One of the biggest geographical regions on the map of Russia is the Urals. His territorial location includes the West and East Siberian equals, which are located on both sides of the Ural mountain system. southern border region by territorial division is part of the Ural River basin, which is in the Caspian Sea.
Region population
In the list of all large areas Russian Federation, it is the Urals that ranks second in terms of population. This figure today is about 20.4 million. Changes in this indicator increase every year, which is due to the active development of the industrial activity of the region.
Distribution over a vast area of the region local residents occurs unevenly even at an average density of 24.8 people / km 2. most populated administrative unit according to statistics is the Chelyabinsk region, in it for 1 square. meter is home to 41 people. The lowest rates were recorded in the Kurgan region, where there are 15.7 people per 1 km2.
Of the total population, about 75% are urban residents, such statistics are due to the result industrial development region. The largest cities in the Urals, with a population of more than 1 million, are 4 settlements: Ufa, Chelyabinsk, Perm and Yekaterinburg. The region is inhabited by people of many nationalities. The largest national group is occupied by the Russians, slightly inferior in number to the Tatars. In the northwest of the Urals there are Udmurts, Permians, Komi, and also Bashkirs.
Industry of the Urals
The presence of rich mineral deposits and other advantages geographical features the territory of the Ural Territory, allowed this region to make a significant contribution to the metallurgical, petrochemical, machine-building and other industrial complexes of Russia.
Ferrous metallurgy
The most developed and oldest industry in the region is ferrous metallurgy, whose products account for more than 20% of the entire industrial output of the Urals. If we consider specific gravity Ural Territory in the Russian Federation in terms of ore mining, it is about 21%, but the production of pig iron and the manufacture of rolled metal, and even more, about 40%. Production volumes cannot provide raw materials for many large manufacturing enterprises full cycle, such as Novotroitsky, Nizhnee-Tagilsky, Magnitogorsk and Chelyabinsk metallurgical plants. Therefore, the supply of the missing volume of ore to these enterprises is carried out from Kazakhstan.
Ferrous metallurgy of the Urals is an industrial sector that is mainly export-oriented.
mechanical engineering
This industry of the Urals annually gives 17% finished products out of the total across the country. More than 150 machine-building enterprises are operating and actively expanding in the region. large enterprises. The largest of them are: "Uralmash", "Uralelektorotyazhmash" and others.
As for the enterprises whose activities are aimed at the production of transport engineering, there are also quite a lot of them. The most productive in this direction is the Chelyabinsk region, where trucks, wagons, as well as different kinds road specialized equipment: auto-faders, bulldozers and even wagons. In general, the range of engineering products is quite large, which allows not only in full meet the needs within the country, but also export a significant part of the goods to neighboring countries.
Fuel and energy complex
It rightfully occupies an honorable third place in the country in terms of electricity production. More than 90% of all enterprises of the fuel and energy complex are thermal stations, there are also two large state district power plants and only one Beloyarsk nuclear power plant.
The oil refining industry is a little less developed in the region, it is represented by several large oil refineries located in Orsk, Ufa, Perm and other cities. The gas production branch in the industry is most developed in Orenburg, where the largest gas chemical complex in the Urals is located. But coal mining in the region is rapidly declining due to low profitability.
Big role in the industry of the Urals, the chemical industry and the timber complex also play. They are represented by many enterprises located throughout the region.
Agriculture in the Urals
Importance agro-industrial complex for the economy of the Urals, is indisputable. After all, about 15% of the country's agricultural products come from the Urals. Special attention region focused on grain growing, most in which it occupies the cultivation of spring wheat.
As for other branches of agriculture, fertile lands The Urals give excellent indicators of the yield of vegetables. Animal husbandry is also well developed, which provides about 15% of dairy and meat products.
Initially, the Urals were populated by newcomers from Siberia and the southeastern regions. Then, in the process of settling the vast Eurasian expanses, representatives of different civilizations (European and Asian) settled on its territory. These were the tribes of Finns, Ugric peoples, Scythians, Arabs, Bulgars, Turks, and others. The Russians appeared here only in the 11th century.
