THESIS.

Gvozdev A.N .: “Green participles ... eliminate the monotony in the list individual actions the same person."

MATERIAL FOR COMPOSITION.

1. What is a GENERAL PARTICIPLE?

gerund- invariable form of the verb - independent part speech, which combines the features of a verb (appearance and reflexivity) and adverbs (immutability, syntactic role circumstances), denotes an additional action in the main. Answers the questions doing what? having done what?

ROLE of gerunds in speech

· Participles make speech more accurate, dynamic, they convey many actions that occur simultaneously.

gerunds have rich expressive possibilities. Capacity, compactness, expressiveness - these properties of gerunds are widely used by poets and writers in their works.

· Simple sentences complicated by adverbial phrases are more economical and capacious compared to synonymous complex sentences with adverbial clauses. Their use helps the writer to create visible, vivid, memorable images in a fairly small space of the text, precisely “finishing” the actions of the characters.

SAMPLES of reasoning about the role of gerunds in specific text

Sample 1

I studied the role of participles and participles in an excerpt from the novel by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" - "Winter! .. Peasant, triumphant ..." and found that in 11 lines the poet used five gerunds and gerunds.

The participle "triumphant" accurately conveys the state of the peasant, who has been waiting for winter for a long time and now rejoices that his work will be lightened and illuminated by the beauty of renewed nature.
The participial turnover "smelling snow" helps to understand the action of the horse. She "weaves", because it is difficult for her to move with a load in the snow.
A surprisingly accurate drawing of the action performed by the wagon helps to create the adverbial turnover “exploding fluffy reins”. When we read this line, we not only see a rapidly flying from under the hooves fluffy snow, but we smell the winter freshness.
Thanks to adverbial phrases (“putting a bug in a sleigh”, “transforming himself into a horse”), the author managed to create a visible image of a yard boy rejoicing at the arrival of winter, and convey his attitude towards him - kind, playful.
Thus, Pushkin did not accidentally use the gerunds and participles so widely in this fragment. adverbial phrases. With their help, such a “painting” is achieved that at least take a brush and paint this picture of the Russian winter that has begun.

Sample 2

I studied the role of participles and participles in excerpts from the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov "Mtsyri", and that's what I managed to establish.

In the participial turnover “showing off between the trees with transparent green leaves”, the gerund “showing off” plays an evaluative role: with its help, the poet evaluates the effect of vines.
The adverbial turnover “shining with smooth scales” not only “finishes” the action of the snake (“slid”), but also helps to imagine it appearance focusing on the quality of the action.
The gerund "charter" not only denotes the additional action of the Lermontov hero, but explains its reason: "... charter, lay down between the high mountains."
All this allows you toconclusion that gerunds and gerunds perform various functions in Lermontov's text, being means of expression language.

Sample 3

I studied a fragment from the story of I.S. Turgenev "Bezhin Meadow". This text is a narrative. That is why verbs and participles predominate in this passage.
Verbs help the writer to talk about sequential actions, and gerunds help to “finish” them, to convey their exact pattern.
So, the adverbial phrases “sitting without hats in old sheepskin coats”, “dangling hands and feet” help to imagine not only the pose of peasant boys, but also their appearance, the nature of their movement.
Visible images of a horse and a red-haired kosmach also help to create gerunds. With the help of the adverbial turnover “pricking up the ears”, the state of the horse is conveyed while running, and the adverbial revolutions “lifting the tail and constantly changing the leg” help to imagine the appearance of the rushing herd, to convey the nature of the movement performed by it.

So, It is not by chance that Turgenev uses adverbial phrases so often. Simple sentences complicated by adverbial phrases are more economical and capacious compared to synonymous complex sentences with adverbial clauses. Their use helps the writer to create visible, vivid, memorable images in a fairly small space of the text, precisely “finishing” the actions of the characters.

Using the read text, complete ONLY ONE of the tasks on a separate sheet: 15.1, 15.2 or 15.3. Before writing an essay, write down the number of the selected task: 15.1, 15.2 or 15.3.

15.1 Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement famous linguist A. N. Gvozdeva: "Gernal participles ... eliminate monotony in the list of individual actions of the same person." Justify your answer by giving 2 examples from the text you read. Give examples with numbers the right suggestions or use quoting.

You can write a paper in scientific or journalistic style, revealing the topic on the linguistic material. You can start the composition with the words of A. N. Gvozdev.

A work written without relying on the text read (not on this text) is not evaluated.

15.2 Write an essay-reasoning. Explain how you understand the meaning of the sentence of the text: “It is true that he never heard from anyone hurtful words to his clothes, but with all his being he felt that he did not fit into these jackets in any way male team class."

Give in your essay 2 arguments from the read text that confirm your reasoning.

When giving examples, indicate the numbers of the required sentences or use citations.

