in modern conditions. To do this, you can use cliché phrases:
This problem is up-to-date in...

...globalization public relations;

...formation of a single information, educational, economic space;

... exacerbations global problems modernity;

...special controversial nature scientific discoveries and inventions;

... the development of international integration;

...modern market economy;

...development and overcoming the global economic crisis;

... rigid differentiation of society;

...open social structure modern society;

...formation of the rule of law;

... overcoming the spiritual, moral crisis;

...dialogue of cultures;

...the need to preserve their own identity, traditional spiritual values.

To the problem you need return periodically throughout the essay writing process. This is necessary in order to correctly reveal its content, and also not to accidentally go beyond the scope of the problem and not get carried away by reasoning that is not related to the meaning of this statement (this is one of the most common mistakes in many exam essays).

3. Formulation of the main idea of ​​the statement
Next, you need to reveal the meaning of the statement, but you should not repeat the statement verbatim. In this case, you can use the following clichés:

"The meaning of this statement is that..."

4. Determining your position on the statement
Here you can agree with the author completely, can partially, refuting certain part statements, or argue with the author, expressing the opposite opinion. In this case, you can use cliché phrases:

“Let me disagree with the author’s opinion that ...”

“In part, I adhere to the author’s point of view about ..., but with ... I cannot agree”

“Have you thought about the fact that ...?”

5-6. Argumentation of one's own opinion
Next, you should justify your own opinion on this issue. To do this, it is necessary to select arguments (evidence), that is, to recall the basic terms, theoretical provisions.
Argumentation should be carried out at two levels:
1. Theoretical level- its basis is social science knowledge (concepts, terms, contradictions, directions of scientific thought, interconnections, as well as the opinions of scientists, thinkers).
2. Empirical level - There are two options here:
a) using examples from history, literature and events in society;
b) appeal to personal experience.

When selecting facts, examples from public life and personal social experience, mentally answer yourself the following questions:
1. Do they support my opinion?
2. Could they be interpreted differently?
3. Do they contradict my thesis?
4. Are they persuasive?
The proposed form will allow you to strictly control the adequacy of the arguments presented and prevent "going off topic".

7. Conclusion
Finally, we need to formulate a conclusion. The conclusion should not coincide verbatim with the judgment given for justification: it brings together in one or two sentences, the main ideas of the arguments and sums up the reasoning, confirming the correctness or incorrectness of the judgment that was the topic of the essay.
To formulate a problematic conclusion, cliché phrases can be used:
“Thus, we can conclude ...”
"Summing common feature I would like to point out that…”

Essay design

It must be remembered that the essay short essay, which is notable for its semantic unity. Therefore, a coherent text is compiled, linking words are used attention is paid correct spelling of social science terms.
Essay text is desirable break into paragraphs, each of which will express a separate idea. In this case, the red line must be observed.
Finished essay should be reviewed against the criteria used to evaluate performance (see above).

Besides, added value essay is to include in it

Brief information about the author of the statement (for example, "outstanding French philosopher-educator", "great Russian thinker Silver Age”, “famous existentialist philosopher”, “founder idealistic direction in philosophy, etc.);

Descriptions various points perspective on a problem or different approaches to her decision;

Indication of the ambiguity of the concepts and terms used with the rationale for the meaning in which they are used in the essay;

Instructions for alternative options problem solving.

Graduate work requirements

With all the variety of approaches to the technology of writing an essay on social science, a number of requirements can be identified that, in any case, must be met:

2) compliance of the content of the essay with the stated problem;

3) highlighting and disclosure in the essay of the main aspects of the problem, which the author of the statement points to;

4) aspects of the problem must be disclosed in a given scientific context;

5) a clear definition of the position of the student, his attitude to the problem, to the opinion of the author of the statement;

6) substantiation of one's own position at the theoretical level;

7) reinforcement of the given theoretical provisions meaningful facts of social life, social behavior, personal experience;

8) the logic of the graduate's reasoning;

9) the absence of social science (essential, terminological) and other (factual, logical, ethical) errors;

10) compliance of the essay with the requirements of the genre and the norms of the Russian language.

To social studies essay no hard requirements. It depends on many factors: the complexity of the topic, the level of training of the student, the way of thinking of the graduate, the availability of time. The main attention is paid to the quality of work, the adequacy and completeness of the disclosure of the problem.

The main mistakes and shortcomings in the work of graduates

An analysis of the work of graduates allows us to highlight some typical mistakes which are allowed on various stages essay writing.

When formulating the problem and the meaning of the author's statement:

1) On the one hand, misunderstanding and inability to isolate the problem of utterance is associated with a lack of knowledge on basic science to which the quote refers, and on the other hand, with an attempt to fit known issues considered in the lessons, in previously written, read, that is, finished essays.

2) The inability to formulate the problem is often associated with the lack of a developed vocabulary and terminology in basic social sciences.

3) The inability to formulate the meaning of the author's statement is associated with a misunderstanding or misunderstanding of its content, lack of necessary social science knowledge.

4) Substitution of the problem by the author's position - due to the fact that the student does not see the difference between them. The problem is the theme of the author's reasoning. It is always broad, it provides for several opinions, positions, often completely opposite to each other. The essence or meaning of the author's statement is his personal answer to the question posed, one of several existing in science or social thought.

When expressing and arguing one's own position:

1. The absence of arguments is due to the student's ignorance or ignoring the requirements for an essay on social science, its structure.

