Do you know that the state provides assistance to its citizens who find themselves in a difficult life situation? For example, if you need treatment outside the republic, but your family budget cannot afford it. They can also help a large family with food and clothing. But first things first, according to ysia.ru.

Where it is written: Decree of the Government of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) dated July 30, 2015 No. 253 “On approval of the Regulations on the provision of targeted financial assistance in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) to low-income families and low-income citizens living alone who are in difficult life situation».

Difficult situations are:

- if there are no funds for food and accommodation during a forced stay outside the place of residence in connection with the departure of the patient and accompanying the child or disabled person for examination, treatment and (or) rehabilitation in specialized institutions;

- if there are no funds to pay for medical services and medicines necessary for health reasons (for health reasons) provided in excess of the territorial program of state guarantees for providing citizens of the Russian Federation with free medical care;

- lack of funds for the purchase of food and clothing due to disability, large families, lack of work;

- Loss of a dwelling as a result of a fire.

How much will they give:

- for examination and treatment in specialized institutions outside the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in the direction of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in the amount of two times the subsistence minimum, provided that the average per capita income of the family is not higher than twice the subsistence minimum;

- if treatment, examination or rehabilitation in specialized institutions lasts more than 2 months, then in the amount of the subsistence minimum, provided that the average per capita income of the family is not higher than 1.5 times the subsistence minimum;

- to pay for medical services and medicines in the amount of actually incurred expenses, but not more than 1.5 times the subsistence minimum, provided that the average per capita income of a family and a citizen living alone is not higher than 1.5 times the subsistence minimum;

- to pay for living expenses outside the place of residence for disabled people who are on permanent dialysis treatment, in the amount of five times the subsistence minimum, provided that the average per capita income of the family and a citizen living alone is not higher than two times the subsistence minimum;

- for the purchase of food, clothing:

1) a family with less than 3 minor family members, in the amount of 0.5 of the subsistence minimum per family;

2) families with 3 or more minor family members, in the amount of the subsistence minimum;

3) a citizen living alone in the amount of 0.5 of the subsistence minimum.

Provided that the average per capita income of a family and a citizen living alone is not higher than the subsistence level.

- for the purchase of essential goods for fire victims:

1) for completely lost housing in the amount of three times the subsistence minimum per family and for each affected family member in the amount of 0.5 of the subsistence minimum, but not more than five times the subsistence minimum;

2) for partially lost living quarters in the amount of two times the subsistence minimum per family.

If the average per capita income of a family and a citizen living alone is not higher than 2 times the subsistence level.

How many times?

Targeted financial assistance is of a one-time nature and is provided to the applicant on one basis once a year. Dialysis patients receive assistance twice a year.

How to get the?

It is necessary to apply with an application to the Department of Social Protection of Population and Labor at the place of registration or at the place of stay in person, by mail, in electronic form.

When will you get help?

The Commission considers the application within 30 days from the date of registration written request the applicant and decides on the provision of targeted financial assistance or on refusal and notifies the applicant of the decision.

Required documents:

— a copy of the passport or a copy of another identity document;

- a certificate of family composition (in the absence of a citizen's registration, documents confirming the actual residence are submitted);

- birth certificates for minors and passports for adult family members living together;

- certificates of adoption (adoption), marriage, divorce;

- certificates confirming the income of family members of a citizen for the last three calendar months preceding the month of filing an application for a one-time targeted financial assistance;

- certificate of disability (if there is a disability);

- a copy of the TIN;

- account details.

If you need money for treatment:

a) a call for treatment to a medical institution of the Russian Federation;

b) referral to a specialized institution of the Russian Federation or the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia);

c) documents confirming the examination, treatment and (or) rehabilitation in specialized healthcare institutions or social service institutions of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).

To receive assistance for the purchase of medicines, the provision of medical services:

a) certificate or statement medical commission a medical institution with the appointment of necessary medical services and medicines for health reasons;

b) receipts, cash and sales receipts.

Dialysis specialist:

a) a certificate confirming the conduct of dialysis sessions (issued medical institution providing dialysis treatment);

b) information from the body that carries out state registration of rights to real estate and transactions with it at the place of dialysis treatment, on the rights of an individual to real estate objects he/she has (have) for family members according to a certificate of family composition;

c) a tenancy agreement.

Fire victims:

a) act on fire authorized government agency fire service;

b) a certificate of state registration of the right to a dwelling or another document certifying the ownership of a dwelling.

For unemployed citizens and non-working adult family members:

a) work book;

b) a certificate from the employment service authorities on the registration or absence of vacancies at the place of residence of the citizen.

Based on materials from the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)

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In modern conditions, the problems of families in a difficult life situation are becoming increasingly acute and relevant, since their number is not decreasing every year, but is continuously growing. This is due to problems of an economic, demographic, socio-political nature. At the same time, perhaps the most vulnerable category are children.

According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, children are entitled to special care and assistance. The Constitution of the Russian Federation guarantees state support family, motherhood and childhood. By signing the Convention on the Rights of the Child and other international acts in the field of ensuring the rights of children, the Russian Federation expressed its commitment to participating in the efforts of the world community to create an environment that is comfortable and friendly for children.

The federal laws "On the Basic Guarantees of the Rights of the Child in the Russian Federation" and "On Additional Guarantees for the Social Support of Orphans and Children Left Without Parental Care" establish that the protection of the rights of children in difficult life is carried out by the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in accordance with the legislation of the subjects of the Russian Federation. Implemented by the subjects of the Russian Federation regional targeted programs are a kind of core for solving the problems of children, families with children who are in a difficult life situation. The effectiveness of the implementation of such programs largely determines the possibility of achieving the goals and objectives of the state's social policy.

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Social support for children in difficult life situations

The child protection system begins with the protection of the family, mother and child. The provision of this social sphere in Russia is one of the most developed. Education in children's institutions is based on proven programs. Its necessary element is teaching children to communicate, activities as part of a group, preparation for entering school.

Social protection of preschoolers is carried out in cooperation with medicine, pedagogy, and production. The social protection bodies of the population contribute to the rehabilitation and treatment of preschoolers, for which, for example, preferential conditions are provided for the stay of preschoolers in sanatoriums. The upbringing of preschool children solves the problems of their socialization. The youngest learn the rules of behavior, are included in group activities, and master the basics of culture.

The system of social protection of schoolchildren organically includes a variety of activities held at school, in extracurricular institutions, work with families and the public. The main result of this activity is the formation of social security for schoolchildren as a stable mental state, including confidence in their successful social and professional self-determination, as well as effective socialization. Social and pedagogical work contributes to the inclusion in productive work, the system of continuous education.

Social protection of childhood also includes the prevention of pedagogical injuries, education without losers, without repeaters, since they are characterized by mental states that depress vital activity. Social work of such a plan is of a preventive and therapeutic nature. Practical socio-psychological work is widely used .

