Handbook includes material school course"Social science", which is checked at the unified state exam. The structure of the book corresponds to the Standard of secondary (complete) education in the subject, on the basis of which exam tasks- control- measuring materials(KIMs) USE.

The guide contains the following sections of the course: "Society", "Spiritual life of society", "Man", "Knowledge", "Politics", "Economics", " social relations”, “Law”, which form the core of the content public education, tested in the framework of the exam. It reinforces practical orientation books.

Compact and clear presentation a large number of schemes and tables contributes to a better understanding and memorization of theoretical material.

In the process of preparing for the exam in social studies, it is very important not only to master the content of the course, but also to navigate the types of tasks on the basis of which written work is built, which is a form of conducting the exam. Therefore, after each topic, options for tasks with answers and comments are presented. These tasks are designed to form ideas about the form of control and measuring materials in social science, the level of their complexity, the features of their implementation, and are aimed at developing the skills tested within the USE:

- to recognize the signs of concepts, the characteristic features of a social object, the elements of its description;

- compare social objects, identifying them common features and differences;

- correlate social science knowledge with social realities that reflect them;

- to evaluate various judgments about social facilities from point of view social sciences;

– analyze and classify social information presented in various sign systems(diagram, table, diagram);

- recognize concepts and their components: correlate species concepts with generic ones and exclude unnecessary ones;

- to establish correspondences between the essential features and signs of social phenomena and social science terms, concepts;

- apply knowledge about salient features, signs of concepts and phenomena, social objects of a certain class, by choosing the necessary positions from the proposed list;

- distinguish in social information facts and opinions, arguments and conclusions;

- to name terms and concepts, social phenomena corresponding to the proposed context, and apply social science terms and concepts in the proposed context;

- list the signs of a phenomenon, objects of the same class, etc.;

- Explain with examples the most important theoretical positions and concepts of social sciences and humanities; give examples of certain social phenomena, actions, situations;

- apply social and humanitarian knowledge in the process of solving cognitive and practical problems that reflect the actual problems of human life and society;

- to carry out a comprehensive search, systematization and interpretation of social information on a specific topic from original non-adapted texts (philosophical, scientific, legal, political, journalistic);

– to formulate own judgments and arguments on certain issues on the basis of the acquired social and humanitarian knowledge.

This will overcome certain psychological barrier before the exam, associated with the ignorance of the majority of examinees, how they should arrange the result of the completed task.

Section 1 Society

Topic 1. Society as a special part of the world. The systemic structure of society

The complexity of defining the concept of "society" is primarily due to its extreme generalization, and, in addition, to its enormous significance. This led to the existence of many definitions of this concept.

concept "society" in broad sense words can be defined as isolated from nature, but closely with it related part material world which includes: ways of interaction of people; forms of association of people.

Society in narrow sense words are:

– a circle of people united by a common goal, interests, origin(for example, the society of numismatists, noble assembly);

– individual specific society, country, state, region(e.g. modern Russian society, French society);

– historical stage in human development(for example, feudal society, capitalist society);

– humanity as a whole.

Society is the product of the combined activities of many people. Human activity is a way of existence or existence of society. Society grows out of the life process itself, out of the ordinary and everyday activities of people. Not by chance latin word socio means to unite, unite, start working together. Society does not exist outside the direct and indirect interaction of people.

As a way of people's existence, society must fulfill a set of certain functions :

– production of material goods and services;

– distribution of products of labor (activity);

– regulation and management of activities and behavior;

- reproduction and socialization of a person;

- spiritual production and regulation of people's activity.

The essence of society lies not in the people themselves, but in the relationships they enter into with each other in the course of their life. Consequently, society is a set of social relations.

Society is characterized as dynamic self-developing system , i.e. such a system that is capable of seriously changing, at the same time retaining its essence and qualitative certainty.

Wherein system defined as complex of interacting elements. In its turn, element called some further indecomposable component of the system that takes direct participation in its creation.

Basic principles of the system : the whole is not reducible to the sum of the parts; the whole gives rise to traits, properties that go beyond the boundaries of individual elements; the structure of the system is formed by the interconnection of its individual elements, subsystems; elements, in turn, can have complex structure and act as systems; there is a relationship between the system and the environment.

