Links to scanned versions of some Russian dialect dictionaries and studies on dialectology. Dialectological atlas of the Russian language

More, incl.

5 books about Russian dialectology
What to read about the history and structure of Russian dialects the candidate recommends philological sciences Igor Isaev / "5 Books" / Article 2013

What to read about cognitive psychology, the theory of evolution or the Russian language? The section publishes the recommendations of scientists of 5 books on the field of their research with an explanation of why this or that book is important and necessary to read. More about .., incl.

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Any language is complex education. And it's not just about grammar. There are several interacting layers in the language, and the complexity of the connections between the layers is explained difficult history people, social stratification society, education and development literary language, the settlement of tribes with different dialects, etc. All modern languages were once dialects; so Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian were dialects Old Russian language, and Old Russian itself was one of the dialects of the common Slavic ...

Modern languages also have dialects. In Russian - a large number of dialects, but they all combine into northern or southern dialect or are included in the Central Russian dialects. The study of dialect material on expeditions or the study of dialect features in written monuments is a special kind of linguistics, dialectology helps to understand the current patterns and history of language development.

Igor Isaev- Candidate of Philology, Director of the Institute of Linguistics of the Russian State Humanitarian University, Senior Researcher Department of Dialectology and Linguistic Geography of the Institute of the Russian Language. V. V. Vinogradov RAS

1. Dialectological atlas of the Russian language. T.1. Phonetics. M., 1986; T. 2. Morphology. M., 1989; T. 3. Part 1. Vocabulary. M.: 1996; T. 3. Part 2. Vocabulary. Syntax. M.: 2004.

This is a fundamental work on Russian linguistic geography, which received state award USSR. About 50 years have passed since the collection of the first materials (the end of the 30s of the 19th century) until the release of the first volume of DARIA. During this time, scientists-dialectologists from the IRI of the USSR Academy of Sciences and various universities on the territory of the Center of the European part of Russia have collected colossal material on phonetics, morphology, vocabulary and syntax of Russian dialects.

The geography of DARIA covers only the territory of the oldest settlement of the Slavs, but the survey grid is arranged in such a way that the settlements included in the atlas are located at a distance of 15 km from each other; the number of such points is more than 4000. The atlas allows you to comprehend in detail the dialect division of the Russian language into different levels(the folders contain about 300 maps), it is useful for historians, ethnographers and archaeologists. There are also atlases of Ukrainian and Belarusian languages, which form an agreed unity with DARIA.

2. Dictionary of Russian folk dialects, vol. 1-43. L., 1965 - St. Petersburg, 2010

This is an ongoing publication, the last of the volumes published on the IL RAS website is under the letter "T". Among the many modern and not so modern dialect words arey SRNG occupies a special place.

Majority dialect dictionaries tied to the region: Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Orlovsky, etc., and the SRNG uses all available lexical dialect materials that are collected from regional dialect dictionaries, scientific articles and in dialectological expeditions. Since 2002, the published volumes of the dictionary have been replenished with new lexical material published in revised editions.

3. Russian dialectology: Textbook for students. philol. fak. higher textbook institutions, ed. L.L. Kasatkin. M., 2005.

This is a textbook that assumes the reader's linguistic training, knowledge of the system of terms and historical grammar Russian language. The book outlines the views of the Moscow Dialectological School on Russian dialect language. The authors consider opposing and non-opposing dialectal differences at the main levels and tiers of the language. Independent chapters are devoted to phonetics, morphology, syntax, lexicology and dialect lexicography, linguistic geography, dialect articulation Russian language. The textbook includes some new data on Russian dialectology.

The previous edition of this textbook, 1989, is more systematic in some parts; includes a section on the history of Russian dialectology, is based on the achievements of Russian linguistic geography, which were determined by 1970, which were associated with the colossal work on the dialectological atlas of the Russian language. There are other university textbooks on Russian dialectology.

4. I.A. Bukrinskaya, N.L. Golubeva, O.E. Karmakova, S.L. Nikolaev, S.G. Sargsyan. The language of the Russian village: School dialectological atlas: A manual for educational institutions. M., 1994.

The main purpose of the book is to teach the student to understand the specifics of the dialect material and to read the linguistic map. This determines the method and specificity of the presentation of scientific material.

Despite the targeted audience indicated in the title, the book may well serve as a source of "adult" linguistic information. It contains introductory data on Russian dialectology, as well as an accessible analysis of 25 cards in vocabulary, phonetics and grammar.

The electronic edition of the Language of the Russian Village is posted on Gramota ru.

5. V.I.Dal. Dictionary alive Great Russian language.

Sometimes I hear journalists and listeners talking in various languages media broadcasts that they actively use Dahl's dictionary to solve issues of the modern Russian language. It's amazing, because lexical system language is very mobile, and the dictionary, published in the 80s of the XIX century. cannot be considered contemporary. Dahl's dictionary cannot be used in the same way as the dictionary of Ozhegov, Shvedova, Big and Small academic dictionary or Kuznetsov's dictionary. Labor V.I. Dal has a different meaning, he is one of the most important sources for dialect dictionaries, culture and history of Russia. The geography of the dictionary is extremely wide, and the dialect vocabulary reflects the layer XIX c., there is no other such dictionary.