An important direction socialization of children and adolescents is their rehabilitation in connection with deprivation (educational, psychological, moral, social, etc.), that is, the loss of important personal qualities. At the same time, personal development is diagnosed, individual plans for the restoration of abilities (perceptual, intellectual, communicative, practical activities), are organized correctional groups, relevant classes are selected that allow in collective activities to acquire socially valuable knowledge and the ability to apply them in work, communication, and in personal life.

The foregoing is closely related to the problem of the so-called "difficult", maladjusted children and adolescents. It should be noted that working with such children requires combining the qualities of a social worker when communicating with those who are involved in helping children (parents, neighbors, friends or officials) and the qualities social educator when communicating directly with minors.

Working with "difficult" children, it is necessary to focus on the pragmatism of everyday life. This helps to perceive the child in a specific living space - in the place where he lives, the family, where his behavior, connections, personality traits are amenable to observation, and living conditions, the relationship of psychological, material, social factors become much clearer, since understanding the problem is not limited only to the personality of this child .

Needy children today can count, first of all, on material assistance. Its main task is to maintain an acceptable (necessary and sufficient) standard of living for the child and the family as a whole, who are in the social difficult situation. Financial assistance is a lump-sum payment in cash or in kind, expressed as an amount of money, food, sanitation and hygiene products, child care products, clothes, shoes and other essentials.

The main criterion in establishing the right to material assistance is poverty, as an indicator of need. The bodies of social protection of the population decide on the issue of recognizing the needy as poor and on providing them with material assistance, and the municipal centers of social services are directly involved in providing such assistance. The commissions for the distribution and provision of material assistance, created under the social protection authorities, consider the issues of providing such assistance, taking into account the financial situation of the applicant, the composition and income of the family, the reasons and circumstances that prompted the application for help. Unfortunately, in order to receive material assistance, a whole list of certificates and documents is often required, which creates significant difficulties for low-income citizens.

raising public spending played to support families with children certain role in improving their financial situation, increasing the birth rate of children. However, the share of spending in GDP on supporting families with children in Russia is still much lower than in developed European countries. It can hardly be expected that monetary regulation can radically eliminate the causes that lead to children's unhappiness.

In search of new ways to manage the process and stimulate in the regions necessary changes In 2008, in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, the Fund for Support of Children in Difficult Life Situations was established. The Fund is a new modern tool for conducting social policy in the interests of children and families with children in difficult life situations, in the conditions of division of powers between the center and the regions.

The mission of the Foundation is to create a new management mechanism that, in the conditions of the division of powers between the federal center and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, will significantly reduce the prevalence of social disadvantage for children and families with children, stimulate the development of effective forms and methods of working with families and children in need of assistance.

Directions of the Fund's activity for 2012-2015:

1. prevention of family troubles and social orphanhood of children, including prevention of child abuse, restoration of a family environment favorable for raising a child, family placement of orphans and children left without parental care;
2. social support for families with disabled children to ensure maximum possible development such children in the conditions of family education, their socialization, preparation for independent living and integration into society;
3. social rehabilitation of children in conflict with the law (who have committed offenses and crimes), prevention of neglect and homelessness of children, juvenile delinquency, including repeated.

The Fund for Supporting Children in Difficult Life Situations draws the attention of the regions to the need to organize systemic, comprehensive and interdepartmental work with families and children and believes that the program-targeted approach is the most suitable tool organization of such work .

next view assistance provided by the state - social services for children with disabilities at home. Help at home is aimed at improving the level and quality of life of people with disabilities, finding children in their usual habitat - at home, protecting their rights and legitimate interests. Social services at home can be provided on a permanent or temporary basis.

At the social service centers, specialized departments are being created that deal with home care. Social workers visit their charges several times a week. The list of services provided in this case is quite wide. It can be, firstly, the organization of food, life and leisure.

Secondly, social - medical, sanitary - hygienic services (assistance in medical care, rehabilitation measures, provision of medicines, psychological assistance, hospitalization, etc.).

Thirdly, assistance in obtaining education for persons with disabilities in accordance with their physical abilities mental abilities.

Fourthly, legal services (assistance in paperwork, assistance in obtaining benefits and benefits established by the current legislation, etc.). As well as assistance in organizing funeral services .

Children can receive social services in specialized institutions on a stationary and semi-stationary basis. On the basis of full state support, services are provided to the disabled, orphans, children whose parents are deprived of parental rights, convicted, declared incompetent, are on long-term treatment, as well as in the case when the location of the parents is not established. For a period of not more than one year, children of single mothers, the unemployed, refugees, forced migrants can be admitted to hospitals.

Inpatient care for children is provided in orphanages, boarding schools, sanatorium-type orphanages, correctional orphanages (including correctional-psychological), special orphanages (for children with disabilities). These institutions perform the functions of creating favorable conditions close to home, conducive to mental, emotional and physical development personality. Medical-psychological-pedagogical rehabilitation and social adaptation of children is carried out there; development of educational programs, training and education; ensuring the protection and strengthening of the health of pupils; protection of their interests.

In institutions of social service there are departments of day or night stay. Here, minors can receive semi-stationary social services.

Departments are being set up in comprehensive social service centers day stay for children and teenagers. In their free time from school, children visit the day care department, where rehabilitation groups of 5 to 10 people are assembled. The activities of rehabilitation groups are carried out on the basis of group programs that take into account individual programs for the rehabilitation of minors.

During the period of stay in the day care department, children and adolescents are provided with hot meals and medicines. In the day care departments there are premises for a medical office and a psychological assistance office, for conducting training sessions, leisure and circle work, as well as a dining room. .

The issue of street children also remains problematic. To solve this problem, the state created specialized institutions that provide children with a temporary shelter.

It is important to note that the provision of temporary shelter to children who find themselves in a difficult life situation contributes to prevention and, in many respects, prevents the neglect of minors. For these purposes, specialized institutions for temporary stay are being created - these are social rehabilitation centers for minors, social shelters for children, centers for helping children left without parental care. Minors stay in such institutions for the time necessary to provide social assistance and (or) social rehabilitation and resolving issues of their further arrangement. Reception of children (from 3 to 18 years old) is carried out around the clock, they can apply on their own, at the initiative of their parents (their legal representatives) .

What are the functions of temporary residence institutions? First of all, this is assistance in restoring the social status of a minor in a group of peers at the place of study, residence. Facilitating the return of children to families, providing social, psychological and other assistance to children and their parents. Organization of medical care and training, assistance in vocational guidance and obtaining a specialty, etc. Institutions such as social shelters, together with the authorities and institutions of education, health care, internal affairs and other organizations, carry out activities to identify children in need of emergency social assistance. Assist guardianship and guardianship authorities in the placement of minors left without parental care .

