Phraseological units are stable combinations of words that are similar in lexical meaning to one word.
The Russian language is unusually rich in phraseological phrases. They make our speech figurative, emotional and colorful.
Most Russian phraseological units originated in the Russian language itself or inherited the Russian language from the language - the ancestor (came from antiquity).
Each craft in Russia left its mark in Russian phraseology. From carpenters, “clumsy work” originates, from furriers “the sky is like a sheepskin”. New professions gave new phraseological units. From the speech of railroad workers, Russian phraseology took the expression "green street". The successes of our country in space contribute to the emergence of the phraseologism "go into orbit".
Other phraseological units are borrowed from other languages. For example: unbelieving Thomas, salt of the earth, carry your cross.
Most of the phraseological units reflect the deeply folk, original nature of the Russian language. The original meaning of many phraseological units is associated with the history of our Motherland, with some of the customs of our ancestors, their work. For example: to beat the buckets - to mess around arose on the basis of the direct meaning “to split a block or buckets (chocks for making spoons), i.e. do an easy job.
Many phraseological combinations created on the basis of proverbs and sayings. For example: hunger is not an aunt, the hand washes the hand.
Some expressions came into the language from myths, folklore, literary works. For example: Achilles' heel, a fairy tale about a white bull, a broken trough, monkey labor.
Phraseological units are bright and means of expression language. They often occur in speech. For example: a free Cossack is free, a wet chicken is a slob, a klutz.
Phraseological units have synonyms and antonyms. For example: two boots - a pair and one field of a berry (synonyms); roll up your sleeves and after your sleeves, brew porridge and disentangle porridge (antonyms).
Phraseological units exist in the language in close connection with vocabulary. Their study helps to better understand the history and character of our people. In Russian phraseological units reflected historical events, expressed popular attitude to them. Phraseology reflects different aspects of the life of the people.
It is difficult to establish the time and place of occurrence of many phraseological units, therefore there is only an assumption about where they originated and how.
Writers see in Russian phraseology magnificent examples of figurative expression of the phenomena of reality. They are attracted by the accuracy with which a phraseological unit can characterize a phenomenon.
The figurativeness of speech through the use of phraseological units makes you experience what was said more strongly. For example: A document that does not have any power (filkin's letter), get a lot, earn money (row with a shovel), a short person (two inches from a pot), a person who cannot be deceived (grated kalach), make confusion, confuse (muddy water) and others.
The study of phraseology helps the development of human speech and the improvement of speech culture. The study of phraseology is important for the knowledge of the language itself. Phraseological dictionaries are used for in-depth study.
When using phraseological units, the following errors are possible:
The use of phraseological units without taking into account their semantics,
Distortion of the grammatical form of the phraseological phrase component,
Replacement of a component of a phraseological unit or its omission,
Contamination of phraseological turnover.
For phraseological units, the constancy of the composition is characteristic. No one would think of instead the cat cried say "the cat cried" instead of spreading the mind- "scatter with the mind" or "scatter the head."
Most phraseological units do not allow the inclusion of new words. Yes, there are phraseological units lower your head, lower your eyes but you can't say: lower your head low, lower your sad gaze even lower.
Phraseologisms are inherent in the stability of the grammatical structure, they usually do not change the forms of words. Can't say beat the bucket, grind the lyas, replacing forms plural baklush, lyas forms singular.
Most phraseological units have a strictly fixed word order. For example, you cannot swap words in expressions neither light nor dawn; everything flows, everything changes, although the meaning would not seem to be affected if we said: Everything changes, everything flows.
The main condition for the correctness of speech is the use of phraseological units in accordance with their exact value. Distortion of the meaning of stable combinations is unacceptable. Such mistakes are made by bad speakers. For example, on the traditional holiday last call At one institute, a freshman began his speech rather strangely: Today we escort to last way my older comrades... And talking about fun graduation party The young man remarked: We sang our swan song and danced for a long time.
Phraseologisms, as a rule, are used in a figurative sense, however, in some cases, the content of speech suggests their incorrect interpretation, for example: This year Aeroflot succeeded keep the flow of passengers high level ; Aviators on their wings always on time come to the rescue (walk on wings?).
Speakers and authors who are inattentive to their speech most often distort the composition of phraseological units. At the same time, they are mistakenly inserted into stable combinations unnecessary words, for example: The writer goes to one keep up with your time; chief The highlight of the evening's program was the magician's performance. Mixing (contamination) of phraseological units is unacceptable, for example: Gathered here narrow circle limited people (narrow circle, limited circle of people); His caught on parole (caught on the word, honestly). We observe the contamination of phraseological turns, for example, in the phrase: "distributing honors, the chairman began to measure everyone with one size fits all" (it is necessary: either "cut one size fits all", or "measure by one arshin").
The reduction of phraseological units cannot be justified, however, sometimes they are given inaccurately, omitting one or another word. For example, they say: this is an aggravating circumstance(instead of aggravating guilt circumstance). Erroneously truncated phraseological units lose their meaning, their use in speech can lead to the absurdity of the statement: The success of this student wishes the best(instead of leave wish for the best); Coach Williamson made a good face (omitted: bad game).