It is worth saying that Dahl's dictionary had several editions, the third edition of the dictionary (at the very beginning of the 20th century) was not made by V.I. Dalem, and the outstanding Russian linguist I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay. This edition has been significantly expanded and includes, for example, swear words in volume 4 of the dictionary. The setting is quite obvious: if the dictionary includes everything - literary, colloquial and dialect vocabulary, - then it should also contain swear words. For a researcher, there is no good and bad vocabulary, this is a fact of the language that must be studied and described. But it was precisely this latter that led to the fact that Baudouin's edition of the dictionary was not published until recently.

Each National language includes literary language and territorial dialects. Literary, or "standard", is called the language everyday communication, official business documents, schooling, writing, science, culture, fiction. His distinguishing feature – normalization, that is, the existence of rules (you learn them at school from year to year), the observance of which is mandatory for all members of society. They are enshrined in grammars, reference books and dictionaries of the modern Russian language. Dialects also have their own language laws. However, they are not clearly understood by the speakers of the dialects - the villagers, moreover, they do not have a written embodiment in the form of rules. Russian dialects are peculiar only oral form existence, in contrast to the literary language, which has both oral and written forms.

The dialect, or dialect, is one of the basic concepts of dialectology. A dialect is the smallest territorial variety of a language. It is spoken by the inhabitants of one or more villages. The scope of the dialect is the same as the scope of the literary language, which is a means of communication for all who speak Russian.

How to deal with dialects? Literary language and dialects constantly interact and influence each other. The influence of the literary language on dialects is, of course, stronger than dialects on the literary language. His influence extends through schooling, television, radio. Gradually dialects are destroyed, lose their character traits. Many words denoting rituals, customs, concepts, household items have gone and are leaving with the people of the older generation. traditional village. That is why it is so important to record the living language of the village as fully and in detail as possible.

In our country for a long time a disdainful attitude towards local dialects as a phenomenon that must be combated prevailed. But it was not always so. On the mid-nineteenth in. in Russia there is a peak public interest to folk speech. At this time, the “Experience of the Regional Great Russian Dictionary” (1852) was published, where for the first time dialect words were specially collected, and the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” by Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl in 4 volumes (1863–1866), also including big number dialect words. The materials for these dictionaries were actively collected by lovers of Russian literature. Magazines, provincial journals of that time from issue to issue published various kinds of ethnographic sketches, dialect descriptions, dictionaries of local sayings.

Opposite attitude to dialects observed in the 30s. our century. In the era of breaking up the village - the period of collectivization - the destruction of the old ways of doing business, the family way of life, the culture of the peasantry, that is, all manifestations of the material and spiritual life of the village, was proclaimed. spread in society negative attitude to conversations. For the peasants themselves, the village turned into a place from which they had to flee in order to escape, to forget everything connected with it, including the language. A whole generation of rural residents, consciously abandoning their language, at the same time failed to perceive a new language for them. language system- literary language - and master it. All this led to the fall language culture in society.

Respectful and careful attitude dialects are characteristic of many peoples. For us, the experience of countries is interesting and instructive. Western Europe: Austria, Germany, Switzerland, France. For example, in the schools of a number of French provinces, an elective in the native dialect has been introduced, a mark for which is put in the certificate. In Germany and Switzerland, literary-dialect bilingualism and constant communication in a dialect in the family are generally accepted. In Russia early XIX in. educated people, coming from the village to the capital, spoke the literary language, and at home, on their estates, communicating with neighbors and peasants, they often used the local dialect.

Now people who speak a dialect have an ambiguous attitude towards their language. In their minds, the native dialect is evaluated in two ways: 1) through comparison with other, neighboring dialects, and 2) through comparison with the literary language. The emerging opposition of "one's own" (one's own dialect) - "foreign" has a different meaning. In the first case, when “alien” is a different dialect, it is often perceived as something bad, ridiculous, something you can laugh at (see examples of teasing in the comments to the cards and), and “own” as correct, clean. In the second case, "one's own" is assessed as bad, "gray", wrong, and "foreign" - the literary language - as good. Such an attitude towards the literary language is quite justified and understandable: in this way, its cultural value is realized.

But should a man be ashamed of his tongue? small homeland”, to forget him, to expel him from your life? What does a dialect mean from the point of view of the history of the Russian language and the Russian people, from the point of view of culture?

Our dialectological atlas will help answer these questions and learn something new about the Russian language.

How the School dialectological atlas works. We have already written that the science of dialectology deals with dialects, while people who have chosen it as their specialty are called dialectologists. They study dialects various methods: descriptive, writing down and studying specific modern dialects; historical, exploring how dialects and dialect differences developed; linguo-geographic, compiling maps and entire sets of maps - dialectological atlases. To date, about 300 atlases of various languages have been published. Our atlas is distinguished primarily by its simplicity, the accessibility of the presentation of complex material.

The school dialectological atlas is an album linguistic maps with explanatory texts. On the geographical maps using special symbols - color fills, hatches, icons- shows the spread of linguistic phenomena. The area in which a certain linguistic feature occurs is called habitat, and the line that bounds it - isogloss. In terms of size, the areas are very different: some include the dialects of only a few villages, others occupy vast spaces.
Sometimes the areas overlap each other. And then we are talking about the coexistence of several phenomena in one territory. Usually, coexistence is depicted by a combination of signs, and when these signs are fills of different colors, they are given as a stripe: a stripe of one color, a stripe of another (for example, on a map).