The next type of social assistance is rehabilitation services. Different categories of children need them: disabled people, juvenile delinquents, street children, homeless children, etc.

The rehabilitation process is a complex process that includes a whole range of measures: medical, psychological, professional rehabilitation. Similar measures aimed at preserving and restoring the health of the child and the environment of his life support.

One of the main areas of rehabilitation is the preferential provision of disabled children with prostheses, orthopedic products, and means of transportation - wheelchairs. To date, there are about 200 manufacturers of technical equipment necessary for the rehabilitation of disabled people. It is no secret that rehabilitation services in our country are at a rather low level - there are not enough funds for free provision all citizens in need; there are few enterprises specializing in the development and production of prosthetic and orthopedic products; The quality of such products also often leaves much to be desired.

Legislation guarantees children with disabilities the right to receive professions free of charge, which is implemented in 42 special educational institutions of primary and secondary vocational education, over 7 thousand people study there. Training is also carried out in general educational institutions. Within the framework of secondary vocational education, training is provided in modern specialties related to management, finance, banking, social security organization, etc.

Disabled children preschool age receive rehabilitation services in preschool institutions general type, and if this is excluded due to their health, then in special preschool institutions. The maintenance of disabled children in preschool and educational institutions is carried out at the expense of the budget of the subject of the Russian Federation.

It is important to note that if it is impossible to educate and educate disabled children in general or special preschool and general educational institutions, the education of disabled children with the consent of their parents is carried out at home according to a complete general educational or individual program. Training is conducted, as a rule, by the educational institution closest to the place of residence of a disabled child. For the period of study, the educational institution provides free textbooks, educational and reference literature available in the library of the educational institution. Based on the results of the training, a state-recognized document on the corresponding education is issued .

Thus, the principle of giving priority to the provision of social services to minors has been proclaimed at the state level. Obviously, taking care of the younger generation is one of the main tasks of the state. After all, timely assistance helps to return a child who has fallen into a difficult life situation back to normal. full life. At the same time, material well-being is decisive, spiritual development and moral health of the younger generation. Ignoring the tasks set is immoral.

Pronin A.A. Socio-legal protection of childhood in Russia // Issues of juvenile justice. - 2009. - N 6. - S. 4.

Omigov V.I. Features of combating juvenile delinquency // Russian justice. - 2012. - N 1. - S. 24.

We give advice right and left that there is a way out of any unpleasant situation, and not even one. We tune in to the positive and try to console others that not everything is as bad as it seems at first glance. But when we ourselves are overcome by troubles that are coming from all sides, the advice that we ourselves offered looks simply ridiculous and helpless.

What to do in a difficult life situation, where you see one dead end? There are practical tips on how to proceed in this case.

1. First of all, try to calm down and stop. No need to quickly rush into the pool with your head and take incomprehensible actions that can lead to more big problems. You need to pause and decide where you are and how you ended up in this position. Take some time to think about why it turned out the way it did, and not completely different. When you can find the entrance, then you will find the exit in one moment.

2. Effective advice on how to get out of the impasse is to get rid of the emotions that overwhelm you at that moment. Fear, anger, disappointment interfere with normal concentration in front of the resulting problem. Often, our negative emotions, which take on a huge scale, we make an elephant out of a fly, and it’s done, we don’t see any way out, one dead end. If you want to smash something to smithereens - do it, if you want to scream and swear - go ahead, give vent to your anger, do not keep destructive energy in yourself.

3. When you are overcome by complete devastation, only then will bright thoughts begin to come into your head and everything will become clear from a different angle. Prepare yourself tea with lemon and ginger, or make yourself hot coffee, energy drinks will help your brain work faster. Take a piece of paper and start writing down absolutely all ideas for getting out of an impasse, even the most absurd ones, in such cases all means are good.

4. Do not think alone, seek help from your comrades and loved ones who have not turned away in difficult times. There is a proverb "One head is good, but two is better." Perhaps they will offer their own options that will be useful to you, because sometimes it is more visible from the outside.

5. The next step will be a full analysis of the proposed ideas. Consider all the pros and cons. Make three thorough plans to get out of the crisis. Plan A and B are the most effective, and Plan C is the back-up. Clearly thought-out scenarios, several options, give much more percentage of success than one.

6. In a difficult life situation, gather your strength and spirit and begin to put into action your anti-crisis plan. Going step by step, not stepping back, you will achieve what you want and get out of the troubles surrounding your life, and understanding what to do will come by itself.

7. In difficult times, people who care about you and to whom you are very dear will help you survive misfortunes. Don't push them away or isolate them from your society, let them help you. You can even ask them for help yourself, in such situations you understand who the most devoted and faithful people are.

8. In our life, we rely a lot on circumstances, while realizing that they do not bode well. You can't do that. We create our own destiny, so pull yourself together and do not let circumstances take over you.

9. Another in an efficient way how to get out of the impasse, is to exclude people with . In the environment of each person, there is sure to be such a person who will exaggerate and lower faith in yourself. Such people do not see happiness and positive moments, they have only one negative around them. If possible, avoid them, do not let them lower your self-esteem, otherwise, you will panic and give up.

10. When you are in trouble, look for something that will motivate you during the time that you get out of the current situation. Strive to associate with those who believe in you and know that you can withstand any blow.

11. In difficult moments, you should not be afraid to take risks and think about mistakes, everyone has them. It will be stupidity that you will sit idly by. Each of your mistakes will be a lesson from which you will draw useful and necessary information for yourself.

12. Do not listen to those who say that they know how you better live and be. They will constantly remind you and poke you for past mistakes. Send them away from you, let them hang noodles on the ears of others, the same losers as they are. This is your life and only you can decide if you can get out of trouble or not. Believe in yourself and you will succeed. You are not a loser, but a winner!

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Types of help for a person in a difficult life situation

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER I. The concept of a difficult life situation in accordance with the Federal Law of the Russian Federation. Social Security and Social Assistance

1.1 The concept of a difficult life situation

1.2 Fundamentals of social rehabilitation

1.3 Types of social rehabilitation

1.4 Legal regulation social assistance

CHAPTER II. The specifics of social assistance to a person in a difficult life situation

2.1 Provision of social assistance to children, adolescents and youth

2.2 Problems of middle and mature age (on the example of social work with women)

2.3 Social protection of the elderly and disabled

CONCLUSION

LIST OF USED LITERATURE

INTRODUCTION

The current socio-economic, moral, psychological and spiritual situation in Russia is extremely contradictory and multifaceted. Changes Russian society in recent decades XX-XI centuries had the following consequences: the emergence of a new, highly contradictory structure of society, where some are exorbitantly elevated, while others are at the very bottom of the social ladder. It is primarily about the emergence of such vulnerable socially categories of the population such as the unemployed, refugees, internally displaced persons, as well as those categories of citizens who at the present stage do not find adequate support from the state and society, and these are the disabled, pensioners, children, adolescents. In the country as a whole, the number of people in need of protection, marginalized people, alcoholics, drug addicts, homeless people, etc. is constantly growing.