Often there is distortion vocabulary phraseological units: Without philosophizing for a long time (instead of slyly). False associations sometimes give rise to funny and ridiculous mistakes: Let's see which one of them hides an ax in his bosom(holds a stone in his bosom); The farther into the forest the more chips fly; This business not worth a penny.
A change in the composition of a phraseological unit may be caused by an update grammatical forms, for example: Children killed the worms and have fun(you can not use the plural instead of the singular in phraseology freeze the worm); her head whitened with gray hair (instead of gray hairs); He was not from the timid ten(timid ten).
As part of phraseological units, distortion of prepositions should not be allowed: He never thought that these words would come true in his destiny with full measure (instead of fully). Some phraseological units are “unlucky” - they are replaced by prepositions every now and then: dot on and (instead of over and); seven spans on the forehead(in the forehead). Incorrect choice case forms and prepositions in phraseological units generates such "strange" errors: reluctantly, those holding power, a tablecloth for him on the road, in head goes around. To avoid such mistakes, it is necessary to refer to phraseological dictionaries more often.
Non-government accredited non-profit private educational institution higher education
Academy of Marketing and Social information technologies–IMSIT»
Krasnodar city
Faculty of Secondary vocational education
Artistic and creative department
Considered I approve
At the meeting of the PCC, the Chairman of the NMS,
Protocol No. ___ dated "___" _________ 20____. vice rector for academic work,
Professor
Chairman of the PCC ________________ N.N. Pavelko
S.A. Didik "____" __________20________
OUD.01 "Russian language"
for 1st year students of all specialties
TOPIC: Normative use of words and phraseological units
lesson in group 16-SPO-TIF-01
specialty 54.02.08 "Technique and art of photography"
Lecturer Kravchenko L.N.
Krasnodar city
Lesson summary with aspect analysis
Routing lessons
TOPIC: Normative use of words and phraseological units.
LESSON TYPE: Practical lesson-presentation
LESSON OBJECTIVES:
Methodological goal: show the methodology for conducting a presentation lesson in the discipline "Russian language".
Educational:
to acquaint students with the norms of using paronyms in speech, partial homonyms, synonyms, phraseological units;
teach students the use of these lexical concepts .
Developing: develop analytical skills;
Develop the ability to use basic lexical concepts in speech
Educational: instill love and careful attitude to mother tongue.
PROVISION OF THE LESSON:
References
3. Ozhegov S. I. Dictionary of the Russian language. About 60,000 words and phraseological expressions. -25th ed., rev. and additional /under total. ed. L. I. Skvortsova. - M., 2006
EQUIPMENT:
1. Organizational moment
2. Plan for presenting new material:
1. Repetition of previously studied material in order to determine the topic (Crossword)
2. Studying new material
Paronyms and partial homonyms in speech;
Synonyms and speech culture;
The use of phraseological units in speech.
3 .Fixing new material:
Performing exercises on handouts.
Completing assignments based on presentation materials.
4. Homework.
2.Working with a dictionary. How do you understand the meaning of the words: virtue, benevolence, benevolence, kindness? How do they relate to the meaning of the word good? Find an explanation of this word in the explanatory dictionary. Compose thesis plan answer "Normative use of words and phraseological units"
PLAN-SUMMARY OF THE EDUCATIONAL SESSION
TOPIC: Normative use of words and phraseological units.
LESSON TYPE: practical work using presentation
LESSON OBJECTIVES:
Methodological goal: Show the methodology for conducting a presentation lesson in the discipline "Russian language", demonstrate the effectiveness of the use of information technology in teaching general education disciplines.
Educational: using innovative form training - presentation, to acquaint students with the norms of using paronyms, partial homonyms, synonyms, phraseological units in speech;
Developing:
Educational:
EQUIPMENT:
Handout.
STUDY PROCEDURE:
I. Organizational moment ( Greeting, control of readiness for the lesson, work with the journal)
Motivation for studying the topic and goals(definition of the topic, its significance, formulation of the goal) slide 1
II. Repetition of previously studied material in order to determine the topic of the lesson.
Formulation of the topic through lexical dictation. It is necessary to fill in the "crossword puzzle", which is distributed in advance.