To get it right read the map, we must first carefully examine map name and legend- a set of symbols and explanatory texts to them. Most of the maps of the atlas are devoted to one topic, which is included in the title. But there are maps where there is not one, but several topics, bound friend with a friend. Then they are numbered in the legend with Roman numerals (see maps,).

In a number of cards, in addition to the main theme, an additional one is given. It is not specified in the title, but it becomes clear from the logic of the map.

Consider the card “Verbs with the meaning “to plow the land”. It uses the verb plow in a different meaning, namely: “sweep the floor”, “sweep the dust” and others - is shown by an isogloss, which in this case is an additional sign that introduces new information not provided for by the name. However, the isogloss can also be used as the main sign corresponding to the theme of the map (see maps,). Sometimes on the map you can see "voids", that is, territories not filled with signs. So, on the cards, , , special symbols(see legends) various dialectal phenomena are shown, and emptiness - unshaded space - means the absence of a mapped feature in dialects.

Maps accompany texts - comments. They tell about dialect features, their history, origin individual words or forms, explains the necessary linguistic terms. And in the explanations to the vocabulary cards, attention is paid not only to linguistic features, but also on the features of the life and culture of the village, on ethnography.

At the end of the comments there are tasks for those who are interested in what they have read and want to test themselves. In the atlas, the authors sought to give examples of genuine dialect speech, while dialect features are transmitted in three ways: orthographically (for example, karo wa, byagu, dirivansky), with transcription elements (for example, about[m:] yang(deception n), [q '] a box(cup) or in transcription (for example, [d'in'o k] (day). Often dialect examples taken from regional dictionaries, folklore, fiction.

Russian writers, classics and contemporaries, who know the village and its language well, use elements of local speech in their works - dialectisms, which are introduced into artistic text to characterize the speech of characters, describe the features of local nature, village life. Looking at the examples from the comments, you will see for yourself.

The school atlas consists of only 25 cards, although language features in dialects a great many. When selecting cards for this edition, the authors chose, first of all, those that most clearly demonstrate:

The importance of phenomena in the system of dialect differences in the Russian language.
The visibility of the linguistic landscape, i.e. the existence of clear areas of phenomena.
Dialectal features that are common and recognizable in speech.
Dialect differences that are essential for understanding traditional peasant culture (this applies to vocabulary).

Dialectology is closely connected with history, archeology, ethnography, since it is inseparable from the life of the people. Each historical period- tribal era, the era of ancient Russian Principalities XII century, the time of the rise of the Moscow principality in the XV century. etc. - left its mark on modern Russian dialects. You all know that in the Middle Ages in the East Slavic lands (to Eastern Slavs include Belarusians, Russians and Ukrainians) there was a repeated redistribution of territories between feudal principalities. It turns out that on some maps you can see the boundaries of linguistic phenomena, correlated with the ancient political borders, for example, the Novgorod Republic.

In modern dialects, archaic phenomena are sometimes preserved, reflecting the dialectal features of the Proto-Slavic language - the ancestor of all Slavic languages, as well as features of the East Slavic tribal dialects: Krivichi, Vyatichi, Slovenes, etc.

So, each of the dialects is generated by the history of the people, and in this sense they are all equal. And the modern Russian literary language also has a dialect basis - the dialects of Moscow and the villages surrounding Moscow.

Sources of the School Dialectological Atlas. The atlas "Language of the Russian Village" was compiled on the basis of DAR - "Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language (Center of the European Part of the USSR)" - a large scientific work, created at the Institute of the Russian Language of the USSR Academy of Sciences (now the Russian Academy of Sciences). Materials for this unique edition were collected in 1946-1966. on special program(it contains 294 questions) during numerous expeditions to the villages Central Russia. Here are examples of questions of the Program: “What vowel sound is pronounced in the 1st pre-stressed syllable in place of the letter about? Is there a sound about or a, or a sound that is average between a and s, audibly close to uh? – water, vada, issue... "; What ending do nouns have in plural: a) in I. p .: at home, houses; horns, horns, the woods, forests or forests; horses, horse; swamp, bolo you or swamps etc.; b) in R.p.: Godot in, godot x or year, for eggs, hare in or for an egg etc."; “What do you call knitted, leather or cloth mittens with one finger: mittens, elm nk, de flanks, dia nk, fur coats, go lks…?».

Dialectologists, teachers and university students traveled to more than 4,500 villages and villages. The survey density is one settlement per 225 km2. This means that the villages where the records were kept were separated from each other by a distance of about 15 km. Many of these settlements no longer exists. Everywhere, linguists recorded the speech of the older generation, mostly women, who rarely leave their homes in search of work, do not serve in the army, and therefore the features of the traditional dialect are better preserved in their speech.

From the outside it may seem that the dialectological expedition is an easy task that does not require special training. This is not true. The work requires not only great professional knowledge, but also the ability to win over the interlocutor, arouse his sympathy and trust. In addition, the linguist must be able to listen and hear well. linguistic phenomena. After all, there are such subtle phonetic, pronunciation differences that an inexperienced collector may not notice.