Now the Urals is one of the most multinational regions of Russia, although Russians form the basis of this motley ethnic composition(more than 80%). Significant groups of the population form the Bashkirs and Udmurts in their republics, and the share of Ukrainians is also high.
Due to the multinationality in the Urals, several religions still coexist. Various pagan cults were practiced among the Ugric population. Among the peoples of the northern and southern Urals who had the most close relations with the Russian state, Christianity became the dominant religion. The south of the region gravitated towards Volga Bulgaria, therefore, here, from time immemorial, Muslim traditions are strong.
Peoples of the Turkic group who profess Islam live in Bashkiria: Bashkirs (22% of the population of the republic), Tatars (28%).
Udmurts live in Udmurtia. These are the people of the Finno-Ugric group. Old names of the people (Aryans, Aryans, Vedas, Otyaks, Votyaks). Udmurts are the second largest people in the republic (33%), Russians make up 59% of the population.
National composition: Russians - 10.24 million (82.74%), Tatars - 636 thousand (5.14%), Ukrainians - 355 thousand (2.87%), Bashkirs - 266 thousand (2.15%), Germans - 81 thousand (0.65%), Belarusians - 79 thousand (0.64%), Kazakhs - 74 thousand (0.6%), Azerbaijanis - 66 thousand (0.54%). in Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamal-Nenets districts about 5% of the population are the indigenous peoples of the North - Khanty, Mansi, Nenets, Selkups.
The population of the Ural region is over 20 million people. Average density- 25 people/km², but residents are distributed very unevenly: from 5 people/km² in Komi-Permyatsky autonomous region up to 100 people/km² and more in the industrial regions of the Middle Urals. The majority of the population lives in Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Perm regions Bashkortostan.
The Ural population is growing slowly. The natural increase in the region is negative. The outflow of the population to other regions of the country is significant. The main reasons for migration are severe climatic conditions, underdevelopment social infrastructure, rising unemployment, difficulty in finding employment for women, catastrophic ecological situation. Only in last years due to the outflow of the Russian population from the states Central Asia the number of people entering the area began to exceed the number of people leaving it. Mostly young people leave the region. Therefore, the population of the Urals is aging from year to year.
The administrative center is the city of Yekaterinburg, with a population of about 1.3 million people. Population density - 7 people per km²; 80.1% of the population lives in cities. The Okrug belongs to the urbanized regions, 80% of its population are city dwellers. Most a high degree Urbanization characterized Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions. highest density population differs between the central and southern parts federal district, where the density reaches 42 people per km².
The Urals is known as a multinational region with a rich culture based on ancient traditions. Not only Russians live here (who began to actively populate the Urals from the 17th century), but also Bashkirs, Tatars, Komi, Mansi, Nenets, Mari, Chuvashs, Mordvins and others.
The appearance of man in the Urals
The first man appeared in the Urals about 100 thousand years ago. It is possible that this happened earlier, but no finds associated with more early period, scientists are not yet available. The oldest Paleolithic site primitive man was discovered in the area of Lake Karabalykty, not far from the village of Tashbulatovo, Abzelilovsky District, Republic of Bashkortostan.
Archaeologists O.N. Bader and V.A. Oborin - famous researchers Urals - they say that ordinary Neanderthals were the great-proto-Urals. It has been found that people this territory moved from Central Asia. For example, in Uzbekistan, a whole skeleton of a Neanderthal boy was found, the time of whose life fell just on the first exploration of the Urals. Anthropologists recreated the appearance of a Neanderthal, which was taken as the appearance of the Urals during the period of settlement of this territory.
Ancient people were not able to survive alone. Danger lay in wait for them at every step, and the capricious nature of the Urals now and then showed its obstinate disposition. Only mutual assistance and care for each other helped the primitive man to survive. The main activity of the tribes was the search for food, so absolutely everyone was involved, including children. Hunting, fishing, gathering are the main ways to get food.
Successful hunting meant a lot to the whole tribe, so people sought to propitiate nature through complex rituals. Rites were performed before the image of certain animals. Evidence of this are the surviving rock paintings, including unique monument- Shulgan-tash cave, located on the banks of the Belaya (Agidel) river in the Burzyansky district of Bashkortostan.