Accordingly, society is complex self-developing open system , which includes individual individuals and social communities, united by cooperative, coordinated connections and processes of self-regulation, self-structuring and self-reproduction.

For the analysis of complex systems, similar to society, the concept of "subsystem" has been developed. Subsystems called intermediate complexes, more complex than the elements, but less complex than the system itself.

Certain groups of social relations form subsystems. The main subsystems of society are considered to be the spheres public life main spheres of public life .

The basis for delimiting the spheres of public life are basic needs human.

The division into four spheres of public life is conditional. You can name other areas: science, artistic and creative activity, racial, ethnic, national relations. However, these four areas are traditionally singled out as the most common and significant.

Society as a complex, self-developing system is characterized by the following specific features :

1. It is big variety of different social structures and subsystems. It is not a mechanical sum of individuals, but complete system, which has a supercomplex and hierarchical character: various kinds of subsystems are connected by subordinate relations.

2. Society is not reducible to the people who make it up, it is a system of extra- and supra-individual forms, connections and relationships that a person creates vigorous activity along with other people. These "invisible" social connections and relations are given to people in their language, various actions, programs of activity, communication, etc., without which people cannot exist together. Society is integrated in its essence and should be considered as a whole, in the aggregate of its individual components.

3. Society is inherent self-sufficiency, i.e. the ability to create and reproduce through active joint activity the necessary conditions own existence. Society is characterized in this case as a holistic single organism in which various social groups are closely intertwined, a wide variety of activities that provide the vital conditions for existence.

4. Society is exceptional dynamism, incompleteness and alternative development. The main actor in the choice of development options is a person.

5. Society highlights special status of subjects that determine its development. Man is a universal component of social systems included in each of them. Behind the confrontation of ideas in society there is always a clash of corresponding needs, interests, goals, the impact of such social factors, how public opinion, official ideology, political attitudes and traditions. Inevitable for social development is a sharp competition of interests and aspirations, in connection with which, a clash of alternative ideas often occurs in society, a sharp debate and struggle is carried out.

6. Society is inherent unpredictability, non-linearity of development. The presence in society of a large number of subsystems, the constant clash of interests and goals various people creates the prerequisites for the implementation different options and models of the future development of society. However, this does not mean that the development of society is absolutely arbitrary and uncontrollable. On the contrary, scientists create models social forecasting: options for the development of a social system in its most various areas, computer models of the world, etc.

Job Sample

A1. Choose the correct answer. Which of the signs characterizes society as a system?

1. continuous development

2. part of the material world

3. isolation from nature

4. ways people interact

Answer: 4.

Topic 2. Society and nature

Nature (from gr. physis and lat. natura - to arise, to be born) - one of the most general categories of science and philosophy, originating in the ancient worldview.

The concept of "nature" is used to denote not only the natural, but also the material conditions of its existence created by man - the "second nature", to some extent transformed and formed by man.

Society as a part of nature isolated in the process of human life is inextricably linked with it.

The separation of man from the natural world marked the birth of a qualitatively new material unity, since man has not only natural properties but also social.

Society has come into conflict with nature in two respects: 1) as a social reality, it is nothing but nature itself; 2) it purposefully influences nature with the help of tools, changing it.

At first, the contradiction between society and nature acted as their difference, since man still had primitive tools of labor, with the help of which he obtained his livelihood. However, in those distant times, there was no longer a complete dependence of man on nature. As the tools of labor improved, society exerted an increasing influence on nature. Man cannot do without nature, also because technical means, making his life easier, are created by analogy with natural processes.

As soon as it was born, society began to have a very significant impact on nature, improving it somewhere, and worsening it somewhere. But nature, in turn, began to “worse” the characteristics of society, for example, by reducing the quality of health large masses people, etc. Society as a separate part of nature and nature itself exert a significant influence on each other. However, they keep specific features which allow them to coexist as a dual phenomenon of earthly reality. In this close relationship nature and society is the basis of the unity of the world.

Job Sample

C6. Explain the relationship between nature and society using two examples.

Answer: As examples that reveal the relationship between nature and society, the following can be given: Man is not only a social, but also a biological being, and therefore, is a part of living nature. Society draws the necessary material and energy resources for its development from the natural environment. Degradation of the natural environment (air pollution, water pollution, deforestation, etc.) leads to a deterioration in people's health, to a decrease in their quality of life, etc.