2. The graduate's argument only repeats the statement.

3. Errors in operations with concepts: unjustified expansion or narrowing of the meaning of the concept under consideration, substitution of concepts.

4. Errors in working with information caused by the inability to analyze social experience. Often the examples given by graduates are weakly related to the situation under consideration (the connection is either not traceable or superficial and does not reflect significant points).

5. Uncritical perception social information from media reports, the Internet. As a result, unverified facts, untenable or provocative claims, and biased assessments are often used by graduates as evidence in essays.

6. The predominance of a one-sided view of social phenomena, inability to identify and build cause-and-effect relationships.

For convenience, on a draft, you can make a table with the main ideas, for example:

Examples for working with utterance

1. Quote	“A person has freedom of choice, because otherwise advice, exhortations, edifications, rewards and punishments would be meaningless.” (F. Aquinas)
	The problem of conscious regulation of people's behavior is relevant in the conditions of modern society, characterized by increased interdependence and interconnection of people with each other.
3. The meaning of the statement	Thomas Aquinas considers the main manifestation of the consciousness of human behavior to be the ability of a person to determine his behavior in accordance with personal free choice. The author is sure that only in this case he should be responsible for his actions, only then social sanctions make sense and are able to influence the individual.
	Ways of conscious regulation of human behavior. Freedom and responsibility in human behavior. The limits within which the choice is made. Role social sanctions in the formation certain type behavior of people in society.
5. Examples	1. A soldier executing an order is not responsible for his actions if he is on duty, since he does not have freedom of choice. 2. An insane mentally ill person in force mental disorder unable to do conscious choice behavior, therefore the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation does not consider him as a subject of a crime and does not provide for his criminal liability.

1. Quote	“Nature creates man, but society develops and shapes him.” (V.G. Belinsky)
2. The problem raised by the author, its relevance	The problem of the biosocial essence of man, the mechanisms of socialization.
3. The meaning of the statement	The author claims that a person has a dual essence, which includes biological basis and social component. Belinsky defines the leading role of society in the formation of the individual.
4. For argumentation at the theoretical level, it is necessary to disclose theses and concepts:	Man is a living organism, biological needs, biologically inherited traits. The concept of socialization, its stages, mechanisms, directions. agents of socialization. Role social control in the formation of personality.
5. Examples	1. Prolonged lack of sleep in a person destroys his ability to cognitive activity, to appropriate behavior, self-control. 2. The facts of the existence of Mowgli children.

1. Quote	"Where the great sages have power, the subjects do not notice their existence." (Lao Tzu)
2. The problem raised by the author, its relevance	The problem of the nature of the relationship between the state and citizens, the degree of legitimacy of state power is relevant in the conditions of modern political processes occurring in the world.
3. The meaning of the statement	The author argues that the degree of respect and readiness of the population to obey the state power depend primarily on personal qualities rulers, their professionalism, means and methods of influencing society.
4. For argumentation at the theoretical level, it is necessary to disclose theses and concepts:	What qualities do rulers have - great sages? Under what conditions government does not irritate society? The state must express the interests of the whole society so that there are no oppressed. It must implement the principle of social justice. The predominant method should be persuasion, not coercion. Moral, moral character rulers, their devotion to the cause, strict observance of the law.
5. Examples	1. Implementation of the idea social partnership in contemporary Sweden, Denmark, Austria, based on the consent and mutual responsibility of business, government, employees. Denmark has the highest taxes in the world, and the inhabitants of this country consider themselves the most happy people. 2. The opposite example is Nazi Germany: Hitler's discriminatory, aggressive policy led to a split in German society, numerous victims and the collapse of the state, which placed a heavy burden on the shoulders of ordinary citizens.

1. Quote	"The freedom of one person ends where the freedom of another begins." (M. Bakunin)
2. The problem raised by the author, its relevance	The problem of individual freedom in society is relevant in the context of the formation of a rule of law state.
3. The meaning of the statement	The author claims that absolute freedom cannot exist in society.
4. For argumentation at the theoretical level, it is necessary to disclose theses and concepts:	The concept of freedom. Limits of freedom. Freedom and responsibility. Social guarantees freedom. Law as a restrictor of freedom in a legal state.
5. Examples	1. The right to listen to loud music, engage in creative work (the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation introduces a restriction until 23.00) should not interfere with the exercise of the right to rest of other people. 2. The freedom of an entrepreneur in the field of food production is limited by the requirements for compliance with certain sanitary standards established by law.

1. Quote	"Culture is the inevitable path of man and humanity." (N. Berdyaev)
2. The problem raised by the author, its relevance	The problem of culture as a set of means and ways of transforming the world by man and all the results of this transformation. OR The problem of spiritual culture as a way to realize the creative needs and abilities of a person. Aspect of cultural continuity as a way of preserving and developing mankind.
3. The meaning of the statement	The author argues that society cannot exist without creating culture.
4. For argumentation at the theoretical level, it is necessary to disclose theses and concepts:	The concept of culture in a broad and narrow sense the words. Types of culture: individual, collective. Typology of culture: folk, mass, elite. The problem of the dialogue of cultures. The role of culture in shaping the individual's personality.
5. Examples	1. A schoolgirl writes poetry, paints - she contributes to culture. 2. Manifestations of youth subcultures (emo, goths, punks).

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