In turn, the problems of social services have become aggravated, since with the beginning of economic transformation man with his problems was left to the mercy of the market elements. This process coincided with the professionalization of social work in Russia, which has become a phenomenon of a civilized society. Often, the bodies and institutions of social services are the only structures, the appeal to which leaves a person with hope for support and assistance in resolving his life problems.

large-scale structural changes in the economy, caused by new economic realities and technologies, the individualization of lifestyle and the pluralization of values ​​make social work in the life of modern society a stabilizing factor that contributes to maintaining social balance and improving welfare.

All these circumstances led to the fact that the study of the formation and functioning of the system of social work with the population in the Russian Federation, which does not yet have a clear, effective model, is becoming more and more relevant every year.

Today, a whole network of institutions has already been created that provide social services to families and children, the unemployed, the disabled, but their work is often not carried out actively enough. The activities of specialists are organized as a response to customer requests, which still have predominantly material character. With the current "reactive" position of social protection services, the number of poor, asocial families, alcoholics is not only decreasing, but even growing. Endlessly receiving material subsidies from the state, individual members of society by no means activate their own capabilities.

That's why goal of our research is to build a model of social work with a person who finds himself in a difficult life situation.

An object of our research - social work with a person in a difficult life situation.

Thing - a model of social work with a person in a difficult life situation.

In accordance with the problem, subject, object and purpose of the study, the following tasks:

To study the theoretical and methodological foundations of social work with the population;

To study the experience of social work with people who find themselves in a difficult life situation;

To build a model of social work with a person who finds himself in a difficult life situation.

The set goals and objectives are achieved using research methods such as

content analysis

study of legal acts

Analysis of the literature on the research topic

· description.

Since the 1990s, one of the most significant trends in social policy has been the creation of a new model of social service for people in difficult life situations, as well as its widespread use in working with the population modern technologies and methodologies.

social work person life situation

CHAPTER 1. BASICS OF SOCIAL SECURITY AND SOCIAL ASSISTANCE

1.1 The concept of a difficult life situation

In accordance with Article 3 of the Federal Law of 1995, a difficult life situation is understood as a situation that objectively
disrupting the life of a citizen (disability, inability to self-service due to old age, illness, orphanhood,
neglect, poverty, unemployment, lack of certain place residence, conflicts and abuse in the family, loneliness, etc.), which he cannot overcome on his own (Article 3 of the Federal Law of December 10, 1995 No. 195-FZ “On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation”).

Thus, based on the definition of a difficult life situation given by federal law, the list of situations that can be classified as a difficult life situation is open. Therefore, based on the logic of Art. 3 any situation that objectively disrupts the life of a citizen, which he cannot overcome on his own, gives him the right to receive appropriate measures of social support guaranteed by the state. Thus, the list of categories of citizens receiving appropriate measures of social support is very extensive and mobile in its composition.

In accordance with paragraph 24 of Art. 26.3 of the Federal Law of October 6, 1999 No. 184-FZ “On the General Principles of Organization of Legislative (Representative) and Executive Bodies of State Power of the Subjects of the Russian Federation”, the provision of social support and social services to citizens who find themselves in a difficult life situation is classified as joint jurisdiction the Russian Federation and subjects of the Russian Federation, carried out at the expense of the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

1.2 Fundamentals of social rehabilitation

Every modern state puts the principle of humanism as a priority. The Russian Federation is a social state whose policy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure decent life and free development of man. This is guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation in Article 7. Any society is heterogeneous and is divided into various groups and community. The social policy of the state is aimed at uniting, stabilizing and harmonizing the interests and relations between different social groups. Practical implementation social policy of the state consists of social security and social services. Social security is allowances, subsidies, benefits, etc., which are paid to citizens.

social service- is the provision by social services of various services and assistance to poorly protected segments of the population and to any person who finds himself in a difficult life situation (a situation that objectively disrupts life: disability, illness, orphanhood, low income, unemployment, loneliness, etc., which a person cannot overcome on their own).

To perform these functions, social service centers have been created for the population:

Comprehensive social service centers

Territorial centers of social assistance to families and children

Social service centers

Social rehabilitation centers for minors

Centers for helping children left without parental care

Social shelters for children and adolescents

Centers of psychological and pedagogical assistance to the population

telephone emergency psychological help centers

night stay houses

· Social homes for single elderly

Stationary institutions of social service

Gerontological centers

Other institutions providing social services to the population

In the implementation of social rehabilitation, a large role belongs to the medical staff, which controls the systematic implementation of rehabilitation measures by a person. Social rehabilitation on an outpatient basis allows the patient to return to his previous job or creates conditions for rational employment, and also contributes to the formation of useful interests in patients, the appropriate use of free time.

1.3 Types of social rehabilitation

The Constitution of the Russian Federation guarantees everyone social security in old age, in case of illness, disability, loss of a breadwinner, for the upbringing of children and in other cases established by law.

how economic category social security is a system of distribution relations, in the process of which, at the expense of a part of the national income created by able-bodied citizens and then redistributed through the budget system and extra-budgetary funds, public funds of funds are formed and used to provide material support and services for disabled and elderly citizens, as well as to provide material assistance to certain groups of the population (single mothers, families who have lost their breadwinner), large families, etc.).

The main types of social security expenditures are payments of cash pensions and benefits.

Pensions are periodic payments of certain sums of money for the material provision of citizens in connection with old age, disability, length of service and in connection with the death of the breadwinner. Main types of pensions:

by old age

by disability

for years of service

on the occasion of the loss of a breadwinner

The main types of benefits:

due to temporary disability

· Pregnancy and childbirth

At the birth of a child

for children of conscripts

· Unemployment

ritual.

Along with this, there are other forms of security:

vocational training

retraining of the unemployed

retraining and employment of the disabled

free maintenance of the disabled in nursing homes for the elderly and disabled

prosthetics and supply of disabled people with motor and bicycle strollers, cars

organization of many types of home care, etc.

An important feature of social security are the principles of its construction.

1. Universality - the distribution of social security in the event of disability due to age or due to disability to all workers, without any exceptions and regardless of gender, age, nationality, race, nature and place of work, forms of its payment. All disabled family members of the deceased breadwinner are subject to social security: minor children, brothers, sisters, grandchildren, elderly or disabled wives (husbands), father, grandfather, grandmother and some others.

2. General availability - the conditions that determine the right to a particular pension are available to everyone.

Thus, the right to an old-age pension for men arises at the age of 60, and for women at the age of 55. And for those employed in heavy types of labor, the retirement age for men has been lowered to 50-55 years, and for women to 45-50 years. The length of service required to receive this pension is set at 25 years for men, and 20 years for women, and even lower for those employed in hard work.