The essay must be at least 70 words.

If the essay is a paraphrase or a complete rewrite original text without any comments, then such work is evaluated by zero points.

Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

15.3 How do you understand the meaning of the phrase SELF-DOUBLE?

Formulate and comment on your definition. Write an essay-reasoning on the topic “What is self-doubt”, taking the definition you gave as a thesis. Arguing your thesis, give 2 examples-arguments that confirm your reasoning: give one example-argument from the text you read, and the second from your life experience.

The essay must be at least 70 words.

If the essay is a paraphrase or a complete rewrite of the source text without any comments, then such work is evaluated by zero points.

Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

(1) Venka came home from school, sat in the kitchen for a while, drank a glass of cranberry juice cooked by his grandmother, looked at how funny, stretching out his transparent paws, the white rat Marfush was sleeping in the aquarium, and still went to call his mother at work. (2) It just so happened with them: immediately after school, Venka always called her and reported on his affairs.

- (3) Mom, I got into a fight again ... - he slowly said and fell silent guiltily.

(4) No sound was heard from the tube for some time. (5) Mom was upset.

- (6) Everything is clear. (7) Let's talk in the evening.

(8) Venka hung up the phone and thought. (9) What is it clear to mom? (10) Sometimes what seems absolutely clear and correct to her is absolutely inapplicable to Venka's school life. (11) For example, mom makes him go to school in a jacket. (12) In September, at a schoolwide meeting, the director suggested that parents buy jackets for their sons. (13) They say that school uniforms are not required now, and jackets will discipline the boys and set them up in a serious way. (14) The very next day, Mom dragged Venka to the store, where they bought an awesome, as it seemed to him in a fever then, beige jacket, in which a thin brown cage was striking. (15) “Like a London dandy ...” - mom happily said, looking at Venka. (16) He also really liked himself in a jacket, but only until he came to school. (17) In his 7 "A", he alone dressed up in this way.

(18) At first, Venka was not very upset: not all mothers are as quick as him. (19) But neither in a week, nor in a month, none of the classmates changed into a jacket. (20) The guys still went in jumpers, jeans, jackets from tracksuits, and the coolest ones in sweatshirts. (21) Venka tried to get his jacket dirty as quickly as possible, since it was light. (22) He was already looking forward to putting on his old dark blue large-knit sweater to school in two days, but his mother brought another jacket from work.

- (23) Here! (24) Try on! she chirped over Venka. - (25) Aunt Nina gave. (26) Vitalka has become too small, but it will be just right for you.

(27) Venka, gritting his teeth, climbed into Vitalkin's jacket. (28) He was also nothing: steel-colored with black specks. (29) Only Venka didn’t need this elegant jacket! (30) None of his classmates in jackets went to school. (31) Nobody! (32) He is the only one! (33) True, he never heard offensive words from anyone about his clothes, but with all his being he felt that he did not fit into the male team of the class in these jackets. (34) When he, Venka, has his own son, he will never buy him any jackets. (35) He will carefully study what his son’s friends will wear, and buy him exactly the same black jeans as Petya Komissarov’s: modest, with numerous comfortable pockets with zippers and buttons.

(According to S. A. Lubenets) *

* Lubenets Svetlana Anatolyevna is a modern children's writer from St. Petersburg, she writes books about teenagers, about the relationship between them, school stories of the most ordinary and not quite ordinary children. Her series "Girls Only", "Boys Only", "Black Kitten" are in high demand among readers.

Explanation.

15.1 "A gerund is a part of speech denoting an additional action with the main one", - with such a definition of a gerund from school textbook the Russian language has long been familiar to everyone. However, what is behind this stingy definition, probably few thought. Let us analyze the participles found in the above text by Svetlana Lubenets.

In sentence 1 we meet the gerund “stretching out”, which with dependent words forms a participle turnover “stretching out transparent paws”. This adverbial turnover is separate circumstance manner of action, explains how Marfusha the rat sleeps. The introduction of a participial phrase into a sentence makes speech figurative, colorful, expressive, helps to avoid tongue-tied language and uniformity. In sentence 27 (Venka, clenching his teeth, climbed into Vitalkin's jacket), the participle serves the same purpose: it concretizes state of mind Venki, his attitude to the "ill-fated" jacket.

Indeed, we were able to prove the statement of the famous linguist A. N. Gvozdev: “Green participles ... eliminate monotony in the list of individual actions of the same person.”

15.2 Where does self-doubt come from? Like many other misfortunes, it is often formed in childhood, when knowledge about the world and about oneself for the most part consists of other people's assessments, and not from real facts. This is what happens with the hero of the text by Svetlana Lubenets. Venka is so unsure of himself that he perceives even his jacket as an enemy, causing damage to the perception of those around him. This is stated in the sentence: “True, he never heard insulting words from anyone about his clothes, but with all his being he felt that he did not fit into the male team of the class in these jackets.”

