All dates according to new history. new time

New time (beginning of the 16th century - 1918)


I period new history(beginning of the 16th - 60s of the 19th centuries)

The period covers the time of formation in Western Europe and North America industrial (capitalist) society, giving a person the opportunity for the most complete self-realization. During this period, people invented the motor, car, steamboat, steam locomotive, railway, diesel engine, open-hearth furnace, aviation, telephone, radio, television, electric light. In Asia, the traditional (feudal) society continued to dominate. The land was in the hands of the state (monarch), there was no principle of majorat (seniority). These factors slowed down the process of turning handicraft into factory production, the consolidation of farms, the concentration of capital in one hand, and, consequently, the development of capitalism.

historical sources period: F. de Monluzet "On French monarchy”, F. Milet “History of the French Revolution”,

A. de Lomartin "History of the Girondins", Iselli "On the history of mankind", F. Schiller "History of the Thirty Years' War",

J. Mellier "History of Louis XVI", Voltaire "History of Russia during the period of Peter the Great", G. Gallom "History of England from the period Henry VII to George II (1485-1760) ”, G. Leo “History of the Italian States”, N.M. Karamzin “History of the Russian State”, J. Bancroft “History of the United States”.

Stage I - XVI-XVIII centuries.

During this period, the prerequisites for the emergence of capitalism were formed. Bourgeois revolutions took place in Western Europe and North America.

Causes of the great geographical discoveries: 1) the development of commodity production required additional markets for raw materials;

2) the need for additional funds and the thirst for enrichment; 3) control Ottoman Empire over international trade routes (Silk and across the Mediterranean) forced to look for new ways to Asia.

The initiators of the great geographical discoveries were the Portuguese and Spaniards.

The Portuguese in the 20-30s of the XV century. discovered Madeira, the Canary and Azores, Guinea, the Cape Verde Islands, Sierra Leone.

Bartolomeu Dias(Portugal) in 1468. rounded southern tip Africa (Cape of Good Hope) and went out to Indian Ocean but did not reach India.

Christopher Columbus (Spain) 12.10 1492 landed on the island of San Salvador, discovered Haiti and Cuba. He believed that he sailed to India, and discovered America; the first viceroy of the occupied lands of Vasco da Gama in 1498. opened sea ​​route to India via Atlantic Ocean.

Amerigo Vespucci, as part of the Portuguese expedition (1499-1501), explored the coast of Brazil and came to the conclusion that open lands- not India. He called them the New World.

P. Toscanelli in the XV century. compiled a map of the world, but made a mistake in determining the length of the equator by 12 thousand km. Subsequently, scientists called this mistake "the great mistake that led to the great discovery."

In 1507 M. Waldseemüller proposed to name new continent in honor of Vespucci America.

In 1515 In Germany, the first globe was created, on which New World was named America. Since 1569 the name appeared on the maps.

In 1519 Nunez Balloba founded Panama, the first city in the Americas.

Ferdinand Magellan in 1519-22 committed trip around the world proving that the earth is round. Died on Philippine Islands.

In 1605 Spaniard Luis Vaes de Torres discovered Australia.

Portugal: Sunda and Moluccas in Asia, Brazil (discovered by Cabral in 1500):

Spain: 1510 - Cuba, 1529. – Philippines; Cortes conquered the Maya (Mexico) before 1679, in 20-40s of the XVI century. Columbia was conquered

Ecuador, Peru (Incas; Pissarro), Bolivia, later Chile and Argentina. 1510 - ser. XVII century - the policy of conquest (conquest).

1512 - A law prohibiting the conversion of Indians into slaves. 2 vice-kingdoms were established to govern:

New Spain (Mexico, Central America, Venezuela and the caribbean) and Peru (all South America except Brazil).

England: in the 16th century. - Ireland and Scotland, in North America - Virginia (1607). 1600 - Founding of the East India Company.

France: - XVII century - Canada

Holland - 1652 Cape Colony in South Africa

The consequences of the great geographical discoveries: 1) world trade arose: 2) cocoa, tobacco, tomatoes, potatoes, corn were brought to Europe from America, tea, coffee, oranges from Asia; 3) Genoa and Venice lost their importance as centers of trade, world trade was concentrated in the ports of the Netherlands (the world center is Antwerp), England, Portugal (Lisbon) and Spain (Seville).