Inside the cave looks like an amazing palace with huge halls connected by wide corridors. The total length of the first floor is 290 m. The second floor is 20 m above the first and stretches for 500 m in length. Corridors lead to a mountain lake.
It is on the walls of the second floor that unique drawings of primitive man, created with the help of ocher, have been preserved. Here are figures of mammoths, horses and rhinos. The pictures indicate that the artist saw all this fauna in close proximity.
Mari (Cheremis)
The Mari (Mari) or Cheremis are a Finno-Ugric people. Settled in Bashkiria, Tatarstan, Udmurtia. There are Mari villages in Sverdlovsk region. How ethnic community developed by the 2nd half of the 1st millennium AD. An important role in the ethnogenesis of this people was played by the neighboring tribes of the Udmurts and Mordovians. After the defeat of the Volga Bulgaria by the Mongol-Tatars, the Mari began to move to the northeast, pushing the Udmurts to the upper reaches of the Vyatka River.
They were first mentioned in the 6th century by the Gothic historian Jordanes under the name "oremiscano". The Tatars called this people "cheremysh", which meant "obstacle". Before the start of the revolution in 1917, the Mari, as a rule, were called Cheremis or Cheremis, but then given word was deemed offensive and removed from use. Now this name is returning again, especially in the scientific world.
Udmurts
The formation of the ancient Udmurts happened as a result of a mixture of Finno-Permian and Ugric peoples in the 9th century AD The ancestors of the Udmurts were formed in the interfluve of the Volga and Kama rivers. They left two large groups: southern (they lived on the right bank of the lower reaches of the Kama River and the tributaries of the Vyatka - Vale and Kilmezi) and northern (they appeared as a result of resettlement to Vyatka, Cheptsa and the Upper Kama region after the Mongol-Tatar invasion in the 13th century). The main city of the Udmurts was, apparently, Idnakar - a fortified craft, trade and administrative center.
The ancestors of the northern Udmurts were representatives of the Chepetsk culture of the 9th-15th centuries, and the southern Udmurts - of the Chumoitly and Kochergin cultures. According to historians, to XVI century the number of Udmurts did not exceed 3.5-4 thousand people.
Nagaibaki
There are several versions of the origin of this nation. According to one of them, they may be descendants of Naiman warriors, Turks who were Christians. Nagaybaks are representatives ethnographic group baptized Tatars Volga-Ural region. It's indigenous small people RF. Nagaybak Cossacks participated in all large-scale battles of the 18th century. Live in the Chelyabinsk region.
Tatars
Tatars are the second largest people of the Urals (after Russians). Most Tatars live in Bashkiria (about 1 million). There are many completely Tatar villages in the Urals. Significant migrations of the Volga Tatars to the Urals were observed in the 18th century.
Agafurovs - in the past one of the most famous merchants of the Urals among the Tatars
Culture of the peoples of the Urals
The culture of the peoples of the Urals is quite unique and original. Until the Urals went to Russia, many local peoples did not have their own written language. However, over time, these same peoples knew not only their own language, but also Russian.
The amazing legends of the peoples of the Urals are full of bright, mysterious plots. As a rule, the action is associated with caves and mountains, various treasures.
Not to mention the unrivaled craftsmanship and imagination folk craftsmen. The products of masters from the Ural minerals are widely known. They can be seen in leading museums in Russia.
The region is also known for wood and bone carvings. Wooden roofs of traditional houses, laid without the use of nails, are decorated with carved "skates" or "chickens". It is customary for the Komi to install wooden figures of birds near the house on separate poles. There is such a thing as "Permian animal style". What are the ancient figurines worth mythical creatures, cast in bronze, found during excavations.
Kasli casting is also famous. These are amazing in their sophistication creations made of cast iron. Masters created the most beautiful candelabra, figurines, sculptures and jewelry. This direction gained prestige in the European market.
A strong tradition is the desire to have a family and love for children. For example, the Bashkirs, like other peoples of the Urals, revere the elders, so the main family members are grandparents. The descendants know by heart the names of the ancestors of seven generations.