Teacher: To formulate the topic, we need to find the missing word in the title of the topic "... the use of words and phraseological units." To do this, we will fill in a crossword puzzle and read the missing word in the topic in a vertical strip. You need to remember and name the lexical term or the concept to which the definition I named refers and enter it in the lines horizontally (the questions are duplicated in the handout:
1) new lexical meaning, which is formed with the similarity between objects (figurative); slide 3
2) words of the same part of speech, identical in sound and spelling,
but different in lexical meaning (homonyms); slide 4
3) the main lexical meaning of the word (direct); slide 5
4) general meaning words as parts of speech (grammatical); slide 6
5) words that have several lexical meanings (multi-valued); Slide 7
6) words with opposite lexical meaning (antonyms); Slide 8
7) what is the name of the vocabulary, which includes everyday words, their meaning is clear to all people (active); Slide 9
8) what is the name of the vocabulary, consisting of words that have not become common (passive); Slide 10
9) words of the same part of speech that mean the same thing, but differ from each other in shades of lexical meaning (synonyms); slide 11
10) what is the name of the meaning of the word, which expresses its correlation with the phenomenon of reality (lexical); slide 12
11) what are stable combinations of words (phraseological units) called; slide 13
students read in a crossword puzzle vertically the word " normative" Slide 13
Teacher: Based on your answer, we will formulate the full text of the topic of the lesson: "Normative use of words and phraseological units" Slide 14
What is meant by rules of speech? slide 15
Teacher: What words do you think are the key words in the text of the definition? (the correct choice of the word in its meaning and its compatibility with other words). Therefore, in order to comply with the rules of word usage, it is necessary to observe following rules: Slide 16 (write in your notebook)
Teacher: Familiarity with these rules and mastering their application will be goal of our lesson, that is, lexical concepts already known to us (synonyms, phraseological units, etc.) we will consider from these positions: in what cases is the use of these words correct in terms of their lexical meaning, and also what are the options for their compatibility with other words .
III. Learning new material.
1.1 Paronyms and partial homonyms in speech.
The teacher explains to the students the concept of "paronyms".
Incorrect accounting of lexical meaning very often causes confusion in the speech of words. paronyms. Offers to start work in notebooks. Slide 17
As can be seen from the definition and examples, it is easy to make a mistake in the use of these words. How to avoid speech errors associated with the use of paronyms?
Paronyms included in the pair are combined with different a set of words. Slide 18 For example, words warranty – guaranteed combined with certain their set of words:
Teacher: And such a certain combination of paronyms with "their" words depends on the lexical meaning of paronyms. Therefore, in order to avoid mistakes in the use of paronyms, it is necessary to know and take into account their lexical meaning, that is, compatibility will depend on the meaning. Slide 19
Teacher: Adjectives in front of you demonstrative -demonstration and their interpretation, divide the nouns into two columns under each adjective. Lexical meaning of words on slide 20(write in notebook) Answers -Slide 21
Task 3 Choose from the proposed paronyms the one that suits the meaning (on the slide). oral work along the chain. Development of analytical skills, skills of linguistic comments. slide 22
1) Any (act, misconduct) deserves condemnation
2) We live in the same house, but on (different, different) floors.
3) The family (represented, provided) an apartment.
4) The apartment should (carry out, make) repairs.
5) This is the most (memorable, memorable) event in my life.
6) This is a very (hurtful, touchy) act.
The teacher comments on the students' answers.
Justify the choice of paronyms.
Task 4: The teacher asks the students to complete an exercise from the handout. Explains the task. slide 23
With each of the nouns given in brackets, make phrases with adjectives that agree in meaning - paronyms.
Task 5: Find extra word combinations on the slide. Explain your choice. slide 24
Answer: Excess is a combination simple – simple, because they are not paronyms.
The teacher asks the students to read theoretical material from the handout and answer the questions:
What lexical concept will these words refer to (These are homoforms) Why? Slide 25
To which group of partial homonyms can the words in each row be attributed? Cm. Slide 25 Why?
(1. these are homoforms because adjectives and nouns coincided in the same grammatical form.
2. these are homophones. these words coincided only in sound;
3. These are homographs. these words coincided only in spelling.
What does this group of words have in common? (these are partial homonyms)
Notebook entry. Partial homonyms: homophones, homographs, homoforms.
Task 6: The teacher asks the students to complete the task from the handout. Write out homonyms, homoforms, homophones in groups.
ANSWER:
homoforms homophones homographs
Not sparing soap - Demolition - flour from the nose - flour
washed patiently; From soap - washed
jumped out of the mink - pokalach - on kalach
asked the mink to the market - krynka
the poet starts a speech - fall - into the mouth
the poet starts a speech;
rights - rights;
decided to attack
here is an attack;
with an army of aspen -
fought with an aspen;
anywhere -
Consolidation of the studied material about paronyms and partial homonyms.
What helps to distinguish partial homonyms (context);
What should be considered when using paronyms (their lexical meaning).
3.2 Synonyms and speech culture.
The teacher explains the connection of synonyms with speech culture.
Teacher: The Russian language is rich in synonyms, which allows the speaker or writer to reveal a phenomenon or object with different sides. For example, choose adjectives for something small (small, small, small, tiny, tiny, microscopic, diminutive, dwarf); choose adjectives to indicate large in size (huge, large, huge, gigantic, gigantic, colossal). Preferably arranged in ascending order. Slides26
The teacher offers students read the theoretical material from the handout and answer the question:
Prove that by placing these synonyms on the slide in a certain order, I used the gradation technique. Slide 27
Primary fixation of the material.