Sentence 29 (“Only Venka didn’t need this elegant jacket!”) refers to another jacket, which also seems to be nothing, elegant, but again, according to Venka, prevents him from being like everyone else. That is why he thinks that when he grows up, he will definitely listen to the opinion of his child.

Self-doubt gives rise to fear, prevents a person from feeling his self-sufficiency and defending his opinion. Formation adequate self-esteem- one of important tasks self-education, it is a well-formed self-esteem that will help overcome self-doubt.

15.3 Self-doubt prevents a person from feeling his self-sufficiency and defending his opinion. He has to adapt to other people and make decisions, relying on their advice, not taking into account his own point of view.

This is what happens with the hero of the text by Svetlana Lubenets. Venka is so unsure of himself that he perceives even his jacket as an enemy, causing damage to the perception of those around him. This is stated in the sentence: “True, he never heard insulting words from anyone about his clothes, but with all his being he felt that he did not fit into the male team of the class in these jackets.”

An insecure person either closes in on himself, feeling like a victim, or, even worse, becomes a tyrant. To hide his weakness, he screams. A teacher who screams in self-doubt will never be able to gain authority in the classroom, and therefore, will not be able to teach anyone.

An insecure person has low self-esteem. He lacks faith in himself, his strength, his capabilities. It is possible to overcome self-doubt only if a person is able to correctly set goals, correlate them with external circumstances and positively evaluate their results.

Completes the main action, making speech more accurate and dynamic. I will give examples from the text of S.A. Lubenets.

So, in sentence No. 15 (“Like a London dandy ...” - my mother joyfully sentenced, looking at Venka) I find the adverbial phrase “looking at Venka”, thanks to which the author managed to create vivid image mother, rejoicing at her son's new clothes, "finish" the nature of her movements.

The surprisingly accurate drawing of the action (“climbed”) performed by Venka helps to create the adverbial turnover “clenching my teeth”, which I find in sentence No. 27. When we read this sentence, we see how reluctantly, without any desire, the boy puts on this jacket.

Thus, A.N. was right. Gvozdev, who argued that "general participles ... eliminate monotony in the list of individual actions of the same person"

Golub I.B.:"For correct use words in speech is not enough to know them exact value, it is also necessary to take into account the features lexical compatibility words , that is, their ability to connect with each other ".

The phrase of the linguist I.B. Dove, I understand. Lexical compatibility of words is the ability of linguistic elements to connect with each other in speech. I will try to prove this using the text of Yu.Ya. Yakovlev.

So, words with a direct meaning are combined with other words by a subject-logical connection. For example, the noun "power" (sentence number 39) is freely connected with the word "heavy". They say: heavy power, but not " light power».

The same can be said about the phrase "cruel injustice", which we find in sentence No. 37. Indeed, "injustice" can be "cruel", but it cannot be "kind".

Thus, we can conclude: I.G. was right. Golub, arguing that "for the correct use of words in speech, it is not enough to know their exact meaning, it is also necessary to take into account the features of the lexical compatibility of words, that is, their ability to connect with each other."

Gorshkov A.I.: “The best stylistic possibilities lie in vocabulary (vocabulary ) Russian language. The syntax is also rich in them ".

The statement of the famous linguist A.I. This is how I understand Gorshkov. Everyone functional style represents complex system covering all language levels: pronunciation of words, lexical and phraseological composition of speech, morphological means and syntactic constructions. Diversity stylistic resources can be shown both on lexical and syntax examples. Let us turn to the text of S.A. Lubenets.

So, in sentence No. 18 I find an interesting lexical unit: the book word "contrasted", which serves as a means of characterization, helps to understand inner world Nina.

And in sentences No. 28-30, the author uses such a syntactic device as default, stylistic figure, which consists in the fact that the begun speech is interrupted based on the guess of the reader, who must mentally finish it. This technique helps to convey the emotionality, excitement of the girl's speech.

Thus, we can conclude: A.I. was right. Gorshkov, arguing that “the best stylistic possibilities are contained in the vocabulary (lexicon) of the Russian language. The syntax is also rich in them.

Renowned linguist L.T. Grigoryan argued: “In non-union complex sentences different signs punctuation is used because each of them indicates special semantic relations between parts.

How do I understand this phrase? Non-union complex sentences differ from allied ones in that the semantic relations between simple sentences are less clearly expressed in them, however, punctuation marks are determined by the meaning. I will give examples from the text of K. Shakhnazarov.

First, in sentence No. 5 ("The ladies were seated in comfortable easy chairs; the men, having formed groups, talked to each other.") A semicolon is put, because simple sentences with the value of the enumeration have the meaning of the simultaneity of the actions performed.