Ural Economic Region (UER)
The national composition of the population. Human Resources
Ural is a multinational region of the Russian Federation. Russians make up the largest group of the population and live in all regions. Tatars are the second largest group. Komi, Komi-Permyaks, Udmurts live in the northwest, Bashkirs live in the southwest. As part of the Ural economic region The Republic of Bashkortostan, the Republic of Udmurtia, and the Komi-Permyatsky Autonomous Okrug in the Perm Region.
The population as of January 1, 2013 is 20.5 million people. Currently, there are 140 cities in the UER, where about 75% of the population lives. This is one of the most high performance around the country. Four cities - Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, Ufa, Perm have a population of over 1 million people. The largest urban agglomerations formed around these cities, concentrating 34% of the population of the Urals and occupying about 10% of its territory. The most urbanized are the Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions, where 87 and 83% of the population live in cities and urban-type settlements, respectively. The population density is high - 24.8 people / km 2, while the Chelyabinsk region and Udmurtia are the most densely populated.
There is a natural population decline in the area. In general, the growth of the population in the WER is unstable and is mainly due to migration processes. The mortality rate is high, especially in working age. The most significant reduction in life expectancy is in Udmurtia. In industrial regions, life expectancy is lower than in regions with a higher proportion rural population.
The Urals has a skilled workforce, especially in heavy industries. The labor resources of the WER are distinguished by a high level of general education and vocational training. This is one of the reasons more high performance labor compared to the national average. The industrial population predominates in the region. Regional economy: Tutorial/ A.L. Poltarykhin, I.N. Sychev. - M.: Alfa-M: NITs INFRA-M, 2014, pp. 294-295.
West Siberian economic region
Demographic situation in the area. National composition of the population, problems of the peoples of the North. Labor resources, problems of their rational use
The population is the main productive force of the West Siberian economic region. The most densely populated is a relatively narrow strip along the Trans-Siberian railway line(20 people / km 2) and the Kemerovo region - more than 33 people / km 2. In the north of the region, the population density is decreasing: in Tomsk region up to 3 people / km 2, in Tyumen region up to 2.5 people / km 2. The region has two largest cities, in which the population exceeds one million people - Novosibirsk and Omsk. In the most urbanized Kemerovo region(26% of the urban population of the district) cities are concentrated mainly along railway from Yurga to Tashtagol. In connection with the development of oil and gas resources urban population Tyumen region has increased. Surgut and Nizhnevartovsk became large industrial hubs. Grow and develop new cities such as New Urengoy, Nadym, Nefteyugansk, Noyabrsk, etc. For the development of the oil and gas complex, labor was attracted from other regions of the country, especially from Tataria, Bashkiria and Azerbaijan (about 1 million people).
Almost 91% of the district's population are Russians. From other nationalities, Ukrainians (5%), Altaians, Nenets, Khanty, Mansi, etc. live here.
AT national economy The district employs almost 8.2 million people. (85% of the able-bodied population), in material production - 5.6 million people. (70%), in the non-manufacturing sector - 2.4 million people. (thirty%). In 1995 in industry Western Siberia 33% of workers and employees were employed, in agriculture- 12%, in transport and communications - 10%, in construction - 15%. In connection with the transition to market relations, unemployment appeared in the region. According to official data, the number of unemployed in 1995 amounted to 320 thousand people. (4% of the total number of people employed in the national economy of the region), but if we take into account that in many enterprises workers are employed part-time and are forced to take vacations at their own expense for 3-4 months a year, then, according to preliminary estimates, the number of unemployed is 440 thousand people. (5.5%).
Western Siberia has a high labor turnover. It is 1.25 times higher than the national average. The main reasons for staff turnover are the insufficient development of social infrastructure and the relatively low wage in the non-manufacturing sectors, which does not allow to cover the additional costs of people's livelihoods associated with harsh climatic conditions.