The teacher offers to complete the task from the handout
Task 7 Write down an offer punctuation parsing. Write out synonyms, arranging them according to the principle of gradation. Slide 28 - 29
The teacher concludes: In speech, you can use not only individual synonyms, but also synonymous series.
Synonyms allow the speaker or writer to designate the same situation in different ways, to characterize the same person or object. The more accuracy the speaker or writer wants to achieve in his speech, the more attention should look at synonyms. But the choice of words must be treated thoughtfully. Compare two sentences for example. slide 30
In which sentence does the predicate express the solemnity of the situation? (the totality, it is obvious that such a meaning is characteristic of the first sentence).
Replace where possible the word right synonymous loyal, in which cases such a replacement is impossible? Why? Slide 31
Teacher: speaking about the features of the use of synonyms in speech, it should be noted that due to the presence a large number for a given group of words in the language, it is possible to avoid repetitions of the same cognate words, compare: Slide32
Exercise: eliminate unmotivated repetition of words by synonymous replacement . Slide 33
3.3 The use of phraseological units in speech.
Updating existing knowledge.
What does phraseology study?
What is punished by phraseological turnover?
Observation: what do these groups of words have in common? slide 34
Answer: we have synonymous rows. Moreover, the second row is made up of phraseological units.
Teacher: What is the general meaning of these phraseological units? (so you can say about a person who knows how to do everything).
Is it possible to use these phraseological units in business speech, for example, in the characteristic? (no, but they can be used in normal conversation)
Conclusion: Phraseologisms have stylistic coloring, which determines their use in speech.
Primary fastening.
Handout assignment.
Answers: Slide 35
Conversational and household: in all shoulder blades; get out of your mind; no urine; pout lips; crazy; sit in a galosh; and so and so.
Literary and book: embrace; promised land; Golden Taurus; servant of two masters; what do you want;
Literary and poetic: air castle; air ocean; for distant lands; red girl; a swan song; crown of thorns.
Official business: armed forces; come into force; to inform; female; occupational Safety and Health; adopt a resolution; compressed lines; secret ballot; cold war.
Interstyle: anyway, from time to time, from the bottom of my heart, under open sky, keep his word, wipe it off the face of the earth, which was required to be proved.
The teacher gives the task: correct the errors resulting from the incorrect use of phraseological units. slide 36
But sometimes a skillful intentional replacement of words in phraseological units can be the basis for puns and jokes.
Task: compare the headlines of newspapers and name the phraseological units that served as the basis for puns. Slide 37
Teacher: In phraseological units, words lose their semantic independence and are used, as a rule, in figurative meaning, but if the words included in the turnover are used in their direct meaning, then the phraseological unit will cease to be a phraseological unit.
Task 10 Make two sentences with these phrases: Slide38
a) so that the combination is used in literally
b) so that the combination acts as a phraseological unit
IV. Consolidation of the studied material: Slide 39
What are paronyms?
How to avoid mistakes in the use of paronyms?
Name partial homonyms. What helps to distinguish them from each other?
What do synonyms help to avoid in speech?
What should be considered when using phraseological units in speech?
V. Summing up the lesson.
1. Homework. Slide 40
open lesson teacher Kravchenko L.N. by discipline
OUD.01 "Russian language"
Topic: "Normative use of words and phraseological units"
Lesson type: practical lesson- presentation
Interdisciplinary connections: literature
LESSON OBJECTIVES:
Methodological goal: Show the methodology for conducting practical work using a presentation on the discipline "Russian language".
Educational: using an innovative form of education - a presentation in practical work to acquaint students with the norms of using paronyms, partial homonyms, synonyms, phraseological units in speech;
to teach students the use of these lexical concepts.
Developing: to develop in students the ability to perceive and assimilate information presented in the form of a presentation.
Educational: to instill love for the mother tongue.
PROVISION OF THE LESSON:
References
1. Rosenthal D.E. Russian language: textbook. Grade 10-11, - M .: Education, 2014
2. Vlasenkov A.I., Rybchenkova L.M. Russian language Grammar. Text. Speech styles: textbook. for 10-11 cells / -M .: Education, 2014.
EQUIPMENT:
Handout.