Secondly, in the unionless complex sentence No. 39 ("We have guests - here I am with my Nightingale!") A dash is used, since the first part has the meaning of time.

Thus, the statement of L.T. Grigoryan is true.

Emelyanova O.N.: "Author'sspeech not only visual, but alsoexpressiveness andcharacterizes not only the object of the utterance, but also thespeaker" .

The statement of the modern Russian philologist O.N. Emelyanova I understand so. The author's speech is not connected with the speech of any character, its carrier in prose work is the character of the narrator. The originality of his language is determined by the meaning and speech fabric embedded in the work and characterizes the speaker himself. I will give examples from the text of V.I. Odnoralova.

For example, in sentence No. 11 I meet the phraseological unit "I was ready to fall through the ground." Thanks to a stable combination, the narrator's speech [b] appears to the reader as bright, imaginative, emotional, reveals his character, attracts listeners, makes communication more interesting, lively.

Also in [b] the author's speech I meet a lot colloquial words(“blunder”, “flopped”, “trifles”), thanks to which the reader can imagine not only the character of the narrator, but even age. Before us is a teenager, the same boy as those he talks about.

Thus, we can conclude: O.N. was right. Emelyanov, who argued that "author's speech has not only figurativeness, but also expressiveness and characterizes not only the object of the utterance, but also the speaker himself."

Kuznetsov A.A.: “The presentation„in the first person, usecolloquial words and phrases give the author the opportunity to influence the consciousness and feelings of the reader.

The phrase of the philologist A.A. Kuznetsov I understand so. In a work of art, the narration can be conducted not “from the author”, but on behalf of the narrator. The image of the narrator is revealed in his point of view of what is happening, in assessments, in the manner of expressing thoughts. This technique allows the writer to use colloquial vocabulary and colloquial forms syntax, shape the mind of the reader and influence his feelings. I will give examples from the text of V.P. Krapivina.

For example, in sentence No. 9 I come across the phraseological unit “climbed under the arm”, which the narrator uses in his speech instead of the word “interfered”. The use of this combination helps him not only to characterize his friend Lyoshka, but also to give brightness, imagery, emotionality to speech, to make it accessible to peers.

The narrator also uses a lot of colloquial words in his speech (“didn’t bother”, “grunt”, “shoved”, “slid”, “stealed”). They bring a touch of ease, simplicity to his story. It is thanks to the abundance of colloquial words in the speech of the hero that the reader can, but even social status and the age of the hero. The narrator appears before us in the form of an energetic, inquisitive boy, a teenager like us, with his own view of the world, interests and dreams.

Thus, we can conclude: A.A. was right. Kuznetsov, who argued that "the presentation" in the first person, the use of words and phrases of a colloquial nature give the author the opportunity to influence the consciousness and feelings of the reader"

Kozhina M.N.: “The reader penetrates the world of images artwork through it speech tissue ".

Linguist M.N. Kozhina argued that "the reader penetrates the world of images of a work of art through its speech tissue."

This is how I understand this phrase. The work of the reader is to communicate with the writer, in which artistic text becomes clear in all its versatility. The speech fabric of the work helps the reader to understand the complex labyrinth of thoughts, experiences, assessments of the author, to penetrate the world of images of his characters. I will give examples from the text of Y. Shima.

First, in sentence #9, the writer vividly shows how the boy is trying to protect his secret. Phraseologisms “clenching ... teeth”, “glaring frowningly” help the reader understand how he tried to take away the portraits of artists ...

Secondly, in sentence No. 13, through the eyes of Vera, we see Zheka, who is trying to restrain himself, not to betray his excitement. The sentences are very well inscribed in the speech fabric. homogeneous predicates(“Fenced off from everyone, closed, latched on to the lock”), which help us understand what the boy feels at that moment.

Thus, the statement of the linguist M.N. Kozhina is true.

L.Yu. Maksimov wrote: “With the help of a paragraph indent (or a red line), the most important groups of sentences or individual sentences in the composition of the whole text are highlighted.”

This is how I understand this phrase. The paragraph clarifies the compositional-syntactic structure of the text and performs an expressive-selective function, expressing the dynamics, the rapid change of events. A paragraph can contain the main ideas of the text. I will give examples from the text of A. Aleksin.

So, with sentence No. 5, the second paragraph begins, which contains new information compared to the previous one: explains why all the guests compared the doll to a girl.

The third paragraph begins with sentence No. 17, which performs another function, expressive-excretory. It tells about the appearance of a doll in the heroine, which she immediately disliked, because the toy was taller than her. From this paragraph, the tone of the narration changes, there is a rapid change of events.

Thus, the expression of L.Yu. Maksimov is true.

The famous linguist I.G. Miloslavsky said: “The attitude of the writer to what is reported can often be expressed with the help of“ small ”words, which are considered to be service words - particles and unions.”