It does not do when collecting materials and without curiosities. In one of the questions of the Program, it is required to find out the T. p. of the noun a spoon. Students ask the old woman: “Grandma, what do you eat?” To which they receive an answer full of irony: "We eat the same way as you do - with a poker." Native speakers are very often endowed not only with a sense of humor, but also with an amazing linguistic flair. They themselves hear and understand that in their speech there are sounds that differ from the sounds of the literary language, lead bright examples. And the work of dialectologists is treated with understanding. Once, in one of the Pskov villages, we happened to hear: “Well, your work is difficult - you christen after the word!”

The “Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language” does not represent the entire territory where Russian population and sounds Russian speech, but only the area of early settlement of East Slavic tribes before late XVI in. - the territory on which the language of the Russian nation developed. These dialects are called dialects primary education (see Scheme 1).

Scheme 1

Arhangelsk region, including the coast White Sea, was not included in either the DARIA or the School Atlas, although it was inhabited as early as the 12th - 15th centuries. natives of Novgorod and Rostov-Suzdal lands. But in these places, the territory of settlement was not continuous, as in Central Russia: the villages stood only along the rivers and on the coast, and the rest of the space remained uninhabited, which means that it was impossible to observe the accepted principle of survey density (see above about this).

Our atlas covers only the territory of the Center of Russia. In the spaces outside it, dialects of the so-called secondary education are widespread. Russian people moved to these lands, as a rule, later than the 16th century. of the most various areas. Here the population was mixed, dialects were mixed, forming new variants local language. So it was in the Middle Lower Volga, in the Urals, Kuban, Siberia and other regions. The dialects of the Center are "mother" for them. Therefore, the atlas is also interesting to those who live outside the territory covered by it. The atlas helps to determine the language origins of secondary dialects.

Dialects are part folk culture. Getting acquainted with dialects, we get not just information about the names of household items, the meanings of words, concepts that are not characteristic of urban life. Behind them are certain ways housekeeping, features of the family way of life, rituals, customs, folk calendar. Each dialect contains a large number of expressive, vivid verbal images, phraseological units that convey a peculiar perception and vision of life by a village dweller - a peasant. Thus, studying dialects, we get acquainted with a whole complex of diverse folk ideas about the world, often differing from the ideas of a city dweller.

“The people have a well-known - and very respectable and high moral worldview ... included in their language and customs ... This circle of vocabulary teaches and educates the people from childhood to old age,” wrote about dialects renowned linguist and teacher V. I. Chernyshev at the beginning of this century.

The dialectological atlas is also remarkable in that, by looking at the maps, you can find out how the inhabitants of different villages speak without going on a long journey.
The authors of the atlas really want their work to draw attention to Russian dialects, change the view of the dialect as an incorrect, corrupted language, arouse interest and respect for the living Russian word.

The team of authors expresses their deep gratitude to V. E. Goldin, who proposed the idea of creating the School Dialectological Atlas; L. N. Bulatova, whose valuable criticisms were taken into account when working on the text; teachers and students of school gymnasiums No. 67 and 57 in Moscow, whose advice and recommendations helped to different stages compiling an atlas; M. Volotskaya for drawings for the Atlas.

The authors would be grateful to everyone who sent their comments and feedback to [email protected] or 121019, Moscow, Volkhonka, 18/2. Institute of the Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Department of Dialectology and Linguistic Geography).

Although the norms of the Russian literary language are the same everywhere, the speech of the intelligentsia, educated people, for example, in Vologda, Arkhangelsk, on the one hand, and in Voronezh, Orel, on the other, has its own characteristics, differing from the speech of Muscovites and Petersburgers. It's clear why this is happening: urban population replenished and replenished by people from neighboring villages. So individual local words penetrate into urban speech, the phonetics of speech retains some dialectal features, intonation features.
In the dictionary of V. I. Dahl, literature, verbal sciences are sciences leading to the study of the word, speech, correct and elegant language.

Ethnographic(from ethnography) - a description of the life, customs and customs of the people (according to the dictionary of V. I. Dahl)