| Lesson characteristics | Points | conclusions |
| 1. The didactic goal defines: | ||
| 1.1. Content learning logic educational material | Implemented fully |
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| 1.2. The nature of the interaction between the teacher and the student | Implemented fully |
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| 2. Purposelesson content: | ||
| 2.1. Corresponds to the content of the educational material | Implemented fully |
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| 2.2. Specifies the cognitive, developing, educational results learning | Implemented fully |
|
| 3. The action of students for the adoption of the song was organized | Implemented fully |
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| 4. Methodslearning: | ||
| 4.1. Correspond to the level learning opportunities students | Implemented fully |
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| 4.2. Promote motivation | Implemented fully |
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| 4.3. Provide dialogue in learning | Implemented partially |
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| 4.4. Contribute to the achievement of TJP | Implemented fully |
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| 5. Forms of organization cognitive activity: | ||
| 5.1. Provide collaboration between learners | Implemented partially |
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| 5.2. Contribute to the inclusion of each student in activities to achieve the goal | Implemented fully |
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| 6. Tasks for independent work: | ||
| 6.1. Contribute to the achievement TDC | Implemented fully |
|
| 6.2. Ensure the effectiveness of teaching methods | Implemented fully |
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| 6.3. Correspond to the content of the educational material | Implemented fully |
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| 7. Fundslearning | ||
| 7.1. Ensure the acquisition of knowledge and skills | Implemented fully |
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| 7.2. Stimulate development creativity | Implemented fully |
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| 7.3. Provide education of emotionally valuable attitude to the world | Implemented fully |
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| 8. Conclusions about the level of achievementTDC | ||
| 8.1. Educational aspect | Implemented fully |
|
| 8.2. Developmental aspect | Implemented fully |
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| 8.3. educational aspect | Implemented fully |
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| Total: |
Lexical norms regulate the rules for the use of words, i.e. the accuracy of the choice of the word in accordance with the meaning of the statement and the appropriateness of its use in the social meaning and generally accepted combinations. When determining lexical norms should take into account changes in vocabulary language: polysemy of a word, the phenomena of synonymy, antonymy, stylistic consideration of vocabulary, the concept of active and passive vocabulary, the social sphere of the use of vocabulary, the need for a justified choice of a word in a specific speech situation, and many others.
Changes in the vocabulary of the Russian language occur in parallel with changes in the life of society; to designate new phenomena in social life, a new word can either be created using word-building means existing in the language, or a foreign word is borrowed, or a complex, compound name is formed, or, finally, a word that already exists in the language is adapted, which in this case modifies its meaning in a certain way (and often also its stylistic coloring).
ambiguity the presence of a word with several (two or more) meanings is called. The consequences of a careless attitude to polysemantic words are the ambiguity and ambiguity of the expression, as well as the unlawful, excessive expansion of the meanings of known words.
Homonymy should be distinguished from ambiguity. Homonyms- these are words that coincide in sound, the same in form, but the meanings of which are in no way connected with each other, i.e. do not contain any common elements meaning. Allocate lexical homonyms (words that match in all grammatical forms), homophones(words that are spelled differently but pronounced the same, e.g.: meadow - bow), homoforms(words that sound the same in some grammatical form, for example: clear glass – roof glass) and homographs(words that have the same shape, but different sound, for example: lock – lock). Reduces the accuracy of speech ignorance of existence in the language paronyms- words that are close, similar in sound and spelling, but different in meaning (for example: excavator – escalator).
Synonymy is the opposite of polysemy and homonymy. With synonymy different shape expresses the same (or similar) content. Synonyms- these are words that sound differently, but are the same or very close in meaning. They are conceptual(close, not exactly identical in meaning) and stylistic(identical in meaning, but having a different stylistic coloring). The presence of synonyms ensures the expressiveness of speech and at the same time obliges all speakers and writers to be attentive to the choice of a word from a number of close, similar ones.
Antonyms are words from opposite meaning. They have long been used as a technique for creating contrasting patterns, for a sharp opposition of signs and phenomena.
Whole line words provided in explanatory dictionaries litters “high”, “book”, on the one hand, and “colloquial”, “colloquial” - on the other. These marks indicate the stylistic stratification of vocabulary. The main part of the vocabulary fund is the so-called “ neutral” vocabulary, against the background of which expressive possibilities stylistically colored words, the use of which in speech requires a developed linguistic instinct and aesthetic taste.
Vocabulary can be considered in terms of active and passive vocabulary. To passive vocabulary relate obsolete words: archaisms(obsolete synonyms modern words) and historicisms(obsolete words denoting former concepts that do not exist now), as well as new words (neologisms). Separate obsolete words “return” to the active fund of the dictionary, sometimes acquiring new meanings, for example: thought, governor, banker, goalkeeper.
From point of view social sphere use of all the words of the Russian language can be divided into vocabulary not limited scope usage and vocabulary of the limited sphere of usage, which includes professionalism(words and expressions used in oral speech people of the same profession) dialectisms(elements of territorial dialects used by native speakers of the literary language), terms(exact designations certain concepts any special field of science, technology, art), jargon(elements of various social dialects in literary speech). The words limited use may eventually be included in the lexical composition of the literary language. At the same time, regional words lose their dialect coloring (for example: outskirts, plow, stubble), and the terms are determinologized (for example: public reaction , Wednesday, atmosphere).
The clarity and intelligibility of speech depends on the correct use of borrowed (foreign language) words in it. Errors in their use are associated primarily with ignorance of the exact meaning of the word, which often leads to pleonasm (speech redundancy), for example: first debut, memorable souvenirs. Pleonasm is a type tautology- the use of adjacent single-root words in speech.
