2.1. Sources of pollution of sea waters………………………………….….…14
2.2. Practical evaluation pollution of marine basins………………….21
2.3. Analysis of the degree of pollution of the Russian seas………...…………………....22
Chapter 3. Ecological consequences of pollution of the seas of Russia. Marine water protection
3.1. Environmental consequences of marine pollution……………….….….….45
3.2. Protection of sea waters from pollution
3.2.1. Self-purification of seas and oceans……………………………….…..….…...49
3.2.2. Protection of the seas and oceans………………………………………………...….51
3.2.3. Protection of marine coastal waters ………………………………….…...56
3.2.4. Control over the state of sea waters in Russia…………………….….…58
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………62
List of used sources………………………………..…..……..64
Application list……………………………………………………………..66
Introduction
The vast expanses of Russia are washed by a number of seas of different natural conditions, located mainly along the periphery of Russian territory. Together with natural features economic activity in the sea and coastal spaces forms the ecological state of the sea, that is, environmental conditions real in time and space. They are unstable in time and space, which causes the variability of the ecological state of the sea.
The theme of my thesis is the ecological state of the Russian seas. Recent decades marked by increased anthropogenic impacts on marine ecosystems as a result of pollution of the seas and oceans. The spread of many pollutants has become local, regional and even global. Therefore, pollution of the seas and their biota has become major problem countries, and the need to protect the marine environment from pollution is dictated by the requirements of the rational use of natural resources. No one will dispute the expediency of protecting the seas and the life developed in it from the harm that waste emissions can cause. Because of this, the chosen topic of the work is currently very relevant.
The purpose of the work is to comprehensively characterize the ecological state of Russian sea waters. The main tasks are:
1) Consideration of the seas of Russia as large natural complexes, highlighting their main properties;
2) Determination of the main substances polluting sea waters and sources of their entry into the water area of the seas;
3) Analysis of the current ecological state of the Russian seas (basins of the Atlantic, Arctic and Pacific oceans, as well as the Caspian Sea-lake);
4) Assessing the environmental consequences of marine pollution, finding out the main measures for the protection and methods of controlling pollution of the seas.
The structure of the thesis corresponds to the tasks. The material is presented in three main chapters.
The first chapter gives an idea of the seas washing the shores of Russia as large natural complexes.
The second chapter reflects the analysis of the current ecological state of the seas of Russia (as well as the characteristics of the main pollutants and the sources of their entry into sea waters).
The third chapter is devoted to the environmental consequences of marine pollution, as well as the problem of protecting the seas from pollution.
In preparing the thesis, we used various sources information - literary, periodicals, statistical data, cartographic materials, resources of the global information network Internet (there are links in the text).
Chapter 1. Seas of Russia as large natural complexes
The territory of our country is washed by thirteen seas: 12 seas of the world ocean and the Caspian Sea, which belongs to the internal drainless basin (Fig. 1). These seas are very diverse both in terms of natural conditions, and in terms of natural resources, and in terms of the degree of their study and development.
Figure 1. Seas of Russia
The total area of territorial waters and exclusive economic zone Russia is about 7 million square kilometers.
Area of continental shelf under jurisdiction Russian Federation- about 5 million square kilometers, which is about 1/5 of the area of the World Ocean shelf.
The Far Eastern Marine Reserve is the only reserve in Russia founded in 1978. as exclusively marine. In addition to it, marine nature is protected in 8 reserves and 2 sanctuaries Far East, 2 Arctic reserves, 2 reserves and 1 reserve in the Barents and White Seas and 2 reserves in the Caspian (see Appendix 1).
The seas of Russia have a number unique features:
· The Barents, Bering and Okhotsk seas are among the most productive seas in the world, and the productivity of the West Kamchatka shelf is the highest in the world and is about 20 t/km².
· AT Far Eastern seas Russia has concentrated stocks of commercial species of world importance: pollock, Pacific salmon, king crab.
· Significantly larger (compared to North Atlantic) stocks of cod.
· In the Russian seas - the highest diversity of sturgeon and salmon in the world.
· The most important migration routes of marine mammals and birds of the northern hemisphere pass along the coast of the Russian seas.
Unique ecosystems have been discovered in the Russian seas: the relict ecosystem of Lake Mogilnoye, the relict ecosystems of kelps in the Arctic (Chaun Bay), shallow-water hydrothermal communities in bays Kuril Islands.
The seas of the Arctic Ocean are located within the continental shelf (shelf). Their depth rarely exceeds 200 m, and the salinity is below oceanic. Coastline heavily cut. The climate of almost all northern seas very severe, the only exception is the Barents Sea, which receives the waters of the warm North Atlantic Current.
Most of the seas are ice-bound for 8-10 months.
The Northern Sea Route passes through the seas of the Arctic Ocean - an important transport artery in Russia. This is the most short cut from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok.
The Barents Sea is the marginal water area of the Arctic Ocean on the border with the Atlantic Ocean, between north coast Europe in the south and the Vaygach Islands, New Earth, Franz Josef Land in the east, Svalbard and Bear Island in the west (Fig. 2). The area of the sea is 1424 thousand km², the depth is up to 600m. The sea is located on continental shelf. The southwestern part of the sea does not freeze in winter due to the influence of the North Atlantic Current. southeastern part sea is called the Pechora Sea.
Figure 2. Barents Sea
In the west it borders on the Norwegian Sea basin, in the south - on the White Sea, in the east - on by the Kara Sea, in the north - with the Arctic Ocean. Area Barents Sea, located east of Kolguev Island, is called the Pechora Sea. The shores of the Barents Sea are predominantly fjord-like, high, rocky, and heavily indented.
The salinity of the surface layer of water in the open sea during the year is 34.7-35.0 ppm in the southwest, 33.0-34.0 in the east, and 32.0-33.0 in the north. AT coastal strip sea in spring and summer, salinity drops to 30-32, by the end of winter it rises to 34.0-34.5.
The climate of the Barents Sea is influenced by the warm Atlantic Ocean and the cold Arctic Ocean. Frequent intrusions of warm Atlantic cyclones and cold Arctic air determine the greater variability weather conditions. In winter, southwest winds prevail over the sea, in spring and summer - northeast winds. Frequent storms. The average air temperature in February varies from -25°C in the north to -4°C in the southwest. The average temperature in August is 0°C, 1°C in the north, 10°C in the southwest. Cloudy weather prevails over the sea during the year.