This is how I understand this phrase. Service words along with significant ones, they help the writer to convey his thoughts and attitude to what is being reported. Unions play the role of bonds between syntactic units and help convey various semantic relationships between them. Particles give various additional semantic or emotional shades to words and sentences. I will give examples from the text of N.I. Dubova.

Firstly, in sentence No. 2 (“You can’t reinvent the plane if it was invented long ago, or discover new countries if everything has already been passed far and wide!”) I find modal particle"same", which helps the writer to highlight the most important word"Impossible", introduces an additional shade of meaning into the sentence - amplification.

Secondly, coordinative union“but” in sentence No. 31 (“Yes, we could surprise the world, but we didn’t know how yet.”) allows the author to contrast the content of the two parts of the statement, to tell about the desire of the boys, which they could not put into practice.

Based on the foregoing, I can conclude that the statement of I.G. Miloslavsky is true.

Miloslavsky I.G.: « Grammar Russian language is primarily a means of expressing thought.

The phrase of the linguist I.G. Miloslavsky I understand so. Language is a way of thinking. It consists of words denoting various items and processes, as well as from the rules that allow you to build sentences from these words. It is sentences built according to the laws of grammar and drawn up in writing in compliance with punctuation rules are a means of expressing thought. I will try to prove this using the text of V.Yu. Dragunsky.

For example, sentence #9 in this text exclamation. It means that it is pronounced with a special intonation, extremely emotionally. So the author, using the possibilities of syntax, conveys the idea that the hero really wants to have a punching bag in order to start training.

And sentence No. 11 (“There is nothing to waste money on nonsense, get along somehow without a pear”) is unionless. The first part of it impersonal offer, the second is definitely personal. The use of these constructions helps the author accurately convey the father's opinion about the son's undertaking, allows him to succinctly and emotionally state his decision. Here is another example of how grammar helps express a thought.

Thus, I.G. was right. Miloslavsky, arguing that "the grammar of the Russian language is primarily a means of expressing thought."

Miloslavsky I.G.: “The main technique expressing the desire of the speaker to instill in the mind of the listener precisely his own assessment of the situation is the choice words containing an evaluative element » .

I.G. Miloslavsky I understand so. Words may have expressive coloring if they express the attitude of the speaker to the subject of speech. The palette of emotional and evaluative shades is diverse: contempt, neglect, disapproval, irony; words can contain a playful or affectionate assessment. I will give examples from the text of Yu.Ya. Yakovlev.

So, in sentence No. 34 (“This voice has completely seized power over me!”) I find polysemantic word"captured", which is used in a figurative sense: "To be very interested, to absorb all attention, to captivate." The storyteller uses it for a reason. How much tenderness, love, delight is heard in this exclamation!

But in sentence No. 25 (“How inattentive you are,” she said), in the answer of the girl Naili, disapproval is heard. The word "inattentive" gets a negative expressive connotation due to the fact that it helps the speaker convey his dissatisfaction with the fact that the boy did not pay attention to her.

Thus, the statement of I.G. Miloslavsky that “the main technique expressing the speaker’s desire to instill his own assessment of the situation into the mind of the listener is the choice of words containing an evaluative element” is right.

Novikov L.A.: “Word in speech has the ability generalize and at the same time designate individually unique .

Statement by L.A. This is how I understand Novikov. The concept in a word is always one, but there can be several meanings. Also, the value can be added subjective assessment or expressive-emotional coloring. I will prove this with examples from the text of A. Aleksin.

In sentence No. 17, the word "bow" in the mouth of a grandmother is not just an accessory string instrument, for her it is a symbol of her grandson's future musical career.

In sentence number 3 I find the word "decided". In this context, it means that the grandmother made a conclusion for herself about Oleg's remarkable abilities, and did not solve, for example, an equation or a problem.

Thus, L.A. is right. Novikov, arguing that "the word in speech has the ability to generalize and at the same time designate individually unique".

Ozhegov S.I.: “A high culture of speech lies in the ability to find not only exact means for expressing one's thoughts, but also the most intelligible (that is, the most expressive) and the most appropriate (that is, the most appropriate for this case) .

Linguist S. I. Ozhegov argued that “ high culture speech lies in the ability to find not only exact remedy to express one's thoughts, but also the most intelligible (that is, the most expressive) and the most appropriate (that is, the most suitable for this case).

This is how I understand this phrase. The culture of speech is one of the indicators common culture person and lies in the possession literary language, its rules and regulations. To distinctive properties cultural speech include accuracy, expressiveness, appropriateness of the language tools. I will give examples from the text of A. Aleksin.

First, in sentence No. 19 (“Lucy highly honored this master.”) the author uses the bookish word “honored”, the use of which is motivated: it, giving the whole phrase a special expressiveness, shows Lucy’s deep respect for the artist.