UNUSUAL ATLAS

Dialects and literary language. The atlas "Language of the Russian Village" is unusual. This is not a geographical or historical atlas, like those you get acquainted with at school in geography and history lessons. This is a dialectological atlas. Reading it, you can learn about the differences in the pronunciation of words, in grammatical forms, the names of the same objects and concepts in different regions of Russia where Russian is spoken. Probably, many of you yourself have come across the fact that the inhabitants of even nearby villages differ from each other in their dialect. Pronunciation features are often fixed in nicknames. So, you can hear: “Yes, we call them schemyaki, they are on sch they say; here, for example, shchichasch(now)". The science that studies territorial varieties of language local dialects, or dialects, is called dialectology(from the Greek dialektos "dialect, dialect" and logos "word, teaching").
Each national language includes a literary language and territorial dialects. Literary, or "standard", they call the language of everyday communication, official business documents, schooling, writing, science, culture, fiction. Its hallmark normalization, that is, the existence of rules (you learn them at school from year to year), the observance of which is mandatory for all members of society. They are enshrined in grammars, reference books and dictionaries of the modern Russian language. Dialects also have their own language laws. However, they are not clearly understood by the native speakers rural residents, especially since they do not have a written embodiment in the form of rules. Russian dialects are peculiar only oral form existence, in contrast to the literary language, which has both oral and written forms.
The dialect, or dialect, is one of the basic concepts of dialectology. Dialect is the smallest territorial variety of a language. It is spoken by the inhabitants of one or more villages. The scope of the dialect is the same as the scope of the literary language, which is a means of communication for all who speak Russian.
How to deal with dialects? Literary language and dialects constantly interact and influence each other. The influence of the literary language on dialects is, of course, stronger than dialects on the literary language. His influence spreads through schooling, television, radio. Gradually dialects are destroyed, losing their characteristic features. Many words denoting rituals, customs, concepts, household items of a traditional village have gone and are leaving along with the people of the older generation. That is why it is so important to record the living language of the village as fully and in detail as possible.
In our country, for a long time, a disdainful attitude towards local dialects as a phenomenon that must be fought prevailed. But it was not always so. In the middle of the XIX century. In Russia, there is a peak of public interest in folk speech. At this time, “The Experience of the Regional Great Russian Dictionary” (1852) was published, where dialect words were specially collected for the first time, and Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl’s “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” in 4 volumes (18631866), also including a large number of dialect words. The materials for these dictionaries were actively collected by lovers of Russian literature. Magazines, provincial journals of that time from issue to issue published various kinds of ethnographic sketches, dialect descriptions, dictionaries of local sayings.
The opposite attitude towards dialects is observed in the 30s. our century. In the era of breaking up the countryside the period of collectivization the destruction of the old ways of doing business, the family way of life, the culture of the peasantry, that is, all manifestations of the material and spiritual life of the village, was proclaimed. A negative attitude towards dialects has spread in society. For the peasants themselves, the village turned into a place from which they had to flee in order to escape, to forget everything connected with it, including the language. A whole generation of rural residents, consciously abandoning their language, at the same time failed to accept the new language system for them - the literary language - and master it. All this led to the decline of linguistic culture in society.
Respectful and careful attitude to dialects is characteristic of many peoples. For us, the experience of Western European countries is interesting and instructive: Austria, Germany, Switzerland, France. For example, in the schools of a number of French provinces, an elective in the native dialect has been introduced, a mark for which is put in the certificate. In Germany and Switzerland, literary-dialect bilingualism and constant communication in a dialect in the family are generally accepted. in Russia at the beginning of the 19th century. educated people, coming from the village to the capital, spoke the literary language, and at home, on their estates, communicating with neighbors and peasants, they often used the local dialect.
Now people who speak a dialect have an ambiguous attitude towards their language. In their minds, the native dialect is evaluated in two ways: 1) through comparison with other, neighboring dialects, and 2) through comparison with the literary language. The emerging opposition of “one's own” (one's own dialect) “foreign” has a different meaning. In the first case, when “foreign” is a different dialect, it is often perceived as something bad, ridiculous, something you can laugh at (see examples of teasing in the comments to the cards and), and “own” as correct, clean. In the second case, "one's own" is assessed as bad, "gray", wrong, and "foreign" literary language as good. Such an attitude towards the literary language is quite justified and understandable: in this way, its cultural value is realized.
But should a person be ashamed of the language of his "small motherland", forget it, expel it from his life? What does a dialect mean from the point of view of the history of the Russian language and the Russian people, from the point of view of culture?
Our dialectological atlas will help answer these questions and learn something new about the Russian language.
How the School dialectological atlas works. We have already written that the science of dialectology deals with dialects, while people who have chosen it as their specialty are called dialectologists. They study dialects in various ways: descriptively, writing down and studying specific modern dialects; historical, exploring how dialects and dialect differences developed; linguo-geographic, compiling maps and entire sets of maps dialectological atlases. To date, about 300 atlases of various languages have been published. Our atlas is distinguished primarily by its simplicity, the accessibility of the presentation of complex material.
The school dialectological atlas is an album of linguistic maps with explanatory texts. On geographical maps with the help of special symbols color fills, hatches, icons shows the spread of linguistic phenomena. The area in which a certain linguistic feature occurs is called habitat, and the line that bounds it, isogloss. In terms of size, the areas are very different: some include the dialects of only a few villages, others occupy vast spaces.
Sometimes the areas overlap each other. And then we are talking about the coexistence of several phenomena in one territory. Usually, coexistence is depicted by a combination of signs, and when these signs are filled in different colors, they are given as a stripe: a stripe of one color, a stripe of another (for example, on a map).
To get it right read the map, we must first carefully examine map name and legend a set of symbols and explanatory texts to them. Most of the maps of the atlas are devoted to one topic, which is included in the title. But there are maps where not one, but several topics are related to each other. Then they are numbered in the legend with Roman numerals (see maps,).
In a number of cards, in addition to the main theme, an additional one is given. It is not specified in the title, but it becomes clear from the logic of the map.
Consider the card “Verbs with the meaning “to plow the land”. It uses the verb plow in a different meaning, namely: “sweep the floor”, “sweep the dust” and others is shown by an isogloss, which in this case is an additional sign that introduces new information not provided for by the name. However, the isogloss can also be used as the main sign corresponding to the theme of the map (see maps,). Sometimes on the map you can see "voids", that is, territories not filled with signs. So, on the maps , , , various dialectal phenomena are shown with special symbols (see legends), and emptiness unshaded space means the absence of a mapped feature in dialects.
Maps accompany texts comments. They tell about dialect features, their history, the origin of individual words or forms, and explain the necessary linguistic terms. And in the explanations to the maps on vocabulary, attention is paid not only to linguistic features, but also to the features of the life and culture of the village, to ethnography.
At the end of the comments there are tasks for those who are interested in what they have read and want to test themselves. In the atlas, the authors sought to give examples of genuine dialect speech, while dialect features are transmitted in three ways: orthographically (for example, karo wa, byagu, dirivansky), with transcription elements (for example, about[m:] yang(deception n), [c] a box(cup) or in transcription (for example, [dino k] (day). Often dialect examples are taken from regional dictionaries, folklore, and fiction.
Russian writers, classics and contemporaries, who know the village and its language well, use in their works elements of local speech - dialectisms, which are introduced into the literary text to characterize the speech of characters, describe the features of local nature, village life. Looking at the examples from the comments, you will see for yourself.
The school atlas consists of only 25 cards, although there are a lot of language features in dialects. When selecting cards for this edition, the authors chose, first of all, those that most clearly demonstrate:

The importance of phenomena in the system of dialect differences in the Russian language.
The visibility of the linguistic landscape, i.e. the existence of clear areas of phenomena.
Dialectal features that are common and recognizable in speech.
Dialect differences that are essential for understanding traditional peasant culture (this applies to vocabulary).

The atlas includes maps of various language levels - vocabulary, phonetics, grammar.
There are several more lexical maps in the atlas than others, for obvious reasons: they are easier for the perception of a linguistically inexperienced reader, but, most importantly, because it is the vocabulary that introduces us to the traditional culture of the village, the way of life and the mentality of the peasant.
Dialectology is closely connected with history, archeology, ethnography, since it is inseparable from the life of the people. Each historical period tribal era, era ancient Russian principalities XII century, the time of the rise of the Moscow principality in the XV century. etc. has left its mark on modern Russian dialects. You all know that in the Middle Ages in the East Slavic lands (the Eastern Slavs include Belarusians, Russians and Ukrainians) there was a repeated redistribution of territories between the feudal principalities. It turns out that on some maps you can see the boundaries of linguistic phenomena, correlated with ancient political boundaries, for example, the Novgorod Republic.
In modern dialects, archaic phenomena are sometimes preserved, reflecting the dialectal features of the Proto-Slavic language, the ancestor of all Slavic languages, as well as the features of East Slavic tribal dialects: Krivichi, Vyatichi, Slovenes, etc.
So, each of the dialects is generated by the history of the people, and in this sense they are all equal. And the modern Russian literary language also has a dialect basis - the dialects of Moscow and the villages surrounding Moscow.
Sources of the School Dialectological Atlas. The Atlas "Language of the Russian Village" was compiled on the basis of DARIA "Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language (Center of the European Part of the USSR)" a large scientific work created at the Institute of the Russian Language of the USSR Academy of Sciences (now of the Russian Academy of Sciences). Materials for this unique edition were collected in 1946-1966. according to a special Program (it contains 294 questions) during numerous expeditions to the villages of Central Russia. Here are examples of questions of the Program: “What vowel sound is pronounced in the 1st pre-stressed syllable in place of the letter about? Is there a sound about or a, or a sound that is average between a and s, audibly close to uh? water, vada, issue»; “What ending do plural nouns have: a) in I. p .: at home, houses; horns, horns, the woods, forests or forests; horses, horse; swamp, bolo you or swamps etc.; b) in R.p.: Godot in, godot x or year, for eggs, hare in or for an egg etc."; “What do you call knitted, leather or cloth mittens with one finger: mittens, elm nk, de flanks, dia nk, fur coats, go lks?».
Dialectologists, teachers and university students traveled to more than 4,500 villages and villages. Survey density one settlement per 225 km 2 . This means that the villages where the records were kept were separated from each other by a distance of about 15 km. Many of these settlements no longer exist. Everywhere, linguists recorded the speech of the older generation, mostly women, who rarely leave their homes in search of work, do not serve in the army, and therefore the features of the traditional dialect are better preserved in their speech.
From the outside, it may seem that the dialectological expedition is an easy task that does not require special training. This is not true. The work requires not only great professional knowledge, but also the ability to win over the interlocutor, arouse his sympathy and trust. In addition, a linguist must be able to listen and hear linguistic phenomena well. After all, there are such subtle phonetic, pronunciation differences that an inexperienced collector may not notice.
It does not do when collecting materials and without curiosities. In one of the questions of the Program, it is required to find out the T. p. of the noun a spoon. Students ask the old woman: “Grandma, what do you eat?” To which they receive an answer full of irony: “We eat the same way as you, with a poker.” Native speakers are very often endowed not only with a sense of humor, but also with an amazing linguistic flair. They themselves hear and understand that in their speech there are sounds that differ from the sounds of the literary language, they give vivid examples. And the work of dialectologists is treated with understanding. Once, in one of the Pskov villages, we happened to hear: “Well, your work is difficult you christen after the word!”
The “Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language” does not represent the entire territory where the Russian population predominates and Russian speech is heard, but only the area of early settlement of East Slavic tribes until the end of the 16th century. the territory on which the language of the Russian nation was formed. These dialects are called dialects of primary education(see Scheme 1).