Phraseological norms- these are the rules for the use of phraseological units, non-free combinations of words that are not produced in speech, but are reproduced in it. Phraseologisms are distinguished by a stable ratio of semantic content, lexical composition and grammatical structure, therefore any changes in the composition and structure of these expressions lead to speech errors.
Questions:
2. Describe the vocabulary of the Russian language in terms of the scope of its use.
3. What is the richness of the vocabulary of the modern Russian language?
4. Give a description of lexical speech errors associated with a violation of the requirement of a justified choice of a word in a certain speech situation.
5. What are the features phraseological norms? Describe the main types of phraseological speech errors.
Tasks:
Exercise 1. Determine the value following words. Make up some sentences with them.
Appeal, concentrate, apogee, arrangement, acoustics, subscription, run, balance, vernissage, stained glass, gravity, size, gamma, hypothesis, vacuum, lawn, roasting, gourmet, degradation, decade, range, detector, dessert, jumble, ordinary, ideogram, illusion, instinct, intonation, cavalcade, cinematography, creed, lobbies, conflict, lexicon, leitmotif, mannequin, memoirs, matrix, meridian, meager, ignorant, outskirts, ornament, pleiad, claim, prosody, fiction, aesthetics, title.
Task 2. Write out the single digits first, then polysemantic words. Motivate your answer.
B. Admiral, diver, year, rook, university, run, Tuesday, trainee, lampshade.
V. Fugitive, harp, biologist, dawn, thing, hero, go, soil, fire, house.
Task 3. Determine which of the underlined words are used in a figurative sense.
1. So burning with self-will, grumbled youth daring. (A. Pushkin.). 2. I want to breathe near warm body art.(M. Svetlov). 3. Furious the wind pushed traveler in the back. (M. Matusovsky). 4. The book is spiritual testament one generation to another. (A. Herzen) 5. Had favorite words and their grandfather let them out in an hour. (N. Nekrasov).
Task 4. Eliminate errors associated with the use of words without regard to their semantics.
1. One act of Chatsky led me into confusion. 2. Now many writers are closely involved in politics. 3. The students listened intently to the artist's performance. 4. But before using the material and lightly vibrating it, I want to state my thoughts about Bazarov. 5. The idea of this work is to call on the Russian princes to be embodied in single principality and stand up for the Russian land. 6. All this draws the idea of "The Tale of Igor's Campaign". 7. Sketches also help the reader understand the text better. This is a wayward explanation. 8. Students themselves can put questions to the speaker. 9. " Garnet bracelet"- one of the most confirming works of Kuprin.
Task 5. Specify the errors associated with the violation lexical compatibility words.
1. The students listened twice to the conversation about the work of I. Bunin. 2. The story "Duel" by Kuprin was prepared by a whole galaxy of stories, dedicated to life army. 3. "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" will be understood by every person who truly loves his homeland. 4. A peculiar cult of Pushkin came from Bunin's mother. 5. Many were unable to solve problems and ended up on the edge of poverty. 6. In the image of Igor, selfless courage and military fervor are distinguished. 7. Tell me what time it is. 8. Each student expressed his credo.
Task 6. Determine the meaning of the following words of paronyms. Explain what causes errors in their use.
Subscriber - subscription, dress - put on, diplomat - student, romantic - romantic, reason - justification, weighty - weighty, careful - thrifty, addressee - addresser, courtier - feigned, serf - serf owner, statute - status.
Task 7. Distribute the synonyms into groups: 1) semantic, 2) stylistic.
Calm, calm, calm, calm; applaud, applaud, clap; take out, take out; pale, dim, faded, dull; duty, obligation; love, falling in love, passion, passion; break, respite, change, smoke break; poet, poet, piit, bard, singer; gray, smoky, ashen, mouse.
Task 8. Determine which words given in brackets can be combined with members of one synonymous series. Specify what other words they can be combined with.
A. Silent, silent, mute (recognition, forest, grief, man); big, large, healthy (child, grain, oak, city, sum, wrestler); overseas, overseas, foreign (product, language, events); refined, refined (manner, food).
B. Personal, individual, personal (transport, car, freedom, right); incredible, unimaginable, inconceivable, unbelievable (laziness, noise, tension, container); lively, lively, lively (street, conversation, trade, game); unpleasant, annoying, offensive (error, omission, oversight, slip, incident).
Task 9. Read the following examples from the works of M.Yu. Lermontov. Write down their antonyms. Determine what part of speech they belong to stylistic function perform in artistic text. Are any of the examples given contextual antonyms ?
1. But for a long time this heart withered, and peace be upon him! - in a single moment it stopped loving and hating: not everyone is destined for such happiness! 2. No! persecution has never been able to cool love; She is her own good and evil! 3. Look where the abusive smoke is redder, where the dust is thicker and the cry of death is stronger, where the dead and the living are covered with blood ... 4. Dark bushes hang to the right, touching their hats ... to the left - the abyss; along the edges a row of red stones, here and there always ready to collapse . 5. And you will not wash away the righteous blood with your black blood of a poet.