3. Establishing the dependence of the size and forms of support on past work: length of service, working conditions, wages and other factors. This principle is reflected indirectly through wages.

4. A wide variety of provided types of support and services. These are pensions and benefits, employment, various measures to improve health, prevent and reduce morbidity, placement in homes - boarding schools for the disabled and the elderly, etc.

5. The democratic nature of organization and management is manifested in the solution of all issues of social security. The role of trade unions is especially great in this. Their representatives participate in the work of commissions for the appointment of pensions, they are directly involved, together with the administration, in the preparation of documents for retiring employees.

Social security contributes to the constant renewal of personnel, the growth of labor productivity. Survivor's pensions provide children with the opportunity to learn and acquire the necessary profession.

Pension legislation, creating benefits for citizens working in more difficult working conditions, helps to retain personnel in the leading sectors of the national economy.

Allow the state to implement social policy cash, mobilized in the budget and off-budget funds.

Funds from state targeted non-budgetary funds created in accordance with the Law of the RSFSR "On the Fundamentals of the Budget Structure and Budget Process in the RSFSR" are a financial guarantee of the constitutional rights of Russian citizens to social protection in the event of old age, illness, unfavorable social and economic status of certain groups of the population.

In accordance with the Decree of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR of December 22, 1990 No. The Pension Fund of the Russian Federation was created, the purpose of which is the state management of pensions for citizens.

The funds concentrated in the Pension Fund are used to pay state labor pensions, pensions for the disabled, allowances for children aged 1.5-6 years, compensations to pensioners, etc. The Pension Fund's expenses in 2001 amounted to amounted to 491123 million rubles.

The second largest social non-budgetary fund is the Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation, formed in accordance with the Decree of the President of August 7, 1992 No.

Its purpose is to finance the payment of benefits for temporary disability, pregnancy and childbirth, at the birth of a child, care for a child up to one and a half years old, financing the organization of sanatorium treatment and recreation.

In accordance with the Law of the RSFSR of April 19, 1991, the State Employment Fund of the Russian Federation was established. At the expense of this fund, the tasks of professional retraining of the population, employment and others are solved.

Significant social security allocations come directly from state budget, bypassing the specified funds. At their expense, pensions and benefits are provided to servicemen of the Russian Army, railway troops, internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, privates and commanding staff bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Federal Security Service, foreign intelligence, the tax police and their families.

The implementation of social security is entrusted to the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Population of the Russian Federation, the republics within the Russian Federation and their local bodies.

As part of this Ministry, the Department of Pensions was established, which develops proposals for the formation of the state federal policy of pensions and its implementation in cooperation with the authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation; organization and methodological support of work on the appointment, recalculation, payment and delivery of pensions; ensuring the uniform application of federal pension legislation and preparing proposals for its improvement, and other tasks.

Assignment of pensions and allowances to officers, warrant officers, midshipmen and servicemen of the long-term service of the Russian Army, border troops, railway troops, internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, private and commanding staff of the bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Federal Security Service, foreign intelligence, tax police and their families are carried out by the relevant departments.

Thus, the social policy of the state is aimed at material support certain categories citizens from the state budget and special off-budget funds in the event of the occurrence of events recognized by the state at this stage of its development as socially significant, in order to equalize social position these citizens compared to other members of society.

1.4 Legal regulation of social assistance in relation to citizens who find themselves in a difficult life situation

The basics of legislative regulation of the provision of social services for citizens who find themselves in a difficult life situation are established by the Federal Law of December 10, 1995 No. 195-ФЗ “On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population”. This Federal Law defines social services as the activities of social services for social support, the provision of social, social, medical, psychological, pedagogical, social and legal services and material assistance, social adaptation and rehabilitation of citizens in difficult life situations. In accordance with Art. 7 of this Federal Law, the state guarantees citizens the right to social services in state system social services for the main types defined by Federal Law No. 195-FZ in the manner and on the terms established by laws and other regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The main types of social services for citizens who find themselves in a difficult life situation, in accordance with the above Federal Law, are:

material aid;

social services at home;

social services in stationary institutions;

provision of temporary shelter;

organization of day stay in social institutions
service;

advisory assistance;

rehabilitation services.

Social services are provided to the population free of charge and for a fee. Free social services in the state system of social services in the volumes determined by state standards of social services are provided to the following groups of the population:

citizens who are not capable of self-care due to advanced age, illness, disability, who do not have relatives who can provide them with assistance and care - if the average income of these citizens is below the subsistence level established for the constituent entity of the Russian Federation in which they live;

citizens who are in a difficult life situation due to
unemployment natural disasters, disasters affected in
as a result of armed and inter-ethnic conflicts;

minor children who are in difficult life
situations.

CHAPTER II. THE SPECIFICITY OF SOCIAL ASSISTANCE FOR A PERSON IN DIFFICULT LIFE SITUATION

2.1 Provision of social assistancecabbage soup for children, teenagers and youth

The child protection system begins with the protection of the family, mother and child. The provision of this social sphere in Russia is one of the most developed. Education in children's institutions is based on proven programs. Its necessary element is teaching children to communicate, activities as part of a group, preparation for entering school.

Social protection of preschoolers is carried out in cooperation with medicine, pedagogy, and production. The social protection bodies of the population contribute to the rehabilitation and treatment of preschoolers, for which, for example, preferential conditions are provided for the stay of preschoolers in sanatoriums. The upbringing of preschool children solves the problems of their socialization. The youngest learn the rules of behavior, are included in group activities, and master the basics of culture.

The system of social protection of schoolchildren organically includes a variety of activities held at school, in extracurricular institutions, work with families and the public. The main result of this activity is the formation of social security for schoolchildren as a stable mental state, including confidence in their successful social and professional self-determination, as well as effective socialization. Social and pedagogical work contributes to the inclusion in productive work, the system of continuous education.

Social protection of childhood also includes the prevention of pedagogical injuries, education without losers, without repeaters, since they are characterized by mental states that depress vital activity. Social work of such a plan is of a preventive and therapeutic nature. Practical socio-psychological work is widely used.

An important direction in the socialization of children and adolescents is their rehabilitation in connection with deprivation (educational, psychological, moral, social, etc.), that is, the loss of important personal qualities. At the same time, personal development is diagnosed, individual plans for the restoration of abilities (perceptual, intellectual, communicative, practical activities) are built, correctional groups are organized, relevant classes are selected that allow one to acquire socially valuable knowledge and the ability to use them in work, communication, and personal life in collective activity. .

The foregoing is closely related to the problem of the so-called "difficult", maladjusted children and adolescents. It should be noted that working with such children requires combining the qualities of a social worker when dealing with those who are involved in helping children (parents, neighbors, friends or officials) and the qualities of a social educator when dealing directly with minors.