The inflow of warm Atlantic waters determines the relatively high temperature and salinity in the southwestern part of the sea. Here, in February - March, the water temperature on the surface is 3°C, 5°C, in August it rises to 7°C, 9°C. North of 74° N. sh. and in the southeastern part of the sea in winter the surface water temperature is below −1°C, and in summer in the north 4°C, 0°C, in the southeast 4°C, 7°C. In summer, in the coastal zone, the surface layer warm water 5-8 meters thick can warm up to 11-12°C.
The Barents Sea is rich in various fish species, plant and animal plankton and benthos. At south coast seaweeds are common. Of the 114 species of fish living in the Barents Sea, 20 species are the most important for commercial purposes: cod, haddock, herring, sea bass, catfish, flounder, halibut, etc. Mammals are found: polar bear, seals, harp seals, white whales, etc. Seals are hunted. Bird colonies abound on the coasts (guillemots, guillemots, kittiwakes). In the 20th century, the king crab was introduced, which was able to adapt to new conditions and begin to multiply intensively.
Seas Pacific Ocean wash the eastern coast of Russia from Chukotka to Vladivostok. They are separated from the ocean by archipelagos of islands, but freely communicate with it by numerous straits.
These seas differ in considerable depth - from 2500 to 4000 m.
Bering Sea - a sea in the north of the Pacific Ocean, separated from it by the Aleutian and Commander Islands; The Bering Strait connects it with the Chukchi Sea and the Arctic Ocean. The Bering Sea washes the shores of Russia and the United States. In winter it is covered with ice.
The area is 2.304 million km². The average depth is 1600m, the maximum depth is 4773m. The air temperature over the water area is up to +7, +10°C in summer and -1, -23°C in winter. Salinity 33-34.7 ppm.
The Sea of Okhotsk is part of the Pacific Ocean, separated from it by the Kamchatka Peninsula, the Kuril Islands and the island of Hokkaido (Fig. 3). The sea washes the shores of Russia and Japan.
Figure 3. Sea of Okhotsk
The area is 1.603 million km². Average depth 1780m maximum depth 3521m. Western part sea has a shallow depth, and is located on the continental shelf. In the eastern part there is the Kuril basin, in which the depth is maximum.
From October to May-June, the northern part of the sea is covered with ice. The southeastern part practically does not freeze.
The coast in the north is heavily indented, in the northeast Sea of Okhotsk its largest bay is located - Shelikhov Bay.
The Sea of Japan is a sea within the Pacific Ocean, separated from it by the Japanese Islands and Sakhalin Island. Washes the shores of Russia, Korea and Japan, North Korea. In Korea, the Sea of Japan is called " East Sea". In the south comes a branch warm current Kuroshio.
The area is 1.062 million km². The greatest depth is 3742m. The northern part of the sea freezes in winter.
The Atlantic Ocean basin includes the Baltic, Black and Azov seas, connected with the ocean through neighboring seas and narrow straits.
The Black Sea is an inland sea of the Atlantic Ocean basin. The Bosporus Strait connects with the Sea of Marmara, then, through the Dardanelles, with the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas (Fig. 4). Kerch Strait connects with the Sea of Azov. From the north, the Crimean peninsula cuts deep into the sea. The water boundary between Europe and Asia Minor runs along the surface of the Black Sea.
Figure 4. Black and Azov Seas
The area is 422,000 km² (according to other sources - 436,400 km²). The outlines of the Black Sea resemble an oval with the largest axis about 1150 km. The greatest length sea from north to south - 580 km. The greatest depth is 2210m, the average is 1240m.
The sea washes the shores of Russia, Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey and Georgia. On the northeastern coast of the Black Sea there is an unrecognized public education Abkhazia.
characteristic feature The Black Sea is a complete (with the exception of a number of anaerobic bacteria) lack of life at depths over 150-200m due to saturation deep layers water with hydrogen sulfide.
The Sea of Azov is the northeastern lateral basin of the Black Sea, with which it is connected by the Kerch Strait (Fig. 4). This is the shallowest sea in the world, its depth does not exceed 15 meters.
Its largest length is 343 km, the largest width is 231 km; coastline length 1472 km; surface area - 37605 km². (this area does not include islands and spits, occupying 107.9 sq. km).
According to morphological features, it belongs to flat seas and is a shallow water reservoir with low coastal slopes. In terms of distance from the ocean to the mainland, the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov is the most continental sea on the planet.
In terms of biological productivity, the Sea of Azov ranks first in the world. The most developed are phytoplankton and benthos. Hydrochemical features of the Sea of Azov are formed primarily under the influence of abundant inflow river waters(up to 12% of the water volume) and difficult water exchange with the Black Sea.
The salinity of the sea before the regulation of the Don was three times less than the average salinity of the ocean. After the creation of the Tsimlyansk hydroelectric complex, the salinity of the sea began to increase (up to 13 ppm in the central part). Medium seasonal fluctuations salinity values rarely reach 1%.
During the 20th century, almost everything is more or less major rivers, flowing into the Sea of Azov, were blocked by dams to create reservoirs. This has led to a significant reduction in the discharge of fresh water and silt into the sea.
The Baltic Sea (from antiquity until the 18th century in Russia it was known as the “Varangian Sea”) is an inland marginal sea, deeply protruding into the mainland (Fig. 5). The Baltic Sea is located in northern Europe belongs to the Atlantic Ocean basin.
Figure 5. Baltic Sea
Area: 415 thousand km². Depth: average - 52m, maximum - 459m. The Baltic Sea is rich in seafood, in addition, there are oil reserves, in particular, the D-6 field is being developed (territorial waters of the Kaliningrad region of the Russian Federation)
The Caspian Sea is the largest lake on Earth, located at the junction of Europe and Asia, called the sea because of its size. The Caspian Sea is a drainless lake, and the water in it is salty, from 0.05 ‰ near the mouth of the Volga to 11-13 ‰ in the southeast. The water level is subject to fluctuations, currently - about -28 m below the level of the World Ocean. The area of the Caspian Sea is currently approximately 371,000 km², the maximum depth is 1025 m (Fig. 6).