Task 10. Highlight archaic words. Explain how they differ from historicisms. Determine the role played by obsolete words in speech.
1. Caftan, falconer, altyn, velmi.
2. Charm, magical, kissing, fiery.
3. March, erect, speak, inspire.
4. Battle, oprichnina, squad, division.
5. Gymnasium student, serf, knight, maiden.
6. Bailiff, bursa, bulldozer, especially (especially).
Task 11. Analyze the underlined words and indicate which lexical group in terms of the scope of its use, they include: 1) the word of the national language; 2) dialectism; 3) jargon; 4) professionalism.
1. How in his youth he was disliked, unfinished (A. Surkov). 2. The regiment went variable gait, and the horses were noticeably sweaty (M. Sholokhov). 3. Treasures music inexhaustible (D. Shostakovich) 4. A cap of blond curls swayed on his big head(M. Gorky). 5. Panting, Andrey pulls the reins, introduces on the bases a horse staggering from fatigue (M. Sholokhov). 6. Falcon peregrine falcon a flying flock of ducks beats from above (N. Przhevalsky). 7. The steamer departed to land on landing stage(K. Fedin). 8. The swan answers the prince: "The light about the squirrel is true beats"(A. Pushkin) 9. Fight - fight is not a toy; even though the face burns with fire, even though the German is red yushka decorated like an egg (A. Tvardovsky).
Task 12. Find out for what purpose professional terminological vocabulary is used in the given examples: 1) to describe technical processes; 2) as a means of figurative characteristics.
1. Pokrovsky plant sends us plowshares tractor plows, harrow teeth(P. Proskurin). 2. His face is ugly, but very inviting. The nostrils are fleshy, mobile, and the eyes – like two traffic light(G. Nikolaeva). 3. crop rotations approved, sitting on the nose (G. Nikolaeva). 4. In pine forest the wind started. Clearly transit the wind that came here from another continent (I. Petrov). 5. Inner cavity valve isolated from external environment bellows device. 6. Fast acting integral regulator power has a strong stabilizing effect on the power distribution control system. 7. Martins, bloomings, caissons– behold the tribe of thy idols. You lived physically sleeplessly, but morally cowardly asleep (E. Yevtushenko). 8. I am a troubadour turbogenerators(A. Voznesensky). ten. Hydraulic turbines they are built only stationary and used at hydroelectric power plants to drive hydrogenerators.
Task 13. Make up sentences with the following foreign-language words. Specify for each of them the source language, using the information from the Dictionary of Foreign Words.
Compasses, fantasy, despot, vacancy, assault, pate, patriot, barbecue, prestige, tunnel, officer, conservative, trend, guard, talent, cosmopolitan, bazaar, piano, screen, aroma.
Task 14. Find clericalisms, edit sentences.
1. Due to the lack of discipline, the class did not go to the theater. 2. All students should be aware of the changes in the class schedule. 3. The above students did not come to school. 4. It is necessary to bring to the attention of all students about the conduct general meeting. 5. The question of discipline was acute at the meeting.
Task 15. Correct errors related to verbosity, determine their type.
1. I already talked about my autobiography in the introductory article. 2. The Institute has developed new methods and developments on this issue. 3. The patient was immediately admitted to the hospital. 4. The firm announced a vacancy for the position of chief accountant. 5. It is still unknown who is the creator of this unique creation. 6. Already at the beginning of it creative way the writer identified strong and weak sides. 7. There is no longer a significant difference between nature and man. 8. Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin" is one of the most difficult Pushkin's works. 9. She had very huge eyes. 10. The president of the firm called on everyone to work together. 11. It is necessary to realistically and without illusions weigh our economic chances. 12. The princes did not want to understand that the unification of their troops in united army necessary.
Task 16. Explain the meaning of borrowed words. Assess the appropriateness of their use.
1. My friend recently bought a bike. 2. For an artist, bucks and bucks were not the main thing in life. 3. The foreigner paid fifteen clean American greens for the painting. 4. One of the features of a non-market economy is the shortage of goods and services. 5. The task of the government is to curb inflation. 6. The hero of the day was presented with a fashionable case. 7. After much debate, the meeting reached a consensus. 8. It is necessary to give the protest a legitimate form. 9. When you buy imported item Be sure to study the label (label) 10. The organizers of theatrical performances, all kinds of shows strive to get not only profit, but also publicity.
Task 17. Give a stylistic characterization of the given phraseological expressions.
Achilles' heel, White crow, wash your hands, puppet government, fool around, knee-deep sea, first swallow, get into trouble, in broad daylight, lead by the nose, fall for the bait, the cat cried, set a bath.
Task 18.Use dictionaries to determine the meaning phraseological units and the scope of their use. Choose phraseological units-synonyms for them.
Rub glasses, one or two, and miscalculated, in openwork, in full swing, wash your hands, under your boot, a drop in the ocean, too tough, climb on the rampage, the trail caught a cold, a little light, cut with the same brush.