Topic 3. Society and culture

The whole life of society is based on the expedient and varied activity of people, the product of which is wealth and cultural values, i.e. culture. Therefore, certain types of societies are often called cultures. However, the concepts of "society" and "culture" are not synonymous.

The system of relationships is largely formed objectively, under the influence of the laws of social development. Therefore, they are not a direct product of culture, despite the fact that the conscious activity of people affects the nature and form of these relations in the most significant way.

Job Sample

B5. Read the text below, each position of which is numbered.

(1) In the history of social thought, there have been various, often opposite points view of culture. (2) Some philosophers called culture a means of enslaving people. (3) A different point of view was held by those scientists who considered culture a means of ennobling a person, turning him into a civilized member of society. (4) This indicates the breadth, multidimensionality of the content of the concept of "culture".

Determine what provisions of the text are:

A) actual character

B) the nature of value judgments

Write under the position number the letter that indicates its nature. Transfer the resulting sequence of letters to the answer sheet.

Answer: ABBA.

Topic 4. The relationship of economic, social, political and spiritual spheres of society

A certain independence is inherent in each sphere of the life of society, they function and develop according to the laws of the whole, i.e. society. At the same time, all four main spheres not only interact, but also mutually determine each other. For example, the influence of the political sphere on culture is manifested in the fact that, firstly, each state pursues a certain policy in the field of culture, and secondly, cultural figures reflect in their work certain Political Views and positions.

The boundaries between all four spheres of society are easy to move, transparent. Each sphere is present one way or another in all the others, but at the same time it does not dissolve, does not lose its leading function. The question of the relationship between the main spheres of public life and the allocation of one priority is debatable. There are supporters of the defining role economic sphere. They proceed from the fact that material production, which is the core economic relations, satisfies the most urgent, primary human needs, without which any other activity is impossible. There is a selection as a priority spiritual sphere of society. Supporters of this approach give the following argument: a person’s thoughts, ideas, ideas are ahead of him practical actions. Major social changes are always preceded by changes in people's minds, a transition to other spiritual values. The most compromise of these approaches is the approach, the adherents of which argue that each of the four spheres of public life can become decisive in different periods. historical development.

Job Sample

B3. Establish a correspondence between the main areas of society and their institutions (organizations): for each position given in the first column, select the appropriate position from the second column.

Write down the selected numbers in the table, and then transfer the resulting sequence of numbers to the answer sheet (without spaces or any symbols).

Answer: 21221.

Topic 5. Social institutions

social institution is a historically established, stable form of organization joint activities people who perform certain functions in society, the main of which is satisfaction social needs.

Every social institution is characterized by the presence activity goals and specific functions that ensure its achievement.

In modern society, there are dozens of social institutions, among which the key ones can be distinguished: inheritance, power, property, family.

Within the fundamental social institutions there are very distinct divisions into small institutions. For example, economic institutions, along with basic institution property, include many sustainable systems relations - financial, production, marketing, organizational and managerial institutions. In system political institutions modern society, along with the key institution of power, the institutions of political representation, presidency, separation of powers, local government, parliamentarism, etc.

Social institutions:

They organize human activity into a certain system of roles and statuses, setting patterns of people's behavior in various fields public life. For example, such a social institution as a school includes the roles of a teacher and a student, and a family includes the roles of parents and children. There are certain role relations between them, which are regulated by specific norms and regulations. Some of the most important norms are fixed by law, others are supported by traditions, customs, public opinion;

They include a system of sanctions - from legal to moral and ethical;

streamline, coordinate many individual actions of people, give them an organized and predictable character;

Provide standard behavior of people in socially typical situations.

Functions of social institutions: explicit (officially declared, recognized and controlled by society); hidden (performed covertly or unintentionally).

When the discrepancy between these functions is large, there is double standard social relations, which threatens the stability of society. Even more dangerous is the situation when, along with official institutions so-called shadow institutions which assume the function of regulating the most important social relations (for example, criminal structures).

Social institutions define society as a whole. Any social transformations are carried out through changes in social institutions.

Each social institution is characterized by the presence of a goal of activity and specific functions that ensure its achievement.

Job Sample

C5. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "institutions of society"? Attracting Knowledge social science course, make two sentences containing information about the institutions of society.