Figure 6. Caspian Sea
The seas of Russia are of great economic importance. First of all, these are cheap transport routes, the role of which is especially great in foreign trade transportation. The biological resources of the seas are of considerable value. Almost 900 species of fish live in the seas washing the territory of our country, of which more than 250 are commercial, many marine mammals, mollusks and crustaceans. Increasingly increasing importance mineral resources seas. Can use energy sea tides to generate electricity, in addition, the coasts of the seas are places of recreation.
The impact of various harmful substances contained in the air of settlements in concentrations of 10 MPC and above. Due to air pollution, a tense environmental situation persists in a number of regions, and in a number of cities it is assessed as dangerous. Background atmospheric pollution Background technogenic pollution of the atmosphere is formed mainly under the influence of industrial emissions and conditions ...
Due to the loss of freshwater forms. Number marine species in the Caspian phytoplankton is 47, brackish-water - 66, brackish-water-freshwater - 74, freshwater - 210 and others - 52 species. Among the phytoplankton of the Caspian Sea, EXUVELLA and RIZOSOLENIA are the most numerous. Zkzuvella is a native inhabitant of the Caspian Sea, Rizosoleniya is a relatively recent settler of it, penetrated into the Caspian Sea in 1934 ...
The classic, traditional way. It is a treatment with a reagent (coagulant), two-stage clarification and filtration, and on Eastern station They also produce a new operation for Russia - ozonation. In extreme environmental situations, use Activated carbon. During long-term treatment, water is necessarily chlorinated twice. Allow yourself the luxury of not...
- What is the place of the oceans and seas among other components of nature?
- What role do they play in a person's life?
- What is the average salinity of sea water?
- What is the difference between an inland sea and a marginal sea?
There are 54 seas on Earth. The largest number of seas belongs to the Pacific Ocean basin - 26, 13 - to the Atlantic Ocean basin, 5 - to the Indian Ocean basin, 10 - to the Arctic Ocean basin.
The territory of our country is washed by thirteen seas: 12 seas of the World Ocean and the Caspian Sea, which belongs to the internal drainless basin. These seas are very diverse both in terms of natural conditions, and in terms of natural resources, and in terms of the degree of their study and development.
On the map, determine the basins of which oceans include the seas washing the coast of Russia. To which ocean basin does the largest number of seas wash our country belong? Name all the seas of Russia.
Physical and geographical characteristics of the seas. By geographical location, physiographic and hydrobiological conditions, the seas of our country can be classified into two types.
marginal seas . The marginal seas are located at the outer borders of Russia, separated from the oceans by islands, island arcs, and archipelagos. In the form of a necklace, all the northern and eastern coasts of Russia are bordered. Among them are the Barents, Kara, Bering Seas.
inland seas. Inland seas are located inside the mainland, sometimes at a very great distance from the oceans to which they belong, and are connected to them by a strait or several straits. These are the Baltic, Azov and Black Seas.
The marginal seas of the Arctic Ocean are located in their coastal parts within the continental shelf, or shelf. Therefore, they are sometimes called shelf seas. Their depth on the shelf rarely exceeds 200 m, and the salinity of the water is noticeably lower than that of the ocean (remember what the salinity of sea water depends on). The coastline of these seas is characterized by significant indentation. However, at a distance from the coast, these seas can reach considerable depths. (So, the maximum depth of the Laptev Sea is 3385 m, the Chukchi Sea is 1256 m.)
The climate of almost all northern seas is very severe. The only exception is the Barents Sea, which receives the waters of the warm North Atlantic Current. Most of the seas are bound by a powerful ice cover for 8-10 months. Even their southern coastal areas, where the warmer and fresher waters of the rivers flowing into them, are freed from ice only in July. Severe ice conditions significantly reduce the importance of the Arctic seas in the national economy.
Rice. 4. Ocean basins
On the map, determine the names of the seas within Russian Arctic. What kind large peninsulas and are there bays in the northern seas washing the shores of Russia? Follow the map as the depth of these seas changes with distance from the coast.
The Northern Sea Route passes through the seas of the Arctic Ocean - an important transport artery in Russia.
The Northern Sea Route has great value for business and cultural life districts Far North. Caravans of ships, accompanied by powerful nuclear icebreakers, currently pass it several times during navigation. This is the shortest waterway from Saint Petersburg to Vladivostok. Vessels, following the Baltic, North and Norwegian seas, then go along the North sea route, passing to Vladivostok 14,280 km. And if they had to sail through the Suez Canal or around Africa, then they would have to overcome 23,200 or 29,400 km, respectively.
Rice. 5. Sea routes
Find on the map the ports of the seas of the Arctic Ocean. What do you know about the history of the development of the Northern Sea Route?
The seas of the Pacific Ocean wash the eastern shores of Russia from Chukotka to Vladivostok. They are separated from the ocean by archipelagos of islands, but freely communicate with it by numerous straits. These seas have almost no shelf zone, and they differ in significant depths - 2500-4000 m. Eastern Shores Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands are washed by the waters of the Pacific Ocean itself. Here is one of the deepest ocean trenches- Kuril-Kamchatskaya with depths up to 9717 m.
Explain what is the reason for the greater depth of the Pacific Ocean compared to other seas.
The Bering and Okhotsk Seas have a harsh climate: in winter, the northern sector of the Bering Sea and a significant part of the Sea of Okhotsk are covered with ice, and the temperature of the water surface even in summer does not rise above +5 ... + 12 ° С. Thick fogs often form here. The water temperature of the Sea of Japan is higher, so only the northernmost coastal part of the sea is covered with ice. In summer the water temperature reaches +20°С. Severe storms and typhoons often occur in the Sea of Japan.
The Atlantic Ocean basin includes inland seas - the Baltic, Black and Azov, connected with the ocean through neighboring seas by narrow straits.
Rice. 6. Baltic Sea. The Gulf of Finland
Find on the map the straits that connect the inland seas of Russia with the ocean, and remember their names.
Only the Black Sea has significant depths (over 2200 m). The Azov and Baltic Seas are shallow and heavily desalinated. The Black Sea is the warmest sea in our country. Ice of small thickness forms in winter on a short time only in its northern bays. gulfs Baltic Sea and the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov are covered with ice in winter.
Using the maps of the atlas, determine which ports Russia has on the Black and Baltic Seas.