Lesson 4
Morphological norms
Phraseologisms should be distinguished from free phrases. To understand their fundamental differences, let us dwell on the features of the use of phraseological units in speech.
The most important feature phraseological units is their reproducibility. They are not created in the process of speech (like phrases), but are used as they are fixed in the language.
Phraseologisms, like other words, serve to convey thoughts, to reflect the phenomena of reality. Their main meaning is to give emotional coloring expression to enhance its meaning. If they are used correctly, they will help to add special expressiveness, accuracy and imagery to speech.
However, not all phraseological units are figurative. They do not characterize the phenomenon, but only name it. Some terminological phraseological units sometimes begin to be used in a figurative sense and in this case acquire figurativeness. So, the marine phraseological unit to make ends meet - “to sail away from the coast” began to be used in the meaning of “to die”.
Phraseological units are inherent in the stability of the grammatical structure, they usually do not change the grammatical forms of words. So, one cannot say to beat the buck, grind the lyas, replacing the plural forms of the buck, lyas with the singular forms, or use full adjective instead of a short one in a phraseological unit on a bare foot. However, in special occasions variations of grammatical forms in phraseological units are possible (cf .: warm your hand - warm your hands, whether you heard a thing - whether you heard a thing).
Most phraseological units have a strictly fixed word order. For example, it is impossible to swap words in expressions neither light nor dawn; beaten unbeaten lucky; everything flows, everything changes; although the meaning would not seem to be affected if we said: "Everything changes, everything flows."
At the same time, in some phraseological units, a change in word order is possible (cf .: take water in your mouth - take water in your mouth, do not leave a stone on a stone - do not leave a stone on a stone). The rearrangement of components is usually allowed in phraseological units consisting of a verb and nominal forms that depend on it.
Some phraseological units are the only ones for expressing the phenomena they denote, because there are no words or other phraseological units in the language that can convey the same meaning.
Other phraseological units have synonyms. For example, if you need to say about something that is very small, then people say: “the cat cried” or “a drop in the ocean”. However, not in any case it is possible to use these phraseological units.
Mistakes in spoken language are quite common.
These include:
1. The use of a phraseological unit in an unusual meaning: Vasya beautifully, like a chicken paw, wrote the title.
2. Replacement of words in the composition of a phraseological unit: “talk wide open” instead of “soul wide open”.
3. The use of phraseology in a style unusual for him (for example, colloquial phraseological units in business papers).
Thus, we see, in colloquial speech, along with correct use meets misuse phraseological units. AT fiction phraseological units are sometimes transformed to create figurativeness.
Guess some verse riddles about phraseological turns:
You will not find friendlier than these two guys in the world.
They are usually referred to as water...
We walked the town literally along and …
And we were so tired on the road that we barely ...
Your friend asks furtively
Copy the answers from your notebook.
No need! After all, you will give this to a friend ...
They are out of tune, they confuse words, someone sings in the forest, ...
The kids won't listen to them.
From this song, ears ...
Conclusion. Sometimes there are cases when a phraseological unit has no equal expression and in order to accurately convey a particular phenomenon, it is necessary to use it. Phraseological units are used both in ordinary colloquial speech and in fiction. This makes our speech brighter and more figurative. Some phraseological units become obsolete over time, “go out of the language”, but they are always replaced by others that are associated with the events of our lives.
Phraseology provides a wide range of units for use in high and low speech situations. Few cases remain for neutrals. This is due to natural expressiveness, evaluative and emotional character stable combinations. High expressiveness is characteristic of book (Sodom and Gomorrah) and colloquial (to bring down) phraseological units, most of them are used in solemn or reduced situations. If stylistically colored vocabulary stands out against the background of neutral ones, then at the phraseological level of the language it is the other way around. Neutral, interstyle turnovers are rare. They usually consist of neutral words, their meaning is associated with their constituent words: from time to time, eye to eye, one on one, in any case, in the spotlight, go on the move, etc. These phraseological units are neutral because they can be used in any functional style and in any speech situation, both solemn and reduced. However, emotionally expressive coloring is also characteristic of most neutral phraseological units: to keep a word - `to fulfill a promise` (good); raze to the ground - 'destroy to the ground' (bad). Many compound names also belong to the category of neutral: Ambulance, arctic circle, Exclamation point. Red sea.
The stylistic coloring of phraseological units is based on the phenomenon of synonymy. They can be close in meaning and differ in use in different speech situations: express dissatisfaction (0) - inflict reprisals (+) - butcher, ask pepper, lather your neck (-);
from and to (0) - from cover to cover, from board to board (+) - tutelka to tutelka (-);
at death (0) - his days are numbered (+) - breathes hard, gives up (-).
However, there are very few such stylistic paradigms at the phraseological level of the language. Since the meaning of a phraseological unit is often equal to a word, it can act as its synonym: expose - bring to clean water, reveal the cards, rip off the mask.
Modern Russian literary language/ Ed. P. A. Lekanta - M., 2009