Answer: The institution of society is a historically established, stable form of organizing joint activities of people who perform certain functions in society, the main of which is the satisfaction of social needs. Sample sentences: Allocate economic, political, social institutions, institutions operating in the spiritual field. Each institution of society is characterized by the presence of a goal of activity and specific functions. The institutions of society are a complex and branched formation: within the fundamental institutions there are very distinct divisions into smaller ones. From the point of view of the organization of society, the key institutions are: inheritance, power, property, family, etc.

Topic 6. Multivariance of social development. Typology of societies

Social development can be reformist or revolutionary in nature.

Reforms can take place in all spheres of public life:

– economic reforms- transformation of the economic mechanism: forms, methods, levers and organization of the country's economic management (privatization, bankruptcy law, antimonopoly laws, etc.);

– social reforms- transformations, changes, reorganization of any aspects of public life that do not destroy the foundations of the social system (these reforms are directly related to people);

- political reforms - changes in the political sphere of public life (changes in the constitution, electoral system, expansion of civil rights, etc.).

The degree of reformist transformation can be very significant, up to changes social order or type of economic system: reforms of Peter I, reforms in Russia in the early 90s. 20th century

AT modern conditions two ways of social development - reform and revolution - are opposed to the practice of permanent reform in a self-regulating society. It should be recognized that both reform and revolution “cure” an already neglected disease, while constant and possibly early prevention is necessary. Therefore, in modern social science, the emphasis is shifted from the dilemma "reform - revolution" to "reform - innovation". Under innovation (from English innovation - innovation, innovation, innovation) is understood an ordinary, one-time improvement associated with an increase in the adaptive capabilities of a social organism in given conditions.

In modern sociology, social development is associated with the process of modernization.

Modernization (from French moderniser - modern) - it is a process of transition from a traditional, agrarian society to a modern, industrial society. Classical theories modernizations described the so-called "primary" modernization, historically coinciding with the development of Western capitalism. Later theories of modernization characterize it through the concepts of "secondary" or "catch-up" modernization. It is carried out in the conditions of the existence of a “model”, for example, in the form of a Western European liberal model; often such modernization is understood as westernization, i.e., the process of direct borrowing or planting. In essence, this modernization is a worldwide process of crowding out local, local types cultures and social organization"universal" (Western) forms of modernity.

It is possible to identify several classifications (typologies) societies:

1) pre-written and written;

2) simple and complex(the criterion in this typology is the number of levels of management of society, as well as the degree of its differentiation: in simple societies there are no leaders and subordinates, rich and poor, in complex societies there are several levels of government and several social strata of the population, arranged from top to bottom as income decreases);

3) primitive society, slave-owning society, feudal society, capitalist society, communist society (a formational sign acts as a criterion in this typology);

4) developed, developing, backward (the criterion in this typology is the level of development);

Formational and civilizational approaches to the study of society

The most common in Russian historical and philosophical science approaches to the analysis of social development are formational and civilizational.

The first of them belongs to the Marxist school of social science, the founders of which were the German economists, sociologists and philosophers K. Marx (1818–1883) and F. Engels (1820–1895).

The key concept of this school of social science is the category of "socio-economic formation".

Despite the relative independence, the type of superstructure is determined by the nature of the basis. It also represents the basis of the formation, determining the belonging of a particular society.

The productive forces are a dynamic, constantly developing element of the mode of production, while relations of production static and inert, do not change for centuries. At a certain stage, a conflict arises between the productive forces and production relations, which is resolved in the course of social revolution, the destruction of the old basis and the transition to a new stage of social development, to a new socio-economic formation. The old relations of production are being replaced by new ones, which open up scope for the development of the productive forces. Thus, Marxism understands social development as a natural, objectively determined, natural-historical change of socio-historical formations:

The key concept of the civilizational approach to the analysis of social development is the concept of "civilization", which has many interpretations.

The term "civilization" (from Latin civis - citizen) in the world historical and philosophical literature is used:

- as a certain stage in the development of local cultures (for example, O. Spengler);

- as a stage of historical development (for example, L. Morgan, F. Engels, O. Toffler);

- as a synonym for culture (for example, A. Toynbee);

- as a level (stage) of development of a particular region or a separate ethnic group.