The Caspian Sea-Lake now has no connection with the World Ocean. But in the past it was part of the ancient unified Caspian-Black Sea basin. The Caspian is also a warm sea, in winter only its northern part is covered with ice for a short time. The coastal waters of all the northern seas of Russia, and especially the White, Barents, Kara and Laptev Seas, at the places where the rivers flow into them, are noticeably desalinated. To an even greater extent, this applies to the inland - the Baltic and Azov seas. In the Caspian Sea, desalination is typical for its northern shallow part, where the Volga, Terek and Sulak rivers flow.
Rice. 7. Black Sea
Sea resources. The seas of Russia are of great economic importance. First of all, these are cheap transport routes connecting our country both with other states and with its individual regions. Russia has a highly developed maritime transport. Its role is especially great in foreign trade transportation.
The biological resources of the seas, primarily their fish wealth, are of considerable value. Almost 900 species of fish live in the seas washing Russia, of which more than 250 are commercial.
Rice. 8. Resources of the seas of Russia
Many marine mammals live in the Far Eastern seas: whales, seals, walruses, fur seals; there are also many mollusks and crustaceans: crabs, mussels, shrimps, scallops. Seaweeds are also of economic importance, for example, kelp - sea kale, which are used as food products, as well as for medical and technical purposes. At present, algae breeding farms have been established in the Sea of Japan.
The importance of the mineral resources of the seas is increasing more and more.
The energy of the sea tides can be used to generate electricity. So far, there is only one small tidal power plant in Russia - the Kislogubskaya TPP on the Barents Sea.
The seas have always attracted man with their resources and conditions for establishing trade relations with other nations. In our time of rapid development of technology, the role of the seas in human life has increased immeasurably. The seas are economically profitable transport routes. The seas are also places of rest. Of course, most of the seas of our country have too harsh natural conditions for them to be resorts. But the southern seas - Azov, Black, Caspian, Japanese - attract a large number of tourists.
Name, using the map, the most famous sea resorts in Russia.
Environmental problems of the seas. For a long time it was believed that as soon as polluted waters flow into the open sea, all pollution will be absorbed, dissolving in the marine environment. The seas do have the ability to purify polluted waters. A special role in this process is played by marine organisms, for example, many species of molluscs, which, passing polluted water through themselves, purify it, concentrating pollutants in themselves. But the ability of the seas to self-cleanse is not unlimited. In our time, when the impact of human economic activity on the World Ocean has increased dramatically, the ecological situation of the seas has become a serious problem.
Pollution of the seas occurs both naturally (due to the processes of leaching and dissolution by sea water rocks composing the bottom and shores, due to the removal to the sea of materials from the erosion activity of rivers and groundwater etc.), and as a result of human economic activity.
What is the main source of marine pollution? Approximately 40% of pollutants come with river runoff, as a result of direct discharge of industrial and agricultural waste into rivers, urban Wastewater.
Approximately 30% of pollutants are sea transport. Here is diesel fuel waste, and washing of ships, and ballast filling of sea water into them, followed by discharge upon arrival at the port of destination. But accidents of tankers - oil tankers, as well as accidents of oil pipelines laid along the bottom of the seas and oil production directly at sea - from special drilling rigs, cause particular harm. "Oil disease", which arose in the 50s. of our century, when the extraction, transportation, and use of oil have grown rapidly, and today remains the most dangerous for the life of the sea. After all, just 1 gram of oil can destroy 2 tons of water. Spreading a thin film over the water surface and preventing its moisture, gas and heat exchange with the atmosphere, oil also destroys a lot of waterfowl and other animals, sticking around their bodies with a sticky oil film. In the cold Arctic seas, oil can remain on the water surface for up to 50 years! To eliminate the oil film on the surface of the sea, special chemicals are used - detergents. But sometimes these substances are themselves poisonous and cause even more harm to marine life than oil.
Great harm to the seas is caused by an excessive increase in the dose of mineral fertilizers applied to the fields. This begs the question: what is the relationship between the ecological state of the sea and the amount of mineral fertilizers on the field? It turns out it's straight. An excess amount of mineral fertilizers leads to incomplete use of them by plants and to their removal into rivers, and then into the seas. Sea water, enriched beyond measure with nitrogen, phosphorus, microelements, becomes a nutrient "broth" for the rapid development of bacteria and algae, causing water blooms. Because of this, the oxygen reserves in the water are sharply reduced, the amount of hydrogen sulfide increases, which has a detrimental effect on other living organisms.
Of the seas washing the shores of Russia, the most difficult ecological situation is characteristic of the Baltic, Black, Japanese, and White seas.
Ways to improve environmental situation seas are known: the development of non-waste industries on the coast, the construction of the required number of treatment facilities, the calculation of the permissible anthropogenic load on recreational areas sea coasts.
In 1978, the organization of the Far Eastern State Marine Reserve in Peter the Great Bay laid the foundation for the development of marine conservation in our country. In the reserve, not only individual representatives of flora and fauna are protected, but also maintained in natural state unique ecosystem of the Sea of Japan. The reserve includes not only marine areas, but also land areas adjacent to them. To preserve the natural complexes of the seas, a special state program is needed.
Questions and tasks
- Explain why the seas of the Arctic Ocean are shallow in coastal areas.
- Name the features of the nature of the seas of the Arctic Ocean. Why is the climate of the Barents Sea less severe compared to the climate of other northern seas of Russia?
- Why are the most deep seas washing the shores of Russia are the seas of the Pacific Ocean?
- Tell us about the resources of the Russian seas.
- From what it is necessary to protect and protect the seas?
- On the contour map, describe the ecological situation in the various seas of Russia, using the following symbols: red - the situation is dangerous, close to ecological disaster; yellow - environmental situation of medium danger; green - a favorable ecological situation.
Map - The most acute environmental situations in Russia and other CIS countries (according to B. I. Kochurov)
Ecological map of Russia. Regions of unfavorable ecological situation.
This is serious food for thought. So far, rather, compiled by me, the author of the article, a summary-memo from the most authoritative sources (textbooks economic geography recent years with truthful information about the state of affairs on the environmental situation in the Russian Federation and the CIS, materials from the Web. We will return to this most important issue later.