Secondly, in sentence No. 32 ("Well, good luck, dear Lucy! - Olenka joked in rhyme.") use French word"merci" is very appropriate: it not only contributes to the rhyming of words, but also gives the girl's phrase an ironic connotation.

Thus, I can conclude that the statement of S.I. Ozhegov is right.

Paustovsky K.G.: Pushkin also spoke about punctuation marks. They exist to highlight the thought, to bring the words into the correct ratio and to give the phrase lightness and the right sound. Punctuation marks are like musical notation. They firmly hold the text and do not allow it to crumble. .

K.G. Paustovsky owns the statement: “Pushkin also spoke about punctuation marks. They exist to highlight the thought, to bring the words into the correct ratio and to give the phrase lightness and the right sound. Punctuation marks are like musical notation. They firmly hold the text and do not allow it to crumble.

This is how I understand this phrase. Punctuation marks help the writer to accurately and clearly express thoughts and feelings, and the reader to understand them. The purpose of punctuation marks is to indicate the semantic division of speech, as well as to help identify its syntactic structure. I will give examples from the text of M.L. Moskvina.

Firstly, at the end of sentence No. 8 (“I have a dachshund, my name is Kit ...”) there is an ellipsis indicating the semantic articulation of speech. This sign is in this case denotes understatement, the possibility of continuing the text.

Secondly, in sentence No. 24, ending with the words “even if you crack”, it is worth Exclamation point, which is used to express a feeling of dissatisfaction, the hero’s grief about the fact that he was not allowed to audition with a dog at the House of Culture.

Thus, the statement of K.G. Paustovsky is true.

Peshkovsky A.M.: “Each parts of speech their merits" .

Linguist A.M. Peshkovsky said that "each part of speech has its own merits."

This is how I understand this phrase. Parts of speech are groups of words into which the words of a language are distributed based on general meaning, morphological and syntactic features. I will give examples from the text of A.G. Alexina.

Firstly, in sentence No. 2 (“Masha knew how to do everything: draw, sing, walk on her hands”), the author of the text uses the verbs: “draw”, “sing”, “walk”, the “dignity” of which is that they denote the action of the subject, are in the initial form of the verb, in the sentence they are a predicate. With the help of this part of speech, the diversity of the girl's abilities is emphasized.

Secondly, in sentences No. 19 (“Masha was promised the rank of academician, Lyalya was the conqueror of the stronger sex and the creator of happy family... ") I find adjectives: "strong", "happy", "dignity" of which lies in the fact that they denote a sign of an object, change in cases and numbers, and in singular– by birth, may have full and short form, in this proposal are definitions. Adjectives give the text expressiveness, emotionality.

Based on the foregoing, I can conclude that the statement of A.M. Peshkovsky is right.
Reformatsky A.A.: “The pronoun is a convenient link in the structure of the language; pronouns allow you to avoid boring repetitions of speech, save time and space in the statement " .

The famous linguist A.A. Reformatsky argued that “the pronoun is a convenient link in the structure of the language; pronouns allow you to avoid boring repetitions of speech, save time and space in the statement.

I understand this phrase. Pronouns can be used in speech instead of nouns, adjectives, numerals, that is, they can be substitutes for a name. They point to objects and their attributes (properties, qualities, quantity) and replace in speech the direct designations of concepts that are obvious from the context of the utterance. I will give examples from the text of Anton Ivanovich Denikin, a Russian military leader.

First, in sentence #3, instead of the noun “child,” the author uses the pronoun “me,” thereby avoiding tedious repetition of speech.

Secondly, in sentence No. 2 (“What I touch first, that will predetermine my fate”), the pronoun “what” replaces several nouns in speech at once, denoting “objects”, helping to avoid tautology, saving “place in the statement”.

Thus, the statement of the linguist A.A. Reformed is fair.

Reformatsky A.A.: "Pronouns stand out in a special class of substitute words, which, as „ substitutes” ... enter the field when forced „ free the game "significant words" .

I understand the phrase of the Russian linguist A. Reformatsky as follows. Along with words denoting certain objects or their properties, quality, quantity, there are words that only indicate these objects or their attributes. Such words are called pronominal (pronouns). Their main function is to be substitutes for a name, that is, to replace in speech the direct designations of a concept that is obvious from the context of the statement. Pronouns help to combine sentences into a coherent text, to avoid repetition of the same words. I will give examples based on the text of Y. Trifonov.

So, in sentence No. 10, the use of the personal pronoun "he" avoids the repetition of the noun "Glebov". In addition, the pronoun serves as a means of communication between sentences in the text.

And here relative pronouns perform the function of communication between parts complex sentence and are members of the proposal. For example, the pronoun "which" in sentence No. 18 is the "deputy" of the word "pugach", it plays the role of the subject in subordinate clause.