Any civilization is characterized not so much by a production basis as by a specific one for it. way of life, value system, vision and ways of interconnection with the outside world.

AT modern theory civilization, there are two approaches.

Various researchers distinguish many local civilizations (for example, an English historian, sociologist, diplomat, public figure A. Toynbee (1889–1975) counted 21 civilizations in the history of mankind), which can coincide with the borders of states (Chinese civilization) or cover several countries (ancient, Western). Usually the whole variety of local civilizations is divided into two large groups – western and eastern.

Thus, the formation focuses on the universal, general, repetitive, and civilization - on the local-regional, unique, original.

Comparative analysis allows us to conclude that the existing approaches in science should not be considered as mutually exclusive. They must be treated from the point of view of the principle of complementarity, taking into account the noted advantages of each of the approaches.

Job Sample

B1. Write down the missing word in the diagram.

Answer: Revolution.

In a handbook addressed to high school graduates and applicants, in in full given the material of the course "Social Science", which is checked at the unified state exam.
The structure of the book corresponds to the modern codifier of the content elements in the subject, on the basis of which the examination tasks are compiled - the control measuring materials of the Unified State Examination (KIM).
The guide contains the following substantive blocks-modules: "Man and Society", "Economy", "Social Relations", "Politics", "Law".
Brief and illustrative - in the form of diagrams and tables - the form of presentation provides maximum efficiency in preparing for the exam. Sample tasks and answers to them, completing each topic, will help to objectively assess the level of knowledge, skills and abilities.

Features of thinking.
Social in nature, despite the fact that it is a process that takes place in the human cerebral cortex. After all, for setting and solving any problem, a person uses the laws, rules, concepts that were discovered in human practice.

Inextricably linked with language. Language is the expression of human thought. With its help, a person cognizes the objective world. This happens because the language in one way or another corresponds to the objects of reality, their properties and relations. In other words, there are elements in the language that replace the named objects. These elements play the role of representatives of objects of knowledge in thinking, they are signs of objects, properties or relationships.

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• Social science, A new complete reference book for preparing for the exam, Baranov P.A., Vorontsov A.V., Shevchenko S.V., 2018
• USE, Social studies, Full express tutor, Baranov, Vorontsov, Shevchenko, 2013
• USE in Social Studies, Full express tutor, Baranov P.A., Vorontsov A.V., Shevchenko S.V., 2013

The following tutorials and books.

P. A. Baranov, A. V. Vorontsov, S. V. Shevchenko

Social Studies: A Complete Guide to Preparing for the Unified State Examination

Foreword

The reference book includes the material of the school course "Social Studies", which is checked at the unified state exam. The structure of the book corresponds to the Standard of secondary (complete) education in the subject, on the basis of which the examination tasks are compiled - control and measuring materials (KIM) of the USE.

The guide contains the following sections of the course: "Society", "Spiritual life of society", "Man", "Knowledge", "Politics", "Economics", "Social relations", "Law", which form the core of the content of public education, tested within the USE. This enhances the practical focus of the book.

The compact and visual form of presentation, a large number of diagrams and tables contribute to a better understanding and memorization of theoretical material.

In the process of preparing for the exam in social studies, it is very important not only to master the content of the course, but also to navigate the types of tasks on the basis of which the written work is built, which is a form of conducting the exam. Therefore, after each topic, options for tasks with answers and comments are presented. These tasks are designed to form ideas about the form of control and measuring materials in social science, the level of their complexity, the features of their implementation, and are aimed at developing the skills tested within the USE:

- to recognize the signs of concepts, the characteristic features of a social object, the elements of its description;

- compare social objects, identifying their common features and differences;

- correlate social science knowledge with social realities that reflect them;

- evaluate various judgments about social objects from the point of view of social sciences;

- analyze and classify social information presented in various sign systems (diagram, table, diagram);

- recognize concepts and their components: correlate species concepts with generic ones and exclude unnecessary ones;

- to establish correspondences between the essential features and signs of social phenomena and social science terms, concepts;

- apply knowledge about the characteristic features, signs of concepts and phenomena, social objects of a certain class, choosing the necessary positions from the proposed list;

– distinguish between facts and opinions, arguments and conclusions in social information;

- name terms and concepts, social phenomena that correspond to the proposed context, and apply social science terms and concepts in the proposed context;

- list the signs of a phenomenon, objects of the same class, etc.;

- to reveal by examples the most important theoretical provisions and concepts of the social sciences and humanities; give examples of certain social phenomena, actions, situations;

- apply social and humanitarian knowledge in the process of solving cognitive and practical problems that reflect the actual problems of human life and society;

- to carry out a comprehensive search, systematization and interpretation of social information on a specific topic from original non-adapted texts (philosophical, scientific, legal, political, journalistic);

– to formulate own judgments and arguments on certain issues on the basis of the acquired social and humanitarian knowledge.