SCHEME 1

The Arkhangelsk region, including the coast of the White Sea, was not included in either the DARIA or the School Atlas, although it was inhabited as early as the 12th 15th centuries. natives of Novgorod and Rostov-Suzdal lands. But in these places, the territory of settlement was not continuous, as in Central Russia: the villages stood only along the rivers and on the coast, and the rest of the space remained uninhabited, which means that it was impossible to observe the accepted principle of survey density (see above about this).
Our atlas covers only the territory of the Center of Russia. In the spaces outside it, dialects of the so-called secondary education are widespread. Russian people moved to these lands, as a rule, later than the 16th century. from a wide variety of areas. Here the population was mixed, dialects were mixed, forming new variants of the local language. So it was in the Middle and Lower Volga regions, in the Urals, Kuban, Siberia and other regions. The dialects of the Center are "mother" for them. Therefore, the atlas is also interesting to those who live outside the territory covered by it. The atlas helps to determine the language origins of secondary dialects.
Dialects are part of popular culture. Getting acquainted with dialects, we get not just information about the names of household items, the meanings of words, concepts that are not characteristic of urban life. Behind them are certain ways of housekeeping, features of the family way of life, rituals, customs, folk calendar. Each dialect contains a large number of expressive, vivid verbal images, phraseological units that convey a peculiar perception and vision of life by a village dweller - a peasant. Thus, studying dialects, we get acquainted with a whole complex of diverse folk ideas about the world, often differing from the ideas of a city dweller.
“The people have a well-known and very respectable and high moral worldview , which has entered into its language and customs This circle of vocabulary teaches and educates the people from childhood to old age”, the famous linguist and teacher V. I. Chernyshev wrote about dialects at the beginning of this century.
The dialectological atlas is also remarkable in that, by looking at the maps, you can find out how the inhabitants of different villages speak without going on a long journey.
The authors of the atlas really want their work to draw attention to Russian dialects, change the view of the dialect as an incorrect, corrupted language, arouse interest and respect for the living Russian word.
The team of authors expresses their deep gratitude to V. E. Goldin, who proposed the idea of creating the School Dialectological Atlas; LN Bulatova, whose valuable criticisms were taken into account when working on the text; to teachers and students of gymnasiums No. 67 and 57 in Moscow, whose advice and recommendations helped at different stages of compiling the atlas; M. Volotskaya for drawings for the Atlas.
The authors will be grateful to everyone who sends their comments and feedback to the address or 121019, Moscow, Volkhonka, 18/2. Institute of the Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Department of Dialectology and Linguistic Geography).

1 Although the norms of the Russian literary language are the same everywhere, the speech of the intelligentsia, educated people, for example, in Vologda, Arkhangelsk, on the one hand, and in Voronezh, Orel, on the other, has its own characteristics, differing from the speech of Muscovites and Petersburgers. It is clear why this is happening: the urban population was replenished and is replenished with people from neighboring villages. So individual local words penetrate into urban speech, the phonetics of speech retains some dialectal features, intonation features.

2 In the dictionary of V. I. Dahl, literature, verbal sciences are sciences leading to the study of the word, speech, correct and elegant language.

3 Ethnographic(from ethnography) description of life, customs and customs of the people (according to the dictionary of V. I. Dahl)

4 mentality(fr. mentalitet) mindset, attitude, worldview, psychology.

"Permanent Commission on Dialectology of the Russian Language". Selishchev A.M. Dialectological essay on Siberia (1941), works by Vinogradov, Obnorsky, Karsky.

Since 1935 - work on the atlas.

DARIA is a dialectological atlas of the Russian language.

Systematized collection of dialectological maps of the center of the European part of Russia. From the mid 1940s to 1965. material was collected for the compilation of the atlas, from 1957 to 1970. five regional atlases were compiled, on the basis of which a consolidated dialectological atlas of the Russian language was created.

The first issue of DARIA (Introductory articles. Reference materials. Phonetics) was published by the Nauka publishing house in 1986, the second (Morphology) - in 1989, the third (Syntax. Vocabulary) - in 1996.

The development of Russian dialectology at the beginning of the 20th century, which took on an organized character, is associated primarily with the activities of the Moscow Dialectological Commission, the most important achievement of which was the compilation and publication in 1915 of the first dialectological map of the Russian language. The idea of creating a dialectological atlas appeared. And after October revolution indigenous dialects began to collapse, a new classification of dialects was required. It was developed on the basis of materials for DARIA. The authors of the questionnaire are Eremin, Larin, Filin, Chernyshev. Over 700 questions, it was later reduced.

Since 1918, at the meetings of the Moscow Dialectological Commission, a discussion began on the creation of a dialectological atlas of the Russian language, from the mid-20s. preliminary work has begun. Objective reasons(the busyness of the members of the commission with the publication of the collected materials for the dialectological map of 1915, the absence of their own staff, and then the liquidation of the Moscow dialectological commission in the early 30s) delayed the start of compiling the atlas until the mid-40s.

The resumption of work on the creation of the DARIA, organized under the leadership of R. I. Avanesov and Larin, began after the Great Patriotic War at the Institute of the Russian Language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Created in 1945 perspective plan work on the atlas, the territory of the survey was outlined and the “Program for collecting information for compiling a dialectological atlas of the Russian language” was approved. The program was preceded by the "Questionnaire for compiling a dialectological atlas of the Russian language", compiled in 1939 by V. I. Chernyshev, F. P. Filin and B. A. Larin, on the basis of which a trial "Linguistic Atlas of Lake Seliger" was created. The structure of the questions of the program reflected the basic principles of the linguistic geography being developed at that time.