1. INTRODUCTION
2. TEN MOST POLLUTED CITIES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN DESCENT
4. AREAS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS
IN THE EUROPEAN MACROREGION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
IN THE ASIAN MACROREGION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
7. ON THE MAP - 50 SITES OF UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS FOR PEACEFUL PURPOSES
8. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE CIS COUNTRIES ON THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
9. SMALL ATOMIC WAR.
11. "OUT OF COMPETITION" NORILSK
12. TOTAL...
At the beginning of 2002, at the World Economic Forum in New York, the environmental rating of 142 countries of the world was characterized. Russia was in it in 74th place.
As a result, according to the opinion of the most authoritative domestic ecologists and geographers, Russia has actually already entered the stage of cruel ecological crisis.
The first truthful data on the actual level of the ecological crisis in the USSR became public in 1989, when state report Goskompriroda on the state of the environment. A truly shocking impression was made by the information that more than 20% of the entire population of the country, i.e. 50-55 million people, including 39% of the city dwellers, live in an unfavorable environmental situation. As it turned out, in 103 cities the level of atmospheric pollution was 10 times or more higher than the maximum allowable standards.
In 1989, at the Institute of Geography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the map "The most acute environmental situations in the USSR" was compiled for the first time (scale 1:8 OOO OOO).
It reflects the whole complex of violations of the environment natural environment:
In total, the country turned out to have about 300 areas with a difficult ecological situation, which occupied 4 million km2, or 18% of its territory. total area. And taking into account the degraded tundra, steppe and semi-desert pastures, this figure increased to 20%.
In the 1990s new assessments of the environmental situation in Russia appeared. According to most of them, territories of ecological trouble occupy 2.4 million km2 in the country, or 15% of its total area, and taking into account degrading pastures, this figure rises to 18–20%. Tens of millions of people live in such territories. This is especially true for the urban population. Suffice it to say that on threshold of the XXI in. There were 195 cities in Russia (with general population 65 million people!), in the atmosphere of which the annual average concentrations of one or more pollutants exceeded the MPC.
G. M. Lappo wrote that the list of especially unfavorable cities in the ecological sense included all 13 “millionaire” cities, all 22 major cities with a population of 500 thousand to 1 million people, the vast majority of regional, regional and republican centers(63 out of 72), almost 3/4 of large cities with a population of 100 thousand to 500 thousand people (113 out of 165).
Among the cities with the highest emissions into the atmosphere different kind pollutants are dominated by the centers of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical and pulp and paper industries.
2. TEN MOST POLLUTED CITIES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN DESCENT:
That is why the top ten most polluted cities in the country are (in descending order):
1. Norilsk,
2.Novokuznetsk,
3. Cherepovets,
4. Lipetsk,
5.Magnitogorsk,
6. Nizhny Tagil,
8.Angarsk,
9. Novocherkassk,
10.a closes this list of Moscow.
Production, transport, public utilities in most regions of Russia are not environmentally friendly. In 1989, the Institute of Geography compiled an ecological map of the USSR, in which the country's territory is divided into three zones according to the degree of environmental tension.
3. AREAS OF CATASTROPHIC ENVIRONMENTAL SITUATION
Catastrophic ecological situation - Kyshtym zone (area of the city of Kyshtym, Chelyabinsk region.), where the largest accumulation of radionuclides is located.
4. AREAS OF CRISIS ENVIRONMENTAL SITUATION:
Crisis environmental situation - Moscow region, Kalmykia, Northern Caspian, Middle and Lower Volga regions, European North (Kola Peninsula, Novaya Zemlya, Arkhangelsk region, Barents Sea), industrial zone of the Urals, oil and gas regions Western Siberia, Kuzbass, Baikal, Angara, a number of other areas.
5. AREAS OF MODERATE-INTENSE ENVIRONMENTAL SITUATION
Moderately intense ecological situation - the Central Black Earth region, the European North-West and a number of other regions.
6. AREAS OF VERY ACUTE ENVIRONMENTAL SITUATION
In the ecological map of Russia published in 1999, four stages of the ecological situation are distinguished: favorable, moderately acute, acute, and very acute. The latter is characterized by environment represents a danger to human health and life.
IN THE EUROPEAN MACROREGION, 20 REGIONS WITH A VERY ACUTE ENVIRONMENTAL SITUATION ARE ALLOCATED, THE LARGEST OF WHICH ARE LOCATED:
In the Urals and in the Urals,
On the Volga,
in the Moscow region.
THE ASIAN MACRO-REGION MORE THAN 30 REGIONS WITH A VERY ACUTE ENVIRONMENTAL SITUATION:
Tyumen region,
Kuzbass,
Areas around Krasnoyarsk,
Irkutsk,
Vladivostok, etc.
7.ON THE MAP-50 PLACES OF UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS FOR PEACEFUL PURPOSES
The map shows about 50 sites of underground nuclear explosions in peaceful purposes and places of storage, processing, flooding radioactive waste. Underground nuclear explosions for peaceful purposes, explosions are meant for seismic sounding earth's crust, stimulation of the release of gas and oil, movement of soil and the formation of depressions (channels), the creation of underground cavities for the purpose of subsequent storage of gas in them, etc.
8.ECOLOGICAL IMPACT OF THE CIS COUNTRIES ON THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Russia has fairly close environmental ties with many of its neighbors. These links find expression primarily in the transboundary transport of air and water pollution. The balance of such a transfer is unfavorable for Russia as a whole, since the "import" of pollution into the country significantly exceeds their "export". At the same time, the main environmental threat comes from Russia's neighbors in the West: only Ukraine, Belarus and Estonia supply 1/2 of all transboundary substances polluting the atmosphere, 1.5 times more wastewater flows from Ukraine to Russia than goes to reverse direction. The ecological and geographical position of Russia is also affected by the centers of transboundary transport that have arisen in its southern borders- in the Chinese Amur region, the Irtysh, Pavlodar-Ekibastuz and Ust-Kamenogorsk regions of Kazakhstan.
9. SMALL ATOMIC WAR.
(CHERNOBYL AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ON RUSSIA AND CIS)
According to the degree of impact on the environment, the accident at Chernobyl nuclear power plant, which occurred on April 26, 1986, is sometimes compared with a small nuclear war. According to available estimates, it led to the release of radionuclides in the amount of 50 million to 100 million curies. As a result, an area within a radius of more than 2000 km from this nuclear power plant, including the territories of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and some other European countries, was subjected to radioactive contamination to one degree or another.