Working with "difficult" children, it is necessary to focus on the pragmatism of everyday life. This helps to perceive the child in a specific living space - in the place where he lives, in the family, where his behavior, connections, personal characteristics can be observed, and living conditions, the relationship of psychological, material, social factors become much clearer, since the understanding of the problem does not close only on the personality of the child.

Psychologists distinguish the following areas of correction as the main ones social maladaptation personality in childhood

Formation of communication skills;

Harmonization of the child's relations in the "family" (place of permanent residence) and with peers;

Correction of some personal properties that impede communication, or changing the manifestation of these properties so that they do not negatively affect the communication process;

Correction of the child's self-esteem in order to bring it closer to adequate.

In this regard, the main content of the work of a social worker is the creation of an atmosphere of real cooperation and partnership in relations with minors. The principle of their voluntary appeal for help (search for help by the addressee) and the principle of offering help (moving help to the addressee) are equally applicable. Getting to work with "difficult" teenagers, you can not be straightforward. The latter, unlike younger children, are not a passive object of social work; their disorganizing activity is great and forces one to reckon with oneself. The offer of any help from the social worker should “outweigh” the negative and distrustful attitude of the teenager towards him and must contain not some abstract schemes, but attributes of the teenage subculture (often rejected by adults) - only after that you can move on to solving deeper issues . Consequently, the social worker does not have to focus on official values, but takes into account the child's condition, producing and realizing those needs that are caused by his addictions and preferences.

Social workers only achieve success if they do not ignore these circumstances and create at the beginning a kind of backbone of their like-minded people among "difficult" teenagers, and involving everyone else in general activities. These two different tasks - the formation of a core of like-minded people and influence on the least susceptible - have to be solved simultaneously.

But the tasks of the social worker do not end there; he is obliged to constantly maintain a trusting relationship with the teenager. In contact with the latter, a pronounced and unsatisfied need of the educated person for informal and confidential communication with an intelligent adult who adheres to generally accepted moral principles and helps to comprehend the meaning of life and the values ​​of human relationships is realized. Here it is important for a social worker to demonstrate that he does not try to absolute himself and his abilities and is always ready to take into account the experience of his younger communication partner, that is, the teenager himself, taking him into account. Trusting relationships with teenagers exclude traditional methods- teaching, moralizing, strict regulation. The main mechanism of interaction is the ability to establish contact and the ability to accept a teenager as he is.

Traditional work with hard-to-adapt children, often involving their isolation from the family and placement in closed institutions, has shown to be ineffective and even harmful in relation to children with neuropsychiatric disorders. New technology is based on the following provisions.

Personally oriented individual approach with an assessment of the child's key family problems, learning, communication, areas of interest, needs.

· Development of differentiated assistance and support programs, correctional and rehabilitation programs adequate to the individual psychological and age characteristics of children and adolescents.

Organization of work with them in the aspect social pedagogy, correctional and rehabilitation activities.

· Development and creation of a holistic system of assistance, excluding the isolation of children and adolescents, in a comprehensive mode.

When determining the goals and objectives of social work with difficult-to-educate children and children with neuropsychiatric disorders, including neurotics, the concept of "special social needs" is the main one. In such children, primary developmental disorders should be identified and identified as early as possible.
After the diagnosis, targeted positive impact, correction, training, etc. begin (regardless of the age of the children). The lack of targeted psychological and pedagogical assistance, its neglect can lead to irreversible consequences- impossibility to achieve a certain level of the child's rehabilitation potential.

Compliance with the development program chosen for this child real achievements regularly monitored. In addition, the spatial organization of the rehabilitation environment is provided. For example, neurotic children and neuropathic children need special structuring. living space facilitating their understanding of the meaning of what is happening, allowing them to predict the course of events, plan their behavior. In general, children with various developmental disabilities need to form mechanisms for conscious regulation of behavior, interaction with others, and correction of emotional states. Their complex medical-psychological-socio-pedagogical examination can be carried out using game diagnostics and game therapy with simultaneous correction.
The specificity of social work with maladjusted adolescents, children with special social needs is that they are quite satisfied with themselves and do not consider their situation to be any critical. Something is needed for the sake of which the child will want to voluntarily and consciously refuse this or that behavior. In other words, adults (parents, social worker, teacher) must convincingly and clearly prove to the child the perniciousness of his behavior.

The new properties that appear in the child and the new direction of his activity appear only in the course of his development. All this presupposes active search non-standard methods of early diagnosis and correction of disturbed development of adolescents, which manifests itself in the form of various problems of social adaptation.

The most adequate technology for solving these problems can be considered the analytic-transformative method - a re-educational correction of the child's personality, carried out in the following sequence.

1) Psychological qualification of personality deformations of a teenager, their identification internal mechanisms, determination of the levels of mental changes (individual-psychological, interpersonal, personal), motivational-required and value-semantic sphere.

2) Establishment based on the analysis specific tasks areas for which preventive, didactic and corrective actions- that is, the determination of which features of the psyche of a given adolescent will be amenable to effective outside influence.

3) Finding, development and approbation of tactical methods of diagnostic and corrective methods, optimal conditions facilitating their implementation. Here preliminary hypotheses and conclusions are tested.

The beginning of preventive work with difficult-to-educate and other adolescents from risk groups provides for the study of the causes of personality deformation and their origins; then the social worker focuses his efforts on preventing the development of numerous consequences of maladaptation into socio-psychological pathologies.
A social worker and a psychologist are faced with the task of shaping in a “difficult” teenager a full-fledged need for normal life instead of often only verbally expressed willingness to "correct" (this is the specificity of adolescence). Such tasks can be implemented in four stages: the first is motivational (creation of high personal interest in the proposed psycho-corrective classes); the second is indicative (numerous motives are introduced that potentially “objectify” the existing need state); the third is attitudinal (personally acceptable motives for “changes” are formed for this teenager, for example, individual attitudes towards a conflict-free relationship with parents); fourth - activity (development for a teenager of detailed plans and programs for organizing future behavior within the framework of a certain activity - sports, creative, educational, etc.). Rehabilitation is associated with the expansion of the reasons for changing the behavior of adolescents, the emergence of new objects of activity - in other words, with positive changes in the development of the motivational sphere.

As a result, we can say that the asocial activity of such difficult-to-educate adolescents does not yet mean an unconscious desire, say, to commit crimes. Only one thing is important here: to prevent the final degradation, not to miss the moment until the asocial side of their life has completely and completely turned into their essence, way of life and thoughts, would not begin to meet age and individual needs.

The formation of social security for graduates of orphanages has its own characteristics. At the first stages of social independence, children need social assistance. It is usually provided by the family. A child who does not have parents (at present, they are mainly victims of social orphanhood: their parents are quite healthy mentally and physically, but they are socially deprived individuals), masters social roles and moral standards during the years of stay in the orphanage. In this regard, ties with social life are of particular relevance.