In the 1960s, work began in the Soviet Union in two areas of Russian dialectology: the creation of regional regional dictionaries and work on the Common Slavic Linguistic Atlas (OLA). Igor Aleksandrovich made a significant contribution to both regional lexicography and the OLA. He continued to travel regularly on expeditions, collecting material for the SRNG, for the Bryansk Regional Dictionary, for the OLA.

The work on OLA was headed by R. I. Avanesov. Under his leadership in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, since 1959, intensive work on collecting materials for the OLA on an extensive program containing several thousand questions, covering the linguistic phenomena of the Slavic languages in the field of phonetics, grammar and vocabulary. Igor Alexandrovich became an active participant in this topic. The 1960s and 1980s in Europe were marked by great interest and great achievements in the field of presentation of dialect materials in the linguo-geographical aspect. Linguistic atlases are being created in France, Germany, Italy, England, Sweden, Poland, Belarus, Bulgaria, Ukraine and other countries. At the same time, work began on the European Linguistic Atlas.

At one of the meetings on the All-Slavic Linguistic Atlas (1972, Leningrad), Igor Aleksandrovich made a report in which he outlined in general terms the concept of the future Lexical Atlas of Russian Folk Dialects (LARNG). It must be admitted that the idea of creating a new linguistic atlas of Russian folk dialects has not received a general and clear support at this meeting. Everyone was clear about the grandiosity of the idea, the difficulty of its implementation in conditions when the efforts of dialectologists were directed to work on the yet unfinished atlases of DAR and OLA. But the idea of a new linguogeographical work captured I. A. Popov so much that he wrote Prospectus of the Lexical Atlas of Russian Folk Dialects (L., 1974), in which he clearly outlined the concept of this innovative linguogeographical work.

Common Slavic Linguistic Atlas

Work on the All-Slavic Linguistic Atlas (OLA) began in accordance with the decision of the IV International Congress of Slavists (Moscow, September 1958).

Under the International Committee of Slavists, the OLA Commission was organized, which included prominent Slavists different countries. The latter, in turn, created the International Working Group. OLA Commission and working group met at least once a year, alternately in Bulgaria, the GDR, Poland, Czechoslovakia, the USSR, Yugoslavia. In these countries national or state commissions OLA, who worked in the territory of their language or state, and also carried out the instructions of the OLA Commission under the International Committee of Slavists. In addition to these countries, Austria, Hungary, Italy, Romania participated in the work.

After lengthy discussions, trial surveys of dialects, the territory covered by the OLA was established, the base map of the OLA was drawn up, a grid of settlements was developed phonetic transcription, and also developed and published the "Questionnaire of the OLA", consisting of 3454 questions. The grid of settlements covers not only the named countries, but also a small number of places in neighboring countries. The volume of the grid is about 850 settlements. In the process of work, “Instructions for the OLA Questionnaire” (M., 1967), “ Guidelines collectors of materials on the OLA Questionnaire ”(M., 1968). Since 1965, the collection “Common Slavonic Linguistic Atlas. Materials and Research". By 2008, 26 collections of articles were published, which covered the theory and practice of Atlas mapping, research on Slavic dialectology and linguistic geography.

Dialect materials for the OLA were collected mainly in 1965-1975. For the first time in the history of Slavic linguistics single program and according to a single transcription, all Slavic languages \u200b\u200band dialects in vast territory occupied by them in Europe (in the Soviet Union, the OLA map covers only its European part).

The object of the OLA is the group of Slavic languages in their totality, and not separate language. This determines the qualitative originality of the Atlas, since this approach changes the object of mapping: if national atlases study dialect differences within given language having national importance, then the GLA maps the differences within the entire Slavic group languages that have a common Slavic meaning.

The All-Slavic Linguistic Atlas is issued in two series: the first covers vocabulary, word formation, semantics; the second - grammar, as well as phonetics and phonology. Issues of each of these series have their own numbering.

In accordance with the two series of the Atlas, the ULA Commission created two sections: lexical-derivational and phonetic-grammatical. AT organizational structure OLA also includes a subsection on general transcription. This subsection develops techniques for presenting generalized forms on lexical and derivational maps that are the result of combining phonetic variants different languages. Recently, a computer subsection has also begun to operate, which is engaged in the preparation of the electronic version of the Atlas and the maintenance of the OLA website.

Has changed over the years state status and the names of some of the countries participating in the OLA, but the basic principles that guide national commissions working on the Project remained unchanged. Currently, the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, the Research Center of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, the National Academy of Sciences Ukraine, Polish Academy of Sciences, Russian Academy Sciences, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Serbian Institute (Bautzen / Budisin, Germany), Slovak Academy of Sciences, Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts, and Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

Lexical atlas of Russian folk dialects

Creation of LARNG - actual problem as only 1% of dialect words have isoglosses. All vocabulary is divided into several semantic groups: nature, man, labor, material culture. The program includes about 5000 questions.

2004 - first trial release with maps. Collections of articles by project participants are published periodically.

Portal for the student. Self-training

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