More than 19 million people live in the Urals - more than 8% of the total population of Russia. Since the time of its settlement by Russians, i.e. over the course of four centuries, several million inhabitants moved to the Urals. The largest migration waves were in the 18th century, when tens of thousands of families of serfs and craftsmen were resettled to the Urals to work at metallurgical plants, and in the second half of the 19th century. after the abolition of serfdom. In 1913, more than 10 million people lived in the Urals. Fled from serfdom or forcibly transported to the Urals residents of the central provinces, and in post-reform period- the so-called free migrants, crushed by want and lack of dole, constituted the main contingent of migrants in the pre-revolutionary past.
AT Soviet years migration to the Urals did not decrease. During the years of socialist industrialization, the Urals showed a huge demand for labor. between the 1926 and 1939 censuses. the population of the Urals increased annually by an average of almost 2.5% A large influx of residents was during the Great Patriotic War in connection with the evacuation western regions hundreds of factories and factories. Total population population of the Urals over the years Soviet power almost doubled, while the national average during this time it increased by 46%. Average age population of the Urals is lower than the national average.
The resettlement in the post-revolutionary period entailed not only an increase in the population, but also its redistribution across the territory of the Urals. The bulk of the inhabitants who arrived in the Urals during the years of socialist construction were absorbed by the cities of the Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions, where large-scale industrial construction was underway at that time. Their population compared to pre-revolutionary time increased by more than 3 times. At the same time, the area of the most dense settlement expanded, covering the South and part of Northern Urals, where powerful industrial centers arose (Serovsko-Karpinsky, Magnitogorsk, Orsk-Mednogorsk).
population and labor resources Ural
The development of virgin and fallow lands, the involvement in the industrial exploitation of new deposits of minerals and forest resources led to a certain shift of the population to the outlying areas. AT post-war period population growth rates were higher than the average Urals in the south-eastern and north- eastern regions Ural. In recent years, the flow of new settlers has significantly decreased. The population growth in the Urals is now occurring almost exclusively due to natural increase. AT individual years there was even some outflow of the population to other parts of the country.
Features of the settlement of the Urals, its position on the routes of movement of ancient peoples to the west, and in more late time- on the migration routes to the east, extremely diverse natural conditions and resources identified partial variegation national composition local population. Here they found their usual living conditions and economic activity inhabitants of the taiga and steppe regions, natives of their harsh north and sultry south, farmers central regions and nomads of the Central Asian deserts. The most mixed population is in the Cis-Urals.
Representatives of several dozen nationalities live in the Urals. The areas of their settlement are intertwined and form a motley mosaic. Very ethnically mixed population of the Ural cities and many rural settlements. The most numerous in the Urals are Russians, Tatars, Bashkirs, Udmurts, Komisco - rural livestock settlements. The size of the villages increases as you move south. The number of inhabitants in some of them reaches several thousand people. At the same time, the population density is decreasing. Many settlements developed along the ancient routes, especially along the Siberian route. In the past, their population was engaged in carting. Now these are predominantly agricultural villages and villages, differing from neighboring settlements only in that they are stretched out.
The main features of the distribution of the population of the Urals is determined by the geography of industry. The mining Urals, the most industrially developed part of the Urals, has the highest population density. The Cis-Urals, and especially the flat Trans-Urals, are much less populated. Population density also varies greatly between northern and southern regions. Udmurtia and Chelyabinsk region are especially densely populated, and Orenburg and Kurgan region. In the mining part of the Urals, almost the entire population is concentrated along the eastern and western foothills, and the group location of cities has led to extremely high density population in industrial sites. Here it reaches several hundred people per square kilometer. At the same time, the main part, with the exception of the territories near the railway lanes, has a very sparse population - up to 3 - 4 people per 1 km2, and in northern regions and even less.
AT flat areas In the Urals, the population density is approaching the average Urals. It is higher in the Cis-Urals and lower in the Trans-Urals. Significant differences in population density also exist between the forest, forest-steppe and steppe regions of the Cis-Urals and Trans-Urals. It ranges from 5 people in the south of the steppe belt to 50 people in the forest-steppe and in the south of the forest zone. Due to the predominance of the rural population, whose share in these areas reaches 60 - 70%, there are no such jumps in population density as in the mining part. The population density increases only along the rivers and ancient roads and reaches 50-60 people per 1 km2 in some places.