This will allow to overcome a certain psychological barrier before the exam, associated with the ignorance of the majority of examinees how they should arrange the result of the completed task.

Section 1 Society

Topic 1. Society as a special part of the world. System structure societies

The complexity of defining the concept of "society" is primarily due to its extreme generalization, and, in addition, to its enormous significance. This led to the existence of many definitions of this concept.

concept "society" in a broad sense of the word, it can be defined as a part of the material world that is isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, which includes: ways of human interaction; forms of association of people.

Society in the narrow sense of the word is:

– a circle of people united by a common goal, interests, origin(for example, a society of numismatists, a noble assembly);

– individual specific society, country, state, region(for example, modern Russian society, French society);

– historical stage in the development of mankind(eg feudal society, capitalist society);

109 113 . 128 2. Economics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Thematic elements of the content: a brief description. . . . . . . . 133 2.1. Economics and economic science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 2.2. Factors of production and factor income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 2.3. Economic systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 2.4. Market and market mechanism. Supply and demand. . . . . . . . . 139 2.5. Fixed and variable costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 2.6. Financial institutions. Banking system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 2.7. The main sources of business financing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 2.8. Securities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 2.9. Labor market. Unemployment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 2.10. Types, causes and consequences of inflation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 2.11. Economic growth and development. The concept of GDP. . . . . . . . . . . . 160 2.12. The role of the state in the economy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 2.13. Taxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 2.14. The state budget. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 2.15. World economy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 2.16. Rational economic behavior of the owner, employee, consumer, family man, citizen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

We generalize and systematize: questions and tasks for repetition. . . . . 181 Examples thematic assignments and algorithms for their implementation. . . . . . . . . 185 We apply knowledge and skills: training @ training tasks. . . . . . . . . 209 3. Social relations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

5.13. International humanitarian law (international protection of human rights in times of peace and war). . . . 382

5.14. Disputes and the procedure for their consideration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 5.15. Basic rules and principles of civil procedure. . . . . 387 5.16. Features of the criminal process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 5.17. Citizenship of the Russian Federation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 5.18. Conscription, alternative civil service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399

5.19. Rights and obligations of the taxpayer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 5.20. Law enforcement. Judicial system. . . . . . . . . . . 405 We generalize and systematize: questions and tasks for repetition. . . . . 409 Examples of thematic tasks and algorithms for their implementation. . . . . . . . . 413 We apply knowledge and skills: training @ training tasks. . . . . . . . . 431

S e c tio n IV

CHECK YOUR READINESS FOR THE USE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436

Training version of the examination paper in social science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436

Let's summarize. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449

We apply knowledge and skills: training @ training tasks. . . . . . . . . 452 1. Man and society. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452 2. Economy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 3. Social relations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456 4. Politics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458 5. Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 The system for assessing the training version of the examination paper in social science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464

Foreword

This textbook is not an ordinary textbook for a social studies course for high school, but a guide to preparing for passing a unified state exam(USE) in society @ knowledge.

The structure of the manual is due to the tasks of fast and high-quality preparation for the USE and consists of four sections: “The role of the teaching aid in preparing for the USE in social science”, “USE in social science: general characteristics”, “Content blocks @ modules tested on the Unified State Examination in Social Studies”, “Let's check our readiness for the Unified State Examination”. These sections, on the one hand, are logically interconnected, which makes it possible to organize the process of preparing for the USE more productively, and on the other hand, they are, to a certain extent, autonomous, valuable in themselves, which expands the boundaries of the possible use of the textbook as a whole with taking into account the educational needs of the examinees.

Section I “The role of the textbook in preparing for the exam in social science” is introductory, and therefore it is notable for its small volume. He reveals a number of approaches to organizing the process of preparing for the USE, based on learning opportunities and individual features examinee, which increases the educational potential of this educational book.