10. DENSITY OF CAESIUM-137 POLLUTION ON THE TERRITORY OF RUSSIA
Rice. 132. Cesium-137 Pollution Density European territory Russia (according to M.P. Ratanova)
In Russia, the density of contamination with strontium-137 over 5 Ci/km2 was found on the territory of 8000 km2 within 15 subjects of the Federation. The Bryansk, Tula, Oryol, Kaluga and Ryazan region. If we take into account all degrees of strontium pollution, then such territories will cover almost the entire European part countries (Fig. 132). In Belarus, where a pollution density of more than 5 Ci/km2 was found on an area of 16 thousand km2, the Gomel and Mogilev regions were especially affected, in Ukraine (3.5 thousand km2) - Kyiv region. Contamination with strontium-90 was found to be significantly less.
It can be added that, although in accordance with state regulations, an area with a density of strontium-137 contamination over 15 Ci/km2 is considered a zone of mandatory resettlement of people, and an area with contamination from 5 to 15 Ci/km2 is a zone with the right to such resettlement, in their There are still more than a thousand settlements with a population of about 450 thousand people.
AREAS OF "DIRTY" INDUSTRIES
Based on the root cause of the ecological crisis in these areas and their national economic specialization, it is legitimate to divide them into three groups.
The first and largest group is formed by industrial-urban areas with a predominance of branches of heavy industry and, in particular, its most "dirty" industries. They are characterized by severe pollution of the atmosphere, water basin, soil cover, withdrawal from circulation of productive agricultural land, loss of soil fertility, degradation of vegetation and wildlife and, as a result, a general severe deterioration of the environmental situation, fraught with negative consequences for human health.
Kola Peninsula,
Moscow metropolitan region,
Middle Volga and Kama region,
Northern Caspian,
Industrial zone of the Urals,
Norilsk industrial region,
Kuzbass,
Oil and gas region of Western Siberia,
Angara
and the Baikal region.
In other CIS countries
this is
Donetsk and
Dnepropetrovsk-Krivoy Rog regions in Ukraine,
Ust-Kamenogorsk and Balkhash in Kazakhstan.
At the same time, some of these regions have, as they say, a broad economic and ecological profile (for example, the Moscow region, the Urals, Kuzbass, Donbass), while the ecological “face” of others is determined by a much narrower economic specialization. Yes, on Kola Peninsula is a high concentration mining and non-ferrous metallurgy, in the Middle Volga and Kama regions and in Western Siberia, this is the concentration primarily of oil producing, oil refining and petrochemical industries. And in the Northern Caspian - the specific impact of the Astrakhan gas complex, which is expressed in air pollution, deterioration of the regime of the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain and other negative consequences.
11. "OUT OF COMPETITION" NORILSK
Hardly the most a prime example the Norilsk industrial region is of this kind, the core of which is the largest plant processing local rich copper-nickel ores. Norilsk has for a long time occupied the uncompetitive first place in the country in terms of atmospheric pollution: its enterprises annually emit 2–2.5 million tons of pollutants “down the wind”, i.e. about the same as all the other cities mentioned above. "dirty" dozens combined! It is also important that the main part of these emissions is sulfur dioxide, which contributes to the formation of acid precipitation. It is not surprising that zones of real anthropogenic deserts have already formed near non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises, where the natural vegetation cover has been completely destroyed, and the sparse taiga has been reduced.
12. TOTAL...
18 regions of the CIS countries are now included in the category of regions with an ecological crisis, of which 12 are located on the territory of Russia.
Scientific analysis of environmental situations in separate parts Russia has long been difficult because of the terminological inconsistency in their classification and evaluation. But then this inconsistency was eliminated. Depending on the degree of severity, geographers began to distinguish the following categories of environmental situations: 1) catastrophic (very acute); 2) crisis (very acute); 3) critical (acute); 4) tense (not sharp); 5) conflict (not acute); 6) satisfactory. One of the main experts in this field, B. I. Kochurov, characterizes these categories as follows.
Catastrophic situations are characterized by deep and often irreversible changes in nature, the loss of natural resources and a sharp deterioration in the living conditions of the population, which are mainly caused by the multiple excess of anthropogenic loads on the landscapes of the region. An important sign of a catastrophic situation is the threat to human life and heredity, as well as the loss of the gene pool and unique natural objects. Crisis situations are approaching catastrophic ones, since they cause very significant and practically poorly compensated changes in landscapes, complete depletion of natural resources and a sharp deterioration in the health of the population. If urgent action is not taken, the transition from crisis stage to catastrophic can happen for very short term(three to five years). In critical situations, significant and poorly compensated changes in landscapes occur, there is a rapid increase in the threat of depletion or loss of natural resources (including the gene pool), unique natural objects, a steady increase in the number of diseases due to sharp deterioration living conditions. Anthropogenic loads, as a rule, exceed the established normative values and environmental requirements. In tense situations, negative changes are noted in individual components of landscapes, which leads to the disruption or degradation of individual natural resources and, in most cases, to a deterioration in the living conditions of the population. In conflict situations, minor spatial and temporal changes in landscapes are observed. Finally, in satisfactory situations, due to the absence of direct or indirect anthropogenic impact all indicators of landscape properties do not change.
The regions of the Russian Federation and the CIS with a favorable environmental situation (there are much fewer of them, alas, than vice versa) - we will cover in a separate article.
Practical work No. 19. Drawing up a map of areas of environmental pollution in the United States, identifying sources of pollution, suggesting solutions environmental issues.
Progress:
Using the maps of the atlas (p. 41), plot the state borders of the country on the contour map of the United States.
Using the atlas and the textbook "Geography" Yu.N. Smooth conventional signs mark on a contour map the most important mineral extraction areas and the main industrial belts of the United States.
Shade with different colors the main areas of degradation of the natural environment as a result of human activities: under the influence of the extractive industry, manufacturing, agriculture, tanker fleet, testing nuclear weapons and accidents at nuclear power plants, etc.
Sign the names of the most polluted rivers, lakes, canals and marine areas.
What are the ways to solve environmental problems in the United States and the steps that the US government should take to improve the ecological condition of the country.