Thus, A.A. was right. Reformatsky, arguing that "pronouns stand out in a special class of substitute words, which, like "reserve players" ... enter the field when significant words are forced to" release the game "".

Task #0641DB

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Essay based on the text by K.G. Paustovsky

The famous Russian philologist F.I. Buslaev wrote: “Only in a sentence do they get their meaning individual words, their endings and prefixes. I fully agree with this judgment. Indeed, words are certain meaning only in a complete utterance, in the construction of which formative morphemes participate.

Let us turn to the text of Konstantin Paustovsky. The word "came" in sentence 20 is a verb perfect look. The prefix "pri-" helps to form this form, which, in addition, has the meaning of approximation.

The adjective "fine" in sentence 23 agrees in gender, number and case with the noun "work" and is in the singular female nominative case, which indicates the ending -and I. If given word was in a different form, the meaning of the statement would become incomprehensible. At the same time, “fine” (work) is an epithet, a figurative definition that contributes to a more exact expression author's thought.

Thus, Buslaev is right: the meaning and form of the word are realized in the sentence.

Quest #B57E86

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Composition according to the text of M.L. Moskvina

Russian writer Konstantin Paustovsky argued that punctuation marks “exist to highlight a thought, put words in the right proportion, and give a phrase lightness and proper sound. Punctuation marks are like musical notation. They firmly hold the text and do not allow it to crumble. I fully agree with this statement. Indeed, punctuation marks play huge role in the transfer of various shades of meaning and the construction of phrases.

Let us turn to the text of Marina Moskvina. Sentence 3 ends with an exclamation point. This means that this statement is emotionally colored and pronounced with an exclamatory intonation. It turns out that the punctuation mark gives the phrase "correct sound".

In the sentence, 17 commas highlight the clarifying circumstance “in the House of Culture”. This is the case when punctuation mark puts the words "in the right proportion".

Thus, Paustovsky is right: punctuation marks "firmly hold the text and do not allow it to crumble."

Task #747d3b

Composition based on the text by S.A. Lubenets

Verbs are most often used to convey someone's actions. However a large number of words of this part of speech in the text can lead to monotony. The result is a boring "list" of actions. Decide this problem adverbs help. Denoting the additional actions of objects, they make speech more accurate and expressive. I think this is exactly what A.N. Gvozdev.

Let us turn to the text of S.A. Lubenets. Sentence 1 describes Marfush's rat, which "stretches out its transparent paws and sleeps in an aquarium." The participial turnover with the main word - the gerund "stretching out" allows the reader to better imagine this funny animal.

In sentence 27, the main action of Venka is conveyed using the verb-predicate "climbed". But we would not understand what feelings the hero experiences at the moment of trying on a new jacket, if it were not for the adverbial turnover “clenching his teeth”.

So the analysis language units in the text by S.A. Lubenets confirms the legitimacy of A.N. Gvozdev: "Gernal participles ... eliminate the monotony in the list of individual actions of the same person."

Exercise

Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous linguist A.N. Gvozdeva: "Gernal participles ... eliminate the monotony in the list of individual actions of the same person." Arguing your answer, give 2 (two) examples from the read text.

Option 1

The use of gerunds enables the author to convey the details of the action in a picturesque way, to enhance the figurativeness of the literary text.

For example, in sentence 2, the gerund “shining” “finishes” the actions of the sun (“spills honey”, “paints the crowns”) and helps to vividly imagine a city flooded with light.

Well, how not to play football on such a wonderful day? A picture of how this one begins in the yards exciting game, again helps to recreate the participle: the players, “having divided, will fall apart into two teams” (suggestion 6).

It was this function of it - to concretize, describe in detail any process - that was noted by the linguist A.N. Gvozdev, who argued that "general participles ... eliminate monotony in the list of individual actions of the same person."

Option 2

Participles denote an additional action, clarifying the main one, and give speech a special dynamics and visibility.

So, in sentence 12, this form of the verb details the main action (“reached, limping”), and we understand why the old man sat under the bird cherry until the evening: apparently, the pain in his legs did not allow him to move actively.

But the childish carelessness of the narrator and his joyful perception of "life" is emphasized by the gerund "you go whistling" in sentence 8. Just two words - and they have such figurative content!

And in fact, according to the fair statement of the linguist A.N. Gvozdev, "general participles ... eliminate monotony in the list of individual actions of the same person."

Option 3

Participles and participles are very expressive, due to which they are widely used in the language. fiction. Using them, the writers accurately "finish" the actions of the characters.

Take, for example, sentence 42. The gerund “fading” accurately conveys the state of the boys who heard the whistle of the old coach, who strictly ensured that the game was fair. The old man became a real authority for young football players, so everyone experienced his death.

And the gerund “sobbing” in sentence 48, denoting an additional action to the predicate “turned around”, helps to see emotional condition the mother of the narrator, who understands what pain in the heart of her son the sad news that the old man has died will respond.