Section II "USE in social science: general characteristics" includes two subsections - "USE in social science: the main goal, form of conduct, objects of verification", "Characteristics of tasks of examination work in social science and algorithms for their implementation." The first subsection presents features of the exam in social science, its main advantages over other forms of final attestation of graduates, the leading principles for selecting objects of verification, the structure of the examination work in social science, the basic principles for selecting types of tasks. This allows you to acquaint the examinee with the essence of the Unified State Examination in social science. The second subsection is dedicated to general characteristics assignments that make up the examination paper and arranged in accordance with its structural parts. The subsection includes the specification of each examination task (its content, level of difficulty, skills tested by the task, types of task, time

the name allotted for its implementation, assessment of the quality of the task), which makes it possible for the examinee to form a complete picture of the meaningful originality of the tasks. It is valuable that, along with the specification for each task, an algorithm for its implementation is proposed, which enhances the practical orientation of the training manual, equipping the examinee with the technology of working with tasks different types used in the USE.

Section III "Content blocks @ modules tested at the Unified State Examination in social studies" consists of five such blocks @ modules: 1. "Man and Society", 2. "Economy", 3. "Social Relations" , 4. Politics " , 5. “Law”, each of which includes four subsections - “Thematic elements of the content: brief @ brief description”, “Generalize and systematize: questions and tasks for repetition”, “Examples of thematic tasks and algorithms @ we for their implementation” , "We apply knowledge and skills: educational @ training @ tasks". This section brings together theoretical material, on the basis of which examination tasks are compiled, and information related to the technology of their implementation in the context of the content of a particular block @ module.

In the first subsections, the thematic elements of the content of the five blocks @ modules are presented in a concise, compact and visual form - as a rule, in the form of structural @ logic diagrams and tables, which allows reflecting the essence of the most significant issues social science course, and also helps to better understand and assimilate the material. In order for the examinee to be able to understand the volume of educational material @ the content of one or another thematic element @, each of them opens with a list of basic concepts. This list can be used as a guide in the subsequent study of the material, as well as to consolidate knowledge of the basic social science concepts. The questions and tasks included in the subsections “Summarize and systematize: questions and tasks for repetition” will help determine how fully and deeply the examiner has mastered the thematic elements of the content. The third and fourth subsections are focused on mastering the examinee methods of performing tasks of different types in relation to five meaningful blocks @ modules. Next to the designation of the types @ of thematic assignments and serial numbers educational@training@ training assignments indicate the codes of the thematic elements of the content, which are aimed at checking these tasks. This allows the examinee in the process of working on them, if necessary, to refer to the corresponding thematic element @

Section IV “Let's check our readiness for the Unified State Examination” consists of two subsections - “Training version of the examination work in social science”, “Let's summarize”, which are aimed at independently determining the level of their social science training by the examinee. Thus, the first subsection is aimed at forming the examinee's holistic view of the structural components of the examination paper, the logic of the construction of tasks that make it up, their number, level of complexity and features of the solution. The results of the implementation of the training version of the social studies examination will really reveal how well the examinee owns the social @ Vedic material, the leading skills tested on the exam. Filling out the questionnaire, placed in the subsection "Summarize", will enable the examinee to evaluate his general level readiness to pass the exam in social science (possession of knowledge, skills, methods of activity).

When working with study guide attention should be paid to the insets in the text that update the presented provisions: “Council”, “We remind you”, which, being quite autonomous, detail or supplement and deepen the main content of the material, and also include important recommendations. Arrows () used in the text of the manual, primarily in diagrams, indicate cause and effect relationships between blocks of information, as a rule, following dependency: causes, pre @ premises - consequences, results of certain social facts, phenomena, processes. It is advisable to keep in mind the footnotes, which not only concretize the educational material, but also serve as a guideline when working with individual thematic elements of the content of blocks @ modules, focusing on previously studied content units.

At the end of the manual, answers are provided to all the given educational @ but @ training tasks for content blocks @ modules and tasks @ included in training option examination paper in social science. This enables the examinee to check his answer with the standard, which will help improve the effectiveness of preparation for the exam in social science.

The tutorial can be used in two formats:

Independent systematic preparation for the Unified State Examination in social studies based on all its sections;