Make a conclusion about the prospects for the development of the environmental situation in the United States.
Practical work number 20.
Influence of natural factors
On the development of the economy, features of life and life of the population
In the macroregions of the USA.
Progress:
Using the text of the textbook "Geography" Yu.N. Smooth, atlas (pp. 40 - 43), knowledge gained during the course of the 7th grade and additional literature, depending on the number of the variant, disclose the content of the proposed scheme, for which:
a) highlight the characteristic features of the economic and geographical position;
b) name the features of natural conditions (relief and climate) that affect the life, life and activities of man and the economy of the region;
c) list the natural resources that this region is provided with;
d) describe the features of the location, composition, urban and rural population, labor resources, life and activities of the population of the region and name the largest cities in the region;
e) name the branches of industrial and agricultural specialization of the region;
f) Describe the development of transport and tourism in the region.
Make a conclusion about the influence of natural conditions and resources on the characteristics of life and life of the population and the economy of the region.
Option 1. Northeast USA.
Option 2. Midwest USA.
Option 3. South of the USA.
Option 4. West of the USA.
Practical work number 21.
Building a map
Main industrial and agricultural areas
Canada.
Progress:
Using the text of the textbook, maps of the atlas (p. 44), designate the state border of Canada, sign the border countries, seas and oceans washing its shores, highlight the Arctic Circle.
Symbolically mark the main mineral deposits of Canada (oil, natural gas, iron, copper, nickel, polymetallic, molybdenum ores, gold and platinum, potassium salts and asbestos).
Symbolically mark the regions provided with forest, fish, agro-climatic, soil, water and hydropower resources.
Put symbols on the map major centers manufacturing industry, reflecting its specialization.
Shade the major agricultural regions of Canada.
Arrows different color show the ways of export and import of raw materials and finished products.
Draw a conclusion about the location and specialization of the economy of the main economic regions of Canada: the North, Southwest, Center and Southeast.
- What is the place of the oceans and seas among other components of nature?
- What role do they play in a person's life?
- What is the average salinity of sea water?
- What is the difference between an inland sea and a marginal sea?
There are 54 seas on Earth. The largest number of seas belongs to the Pacific Ocean basin - 26, 13 - to the Atlantic Ocean basin, 5 - to the Indian Ocean basin, 10 - to the Arctic Ocean basin.
The territory of our country is washed by thirteen seas: 12 seas of the World Ocean and the Caspian Sea, which belongs to the internal drainless basin. These seas are very diverse both in terms of natural conditions, and in terms of natural resources, and in terms of the degree of their study and development.
On the map, determine the basins of which oceans include the seas washing the coast of Russia. Which ocean basin does it belong to largest number the seas surrounding our country? Name all the seas of Russia.
Physical and geographical characteristics of the seas. By geographic location, physical-geographical and hydrobiological conditions of the sea of our country can be attributed to two types.
marginal seas. The marginal seas are located at the outer borders of Russia, separated from the oceans by islands, island arcs, and archipelagos. In the form of a necklace, all the northern and eastern coasts of Russia are bordered. Among them are the Barents, Kara, Bering Seas.
inland seas. Inland seas are located inside the mainland, sometimes at a very great distance from the oceans to which they belong, and are connected to them by a strait or several straits. These are the Baltic, Azov and Black Seas.
The marginal seas of the Arctic Ocean are located in their coastal parts within the continental shelf, or shelf. Therefore, they are sometimes called shelf seas. Their depth on the shelf rarely exceeds 200 m, and the salinity of the water is noticeably lower than that of the ocean (remember what the salinity of sea water depends on). The coastline of these seas is characterized by significant indentation. However, at a distance from the coast, these seas can reach considerable depths. (So, the maximum depth of the Laptev Sea is 3385 m, the Chukchi Sea is 1256 m.)
The climate of almost all northern seas is very severe. The only exception is the Barents Sea, which receives the waters of the warm North Atlantic Current. Most of the seas are bound by a powerful ice cover for 8-10 months. Even their southern coastal areas, where the warmer and fresher waters of the rivers flowing into them, are freed from ice only in July. Severe ice conditions significantly reduce the importance of the Arctic seas in the national economy.
Rice. 4. Ocean basins
On the map, determine the names of the seas within the Russian Arctic. What large peninsulas and bays are there in the northern seas washing the shores of Russia? Follow the map as the depth of these seas changes with distance from the coast.
The Northern Sea Route passes through the seas of the Arctic Ocean - an important transport artery in Russia.
The Northern Sea Route is of great importance for the economic and cultural life of the regions of the Far North. Caravans of ships, accompanied by powerful nuclear icebreakers, currently pass it several times during navigation. This is the shortest waterway from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok. Vessels, following the Baltic, North and Norwegian Seas, then go along the Northern Sea Route, passing 14,280 km to Vladivostok. And if they had to sail through the Suez Canal or around Africa, then they would have to overcome 23,200 or 29,400 km, respectively.
Rice. 5. Sea routes
Find on the map the ports of the seas of the Arctic Ocean. What do you know about the history of the development of the Northern Sea Route?
The seas of the Pacific Ocean wash the eastern shores of Russia from Chukotka to Vladivostok. They are separated from the ocean by archipelagos of islands, but freely communicate with it by numerous straits. These seas have almost no shelf zone, and they differ in significant depths - 2500-4000 m. The eastern shores of Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands are washed by the waters of the Pacific Ocean itself. Here is one of the deepest oceanic depressions - the Kuril-Kamchatskaya with depths up to 9717 m.
Explain what is the reason for the greater depth of the Pacific Ocean compared to other seas.
The Bering and Okhotsk Seas have a harsh climate: in winter, the northern sector of the Bering Sea and a significant part of the Sea of Okhotsk are covered with ice, and the temperature of the water surface even in summer does not rise above +5 ... + 12 ° С. Thick fogs often form here. The water temperature of the Sea of Japan is higher, so only the northernmost coastal part of the sea is covered with ice. In summer the water temperature reaches +20°С. Severe storms and typhoons often occur in the Sea of Japan.
The Atlantic Ocean basin includes inland seas - the Baltic, Black and Azov, connected with the ocean through neighboring seas by narrow straits.