The socialization of children from orphanages is carried out in close interaction of upbringing and educational work. Social assistance is provided by a school psychologist and a school social worker. The core of the social protection of such children is the education in them of a feeling of friendship and love, and on their basis of readiness for mutual assistance. It must not be overlooked that mutual aid in groups orphanage combined with competition. Educators should complete groups taking into account the possibility of communication, leadership. Social work is called upon to give civilized forms to this natural competition.

The main task of the orphanage is the socialization of pupils. For this purpose, family modeling activities should be expanded: adult children should take care of the younger ones, show respect for the elders. Preparation for family life it is advisable to conduct in such a way that the pupils develop the skills of conducting household, first aid, leisure activities (in particular, pupils here comprehend the functions of family members). It is impossible not to take into account that the preparation of children and adolescents for family life takes place against a complex moral background, since they are jealous of children who have parents, relatives, as well as children who are chosen for adoption.

It is obvious that the critical factor determining the characteristics of the mental development of children in the orphanage, the difficulties of their training and education, is the lack of positive impact families. Sometimes teachers and educators of orphanages, realizing this, try to build their relationships with pupils on the family type, setting themselves the goal of directly replacing the mother or father for children. At the same time, the emotional side of communication is excessively exploited, which, however, does not bring the expected results, but only often emotionally exhausts, emasculates the teacher (the concept of “emotional donation” arose not without reason). Therefore, one should agree with those doctors and psychologists who believe that the connections between educators and pupils of closed children's institutions should not imitate family ones.

Finally, the task of a social worker in an orphanage should also be to help optimize the relationship of the child with his guardians, other relatives, as well as with parents who, as you know, even being deprived of parental rights or being in prison, hospital, maintain certain relationships with the child. : through correspondence, rare meetings, etc. Often such letters and especially meetings have a traumatic effect on the child, unsettling him for a long time. However, in spite of everything, children often feel the need to communicate with their parents and other relatives.

In the activities of the boarding school, the principles of practical pedagogy and psychology, taking into account individual characteristics children. First of all, it is advisable to involve pupils in activities that are interesting for them and at the same time ensure the development of their personality, such as: initial professional, technical, artistic, musical education. Then, educational, labor activity should be aimed at achieving success, which enhances the motivation for self-development of the individual. Each student gets an idea of strengths of their development, relying on these qualities, children reach a high level of general education and initial training. A variety of activities allow students to engage in the educational and labor process in accordance with individual characteristics.

One of the most important ways of solving the problems of social protection is vocational guidance for schoolchildren and students of secondary specialized and higher educational institutions. The career guidance system is a continuous process and is carried out purposefully at all age stages, performing diagnostic, teaching, formative and developmental functions.

The problem of freedom of choice that has actually arisen before a significant number of young people has become a feature of the current tasks of career guidance. In connection with the freedom of choice, there are some ethical problems of professional counseling. In vocational guidance, ethical problems can be considered in two interrelated planes: from the point of view of the individual’s readiness to choose and implement a certain moral position and from the point of view of the readiness of a professional consultant (in our case, a social worker) to provide an individual with real help in such self-determination, without any violation of the basic ethical standards of interaction with customers.
The study of the real needs of young people in social services is a key element in the formation of a system of their social protection. According to studies, young people need, first of all, a labor exchange, points of legal protection and legal advice, a "helpline" and then - a sexological consultation, a center for helping a young family, a hostel - a shelter for teenagers who find themselves in conflict situation Houses.

When organizing social services for young people, it is very important to clearly define their tasks.

Thus, the social rehabilitation center for minors includes four departments: the department of diagnostics, social rehabilitation, day care and a hospital.

The tasks of the diagnostic department include: to identify maladjusted adolescents, to identify and analyze the factors, forms and stations of such social maladaptation; develop individual programs for the social rehabilitation of young people, a set of measures aimed at bringing young people out of difficult situation and creating conditions for normal life.

The main tasks of the social rehabilitation department are: organization of the phased implementation of youth social rehabilitation programs; restoration of lost contacts with the family, within the family; recovery interpersonal relationships, elimination of psychotraumatic situations, development of communication skills based on moral standards; assistance in obtaining a specialty and work; provision of comprehensive medical, psychological and legal assistance, etc.

2.2 Problems of middle and mature age (on the example of social work with women)

The social problems of middle and mature age, on the one hand, are very complex, since they require differentiated approach in terms of social status, gender, religious-ethnic and other characteristics of the client. These signs form a set of various social problems of such population groups as, for example, military personnel, women, representatives of national and religious minorities, etc.

On the other hand, all these groups are characterized by the well-known "mid-life crisis". It is with him, if we discard the complex of everyday, economic, legal problems, that the social worker most often encounters when working with a middle-aged representative. The difficulty here is precisely the need to single out this psychological crisis in the structure of the same type, recurring problems of a material, everyday, legal nature. The fact is that often this phenomenon is the cause of family, domestic troubles, misunderstanding in work collective, general depression of the psyche. Thus, it is the overcoming of this problem that can be the key to the successful solution of other social and psychological difficulties.
This crisis is, in fact, a psychological phenomenon of a kind of disappointment, when the realization comes that the hopes of youth will never come true; fatigue comes from the monotony of family life, the monotony of labor relations. This causes general apathy and often deep depression. If, however, these phenomena are accompanied by, say, a disastrous financial situation, cruelty in the family, the position of a national and religious outcast of the client himself and his family, then complex socio-economic, psychological assistance will be required to resolve the whole range of problems.

Generally speaking, the midlife crisis is not of the same type, its various manifestations are characteristic of specific age intervals of the “maturity” period. So, at the age of 30-35, the client usually faces the problem of "missed hopes" of youth, disappointment in family life, housing and domestic difficulties. As we approach old age, the problems of unrealized "wasted" potential, loneliness and uselessness in an increasingly accelerating pace of life, material security in the conditions of approaching old age become actual. The foregoing also determines the difference in the methods of social work with such people - whether it is consultation, psychological training, group work, socio-economic assistance.

Taking into account the limited amount of work, we will consider the problems of middle age using the example of social assistance to women (taking into account the peculiarities of age periodization against the background of socio-gender typology).

The complexity, complexity of women's social problems, the conditionality of their causes by the general socio-psychological problems of society determine the need for a systematic approach to their resolution, the use of a wide variety of technologies to obtain specific positive results.

First of all, of course, it is necessary to guarantee a woman the opportunity to find a job that would allow her both to provide for herself and (if necessary) her family, and to realize her personal potential, including its family and non-family components. According to studies, the need for women to have a job outside the home is due to three groups of motives:

the need for a second income in the family,

work is the most important means of "social insurance" for both a woman and her family,

Work is a means of self-affirmation, self-development, a way to gain recognition, a place where you can enjoy interesting communication, rest from monotonous household chores (this is typical for women, mainly with a high educational status).