This feature of gerunds was once noticed by the linguist A.N. Gvozdev, who said that they "eliminate monotony in the list of individual actions of the same person."

Text for work

(1) Summer. (2) The sun, shining, pours honey over the honeycombs of yards, paints the lush crowns of trees with bright greenery. (3) I go to the open windows and on the playground I see a motley flock of boys. (4) Sonorous: “At the gates Pashka and Mitka!” (b) Footballers! (b) Now, having divided, they will split up into two teams, and the game will continue until mom’s “Home!” will not break the last pair, already in the dark, chasing the ball.

(7) As in my childhood.

(8) I remember that as a boy you walk, whistling, along the boulevards drowned in the aroma of bird cherry, and under your feet the houses of caterpillar-leafworms twisted into tight cones fall under your feet. (9) You take one in your hands, and if the hostess did not fall asleep in it in anticipation of the wings, she will slip out of the shelter, frightened, hang on a thin cobweb in the air. (10) So is the memory of childhood: touch its fragile cocoon - and give, alarmed, a long-forgotten story ...

(11) We had a grandfather in our yard.

(12) He usually appeared early in the morning, limped to a bench under a shady spreading bird cherry tree in the very center of the yard, and sat there until the evening, watching us.

(13) Whose grandfather was it? (14) Where? (15) Who did you live with? (16) Childhood is not interested in old age.

(17) For us, he was just immutable attribute summer yard. (18) Grandfather never started talking with us, and we didn’t interfere with him, because we constantly ran away to the school stadium, where we counted goals with the boys of the neighboring district until night. (19) There were no gates, but four sticks installed in pairs on different regions sand field.

(20) To dream of such a football box, where now, in an adult way, with their hands on their knees, Pashka and Mitka each stood with their chests behind their own goals, and with them for the honor of the team and the glory of the best goalkeepers of the school, we didn’t have to. (21) Therefore, the day when someone's father got somewhere a pair of real gates with a white net, not torn and not patched with a hundred rows of laces, became a real holiday for us. (22) We are now the owners of all championships and the rulers of the tournament calendar!

(23) The gate was installed exactly opposite the bench where the grandfather was sitting. (24) When the work was finished, he slowly walked around them and left the yard. (25) “They drove the old man away,” my father frowned.

(26) But after a few minutes, the grandfather returned. (27) We did not immediately notice him, carried away by the game, and he had to attract attention with a low hail:

(28) - Eagles! (29) Come here!

(ZO) Grandfather brought us a ball. (31) The real one, made of black and white hexagons, tight - not like our shabby gray squishy! (32) “Why did they open their mouths? (33) Well, on the field - march! (34) From the breast pocket of his shirt, he took out a real referee's whistle and deafeningly, for the whole yard, whistled.

(35) We capitulated. (Zb) Boyish arrogance, feigned contempt for the football advice of fathers, our positions in the boyish rating of players - everything was cut off and left in the past by that whistle. (37) Our twelve hearts in each game until the very end of the season of that summer were aligned with a dry figure in the shade of a bird cherry.

(38) Grandfather turned out to be a noble strategist and a strict judge. (39) We listened to him without breathing, while during breaks he drew diagrams on the sand with a stick and quietly explained to us how to bypass opponents and break through to their gates. (40) He had weak voice, and he could not scream, so during the game he communicated with us by whistling. (41) A sharp, piercing sound was heard over the courtyard at the moments when one of us performed a forbidden reception or dared to cheat or allow ourselves to play at full speed. (42) Grandfather did not shout out names, but everyone, fading, thought: “Are they whistling for me?”, And it seemed to everyone that grandfather was looking at him alone, and everyone tried not to let the old man down. (43) 3and for some three months of the summer we became the most honest, most fearless, disciplined and for some reason the most friendly team in the area.

(44) And then the grandfather disappeared.

(45) We didn’t notice it right away: the first week of September came, school, musical theater by subscription ... (46) On Friday evening, I came home, pushed open door- the parents, apparently, had just returned from work themselves, quietly stepped into the corridor and heard my mother ask his father with a sigh: “How can Kolya explain that grandfather is no more?”.

(47) - Mom?!

(48) She turned around, sobbing:

(49) - Ring, we wanted to say ...

(50) ... In all our kid childhood there were no tears more bitter ...

(51) Childhood knows no excuses for death...

(52) Our yard team lasted until graduation. (53) And until graduation, none of ours in any game allowed themselves to be unsportsmanlike on the field.

(54) No, we were no longer afraid to hear the stern call of the whistle.

(55) The worst thing for each of us was to let our bird cherry grandfather doubt for a second that his lessons of honesty - in front of the team, the opponent and, first of all, in front of himself - were not in vain.