Rice. 6. Baltic Sea. The Gulf of Finland
Find on the map the straits that connect the inland seas of Russia with the ocean, and remember their names.
Only the Black Sea has significant depths (over 2200 m). The Azov and Baltic Seas are shallow and heavily desalinated. The Black Sea is the warmest sea in our country. Ice of small thickness is formed in winter for a short time only in its northern bays. The bays of the Baltic Sea and the Sea of Azov are covered with ice in winter.
Using the maps of the atlas, determine which ports Russia has on the Black and Baltic Seas.
The Caspian Sea-Lake now has no connection with the World Ocean. But in the past it was part of the ancient unified Caspian-Black Sea basin. The Caspian is also a warm sea, in winter only its northern part is covered with ice for a short time. The coastal waters of all the northern seas of Russia, and especially the White, Barents, Kara and Laptev Seas, at the places where the rivers flow into them, are noticeably desalinated. To an even greater extent, this applies to the inland - the Baltic and Azov seas. In the Caspian Sea, desalination is typical for its northern shallow part, where the Volga, Terek and Sulak rivers flow.
Rice. 7. Black Sea
Sea resources. The seas of Russia are of great economic importance. First of all, these are cheap transport routes connecting our country both with other states and with its individual regions. Russia has a highly developed maritime transport. Its role is especially great in foreign trade transportation.
The biological resources of the seas, primarily their fish wealth, are of considerable value. Almost 900 species of fish live in the seas washing Russia, of which more than 250 are commercial.
Rice. 8. Resources of the seas of Russia
Many marine mammals live in the Far Eastern seas: whales, seals, walruses, fur seals; there are also many mollusks and crustaceans: crabs, mussels, shrimps, scallops. Seaweeds are also of economic importance, for example, kelp - sea kale, which are used as food products, as well as for medical and technical purposes. At present, algae breeding farms have been established in the Sea of Japan.
The importance of the mineral resources of the seas is increasing more and more.
The energy of the sea tides can be used to generate electricity. So far, there is only one small tidal power plant in Russia - the Kislogubskaya TPP on the Barents Sea.
The seas have always attracted people with their resources and conditions for establishing trade relations with other peoples. In our time of rapid development of technology, the role of the seas in human life has increased immeasurably. The seas are economically profitable transport routes. The seas are also places of rest. Of course, most of the seas of our country have too harsh natural conditions for them to be resorts. But south seas- Azov, Black, Caspian, Japanese - attract a large number of vacationers.
Name, using the map, the most famous sea resorts in Russia.
Environmental problems of the seas. For a long time it was believed that as soon as polluted waters flow into the open sea, all pollution will be absorbed, dissolving in the marine environment. The seas do have the ability to purify polluted waters. A special role in this process is played by marine organisms, for example, many species of molluscs, which, passing polluted water through themselves, purify it, concentrating pollutants in themselves. But the ability of the seas to self-cleanse is not unlimited. In our time, when the impact of human economic activity on the World Ocean has increased dramatically, the ecological situation of the seas has become a serious problem.
Pollution of the seas occurs both naturally (due to the processes of leaching and dissolution of rocks that make up the bottom and coasts by sea water, due to the removal of materials from the erosional activity of rivers and groundwater into the sea, etc.), and as a result of human economic activity.
What is the main source of marine pollution? Approximately 40% of pollutants come with river runoff, as a result of direct discharge of industrial and agricultural waste into rivers, as well as discharge of urban wastewater into them.
About 30% of pollutants come from maritime transport. Here is diesel fuel waste, and washing of ships, and ballast filling of sea water into them, followed by discharge upon arrival at the port of destination. But accidents of tankers - oil tankers, as well as accidents of oil pipelines laid along the bottom of the seas and oil production directly at sea - from special drilling rigs, cause particular harm. "Oil disease", which arose in the 50s. of our century, when the extraction, transportation, and use of oil have grown rapidly, and today remains the most dangerous for the life of the sea. After all, just 1 gram of oil can destroy 2 tons of water. Spreading a thin film over the water surface and preventing its moisture, gas and heat exchange with the atmosphere, oil also destroys a lot of waterfowl and other animals, sticking around their bodies with a sticky oil film. In the cold Arctic seas, oil can remain on the water surface for up to 50 years! To eliminate the oil film on the surface of the sea, special chemicals are used - detergents. But sometimes these substances themselves are poisonous and cause even more harm. marine life than oil.
Great harm to the seas is caused by an excessive increase in the dose of mineral fertilizers applied to the fields. This begs the question: what is the relationship between the ecological state of the sea and the amount of mineral fertilizers on the field? It turns out it's straight. An excess amount of mineral fertilizers leads to incomplete use of them by plants and to their removal into rivers, and then into the seas. Sea water, enriched beyond measure with nitrogen, phosphorus, microelements, becomes a nutrient "broth" for the rapid development of bacteria and algae, causing water blooms. Because of this, the oxygen reserves in the water are sharply reduced, the amount of hydrogen sulfide increases, which has a detrimental effect on other living organisms.
Of the seas washing the shores of Russia, the most difficult ecological situation is typical for the Baltic, Black, Japanese, White seas.
Ways to improve the ecological situation of the seas are known: the development of non-waste industries on the coast, the construction of the required number of treatment facilities, the calculation of the permissible anthropogenic load on the recreational zones of the sea coasts.
In 1978, the organization of the Far Eastern State Marine Reserve in Peter the Great Bay laid the foundation for the development of marine conservation in our country. In the reserve, not only individual representatives of flora and fauna are protected, but the unique ecosystem of the Sea of Japan is maintained in its natural state. The reserve includes not only marine areas, but also land areas adjacent to them. To preserve the natural complexes of the seas, a special state program is needed.
Questions and tasks
- Explain why the seas of the Arctic Ocean are shallow in coastal areas.
- Name the features of the nature of the seas of the Arctic Ocean. Why is the climate of the Barents Sea less severe compared to the climate of other northern seas of Russia?
- Why are the deepest seas washing the coast of Russia the seas of the Pacific Ocean?
- Tell us about the resources of the Russian seas.
- From what it is necessary to protect and protect the seas?
- On the contour map, describe the ecological situation in the various seas of Russia, using the following symbols: red - the situation is dangerous, close to an ecological disaster; yellow - environmental situation of medium danger; green - a favorable ecological situation.