For women the only option positive development situation is the need to quickly get rid of the illusions about the possibility of someone's beneficial intervention in their situation, the position and well-being of their families and build their lives, making the most of the principles of personal independence and freedom of choice.

In terms of employment, this should mean fighting to achieve conditions where fertility is not a discriminatory factor in the labor market. A woman should be given the right both to combine maternal and labor duties (including having young children), and to devote herself entirely to her family and children, if she considers this choice the best. The permeability of the boundaries between these statuses, a painless transition from one to another should be ensured both by law and by a system of organizational measures that facilitate and ensure a woman's adaptation to the changing conditions of the labor market.

Independence and freedom of choice should be ensured to a woman in family relations as well. She must choose the best option for herself and her family: to be a housewife living on her husband's income, or to be independent in terms of income, to provide for her family herself - given choice provides for a change in the policy of labor and employment in the country in such a way that honest socially useful work gives people the opportunity to receive income sufficient to ensure their livelihood.

A woman should be independent and have freedom of choice in the field of sexual relations. This will help reduce the incidence of familial and sexual abuse, protect women from unwanted pregnancies, implement the basic provisions of family planning in mass consciousness and, as a result, it is possible to eliminate the infamous leadership of Russia among all countries in terms of the number of annual abortions.

In technological terms, it is necessary to make serious changes in the system of upbringing and education of children, which is only partly within the competence of social work. The social worker can, firstly, initiate attention to this area at the local level by contacting decision-making bodies, means mass media, creating associations of people interested in solving these issues and having the opportunity to influence the bodies of social management. Secondly, he can carry out social and therapeutic and corrective work in order to change the unfavorable situation in a particular family.

Ensuring maximum (territorial-organizational and economic) accessibility of contraception and abortion services, distribution reliable information about family planning technologies can also provide positive influence on the social well-being of women. Organization of health care and provision healthy lifestyle life refer to those types of social activities that are carried out at all three levels - federal, regional and municipal. Medical education, promotion of knowledge, family planning skills are the responsibility of a social work specialist, and a variety of rehabilitation methods are used by social service centers, whose main clients are women.

Speaking about the gender areas of social work, three stages of tasks in the field of helping women can be distinguished: saving their lives and health, maintaining social functioning and social development. In specific individual and social conditions one task or another is a priority.

To save the life and health of women and children, hospital shelters, crisis centers, shelters with a range of social services (psychological and medical rehabilitation, legal advice and legal protection, assistance in finding another place of residence and suitable work, sometimes assistance in obtaining or restoring documents). Of course, emergency relief does not solve social problems per se, but it can sometimes save the life of a woman or her children. Acute economic difficulties give a woman the right to apply for targeted social or emergency assistance, which is also a short-term (in accordance with its conceptual purpose) one-time technology.

The maintenance of social functioning is of a more long-term nature, and the need for it is determined by a more complex set of reasons. Accordingly, the technologies used in this case are more diverse: all adequate types of socio-psychological, socio-economic, medical rehabilitation and support for women in difficult life situations. The most important means social and labor rehabilitation should be considered retraining or retraining of women more the right professions. Advice or other legal assistance can help protect women's rights when family conflicts or property disputes, in any situation where, either due to the imperfection of the regulatory framework or the peculiarities of their social status, women are in a vulnerable position.

Social development can be provided by informing women, teaching them progressive personal skills and social technologies, including technologies of self-employment and self-sufficiency, small business. Of great importance is the support of self-help and mutual aid groups, associations for the protection of civil, social and other rights of various strata of the female population.

Of course, all three of these types of tasks are usually performed by social workers in conjunction with staff. various areas social complex - law enforcement agencies, employment services, medical and educational institutions, etc.
The most common types are social service centers for the population, as well as centers for social assistance to families and children. The typology and names of such centers, their functions may vary depending on local conditions. In addition, social assistance institutions created by foreign organizations or with their help, confessions, private and public organizations can function. Characteristically, the majority of clients of virtually any social institution oriented to the provision of a wide variety of services are women. It is important that the activities of these organizations do not violate the rights of the women they are called to help, be transparent for control in terms of the content and methods of work, and be also informationally available to clients.

Emergency social assistance is a one-time single assistance to an individual or family experiencing difficulties through the issuance of money, food or things. Targeted social assistance is provided to low-income segments of the population and also provides for the issuance of money, food or things, but can be provided repeatedly, even regularly. This type of assistance can be received by various categories of the population, primarily representatives of socially disadvantaged families.
Protection from domestic violence in a non-stationary institution, as a rule, involves a combination of activities of law enforcement officers and social service institutions: the former stop violence, while the latter provide rehabilitation, legal and other types of assistance to its victims.

An effective technology is the creation of therapeutic groups of victims of domestic violence, whose members can best support each other, achieve better results under the guidance of a specialist in social work in correcting their personality, protecting their social interests.

A higher level of work is the transition of therapeutic groups to the status of self-help groups, that is, associations of clients that have existed for a longer time, having a wider range of problems that develop the personality of group members. The assistance of a social worker in the creation of such groups means the transfer of his clients from the category of objects of influence to the category of subjects who equally participate in solving their own problems.

2.3 Social protection peopleand the elderly and disabled

The system of social services for the elderly covers, in particular, medical geriatric care, both inpatient and outpatient; maintenance and service in boarding schools, home assistance to those in need of outside care; prosthetic care, provision of vehicles; employment of those wishing to continue the passive labor activity and their professional retraining; organization of labor at specially created enterprises, workshops; housing and communal services; organization of leisure, etc. Guardianship of the elderly is one of the main areas in social work in general. Guardianship is understood as legal form protection of personal and property rights and interests of citizens. Its forms are very diverse, but the main form of social guardianship over older people who are unable to fully (or at all) exercise their rights and fulfill their duties for health reasons is the functioning of the system of boarding schools.
It should be noted that at present, mostly people who have completely lost the ability to move and require constant care come to boarding schools. Of course, older people want to live in their own home, in a familiar environment. Expanding home care (a variety of home-based services: home delivery of groceries, assistance with paperwork, purchasing essentials, etc.) allows them to push back the timing of relocation to nursing homes.
Moreover, contrary to popular belief, the majority of the elderly are not limited in their usual activities and are not addicted; they live in their own houses or in the houses of their relatives. Old age does not in itself mean that the specialized assistance of a social worker is needed. Therefore, the main care for the elderly is provided within the framework of primary health care. The main activities in the medical and social rehabilitation of the elderly are aimed at the maximum possible preservation of the life of an elderly person in a family environment. Its forms include: specialized centers with inpatient departments, specialized care departments, rehabilitation institutions. The most important principle is prevention.

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