Socio-economic changes in Western Europe:

The emergence of new nobles - feudal lords, using hired labor and engaged in trade and entrepreneurship;

K ser. 17th century merchant merchants and bankers began to represent the highest stratum of society;

From the XVII to the construction of covered markets (the first in London and Paris); daily markets;

Appearance trading companies;

The emergence of manufactory - production based on the division of manual labor;

Improvement of production techniques (blast furnace, water engine, clock);

Improvement of military affairs (mortars (XVI century), muskets (XVII), pistols, grenades, explosive shells, rifle butts)

Loss of the value of chivalry as a standard of courage.

Reformation catholic church- the emergence of Protestantism (officially since 1555 (1517))

In the Czech Republic - Jan Hus. Hussite wars 1419-34 (Jan Zizka)

In Germany - in 1517. Martin Luther put forward the "95 Theses" proclamation condemning indulgence, submission to the Pope of Rhys, enrichment of the churches. His support by the peasants resulted in the peasant war of 1524-26. against serfdom, but not for the elimination of the feudal order, but for personal freedom (Thomas Münzer);

1526 - The German Reichstag passed a law on the right to choose the religion of the princes. In 1529 the law was repealed, the signing of the "Protestation" by 5 princes and a number of cities.

Since 1555 the princes received the right from the Pope to choose the religion of the Lutherans.

In Switzerland, John Calvin; Geneva is Protestant Rome.

Calvinism. In England Henry VIII separated the church from Rome (the Church of England). In Denmark and Sweden, the reformation was carried out by the kings with the support of the nobles.

In France, the Huguenots. To fight the Protestants in 1540. the Jesuit order (the "Society of Jesus"); founder - Spanish nobleman Ignatius Loyola.

Renaissance (Renaissance).

Origins of the Renaissance: antique ( Ancient Greece and Rome) art and scientific thought Central Asia. The renaissance originated in Italy.

Literature: Shakespeare ("Hamlet", "Othello", "Romeo and Juliet"), Miguel de Cervantes ("Don Quixote"), Lope de Vega (1562-1635)

Humanist writers: Francesco Petrarca (1304-1374) - "Book of Songs", "Letters in Verse"

Coluccio Salutati (1331-1406)

Thomas More (1478-1535) - " golden book about best device states and the new island of Utopia”; "utopia" - non-existent place

Francois Rabelais (1494-1553) - "Gargantua and Pantagruel"

art: Leonardo da Vinci - artist, poet, architect, sculptor, musician, engineer-inventor; called painting "the princess of the arts" ("Madonna and Child", wall painting "The Last Vespers");

Raphael Santi (1483-1520) "Sistine Madonna"

Michelangelo Buonarroti - sculptor, painter, architect, military engineer, poet ("David"); from 1546 led the construction of the Cathedral of St. Peter and the Capitol in Rome

Albrecht Dürer (German) - artist, engineer, architect, expert in ancient languages, poet (engravings, portraits)

Rembrandt van Rijn (Dutch) - portrait, landscape, still life ("Return prodigal son»)

Diego Velasquez (Spanish) - "The Painter of Truth" ("The Spinners")

El Greco (Spanish) - "Holy Family", "Portrait of an Unknown"

Science: N. Copernicus (1473-43) proved that the Earth revolves around the Sun and its axis ( heliocentric system) in the book “On the Conversion celestial spheres"(1543); in 1616 the Inquisition banned the teachings of Copernicus

D. Bruno (1548-1600) in his work "Philosophy of the cry" put forward the theory of the infinity of the world; burned at the stake by the Inquisition; on the grave it is written: “He demanded freedom of thought for all peoples, and was executed for this demand” (“He raised his voice for freedom of thought for all peoples and for this freedom he went to death”)

G. Galileo (1564-1642) built the first telescope, discovered mountains on the Moon, satellites of Jupiter, spots on the Sun and phases of Venus; under torture by the Inquisition, he was forced to renounce his views; rehabilitated in present. time of John Paul II.

John Locke developed the doctrine of the human right to life, liberty and possession of property; created the doctrine of separation state power to the legislative and executive.

Inventions: windmill, lathe, pump, use hard coal, explosion method in ore mining, with ser. 16th century typography.

Netherlands

The state on the territory of the modern. Belgium, Luxembourg, Holland and part of France; consisted of 17 provinces; center - Antwerp; depending on Spain. "Lowlands"

1566 - the uprising against Spanish domination coincided with the struggle for the reformation of the church (Protestantism); an attempt to suppress the uprising by the Spanish Duke of Alba "Gyoza" ("ragamuffins") - partisans.

1572 - Proclamation of the ruler of the northern territories of William of Orange (the south remained with Spain).

1573 - Alba left the Netherlands; Spain left only the south of the country.

1579 - the creation of the "Union of Utrecht" (unification of 7 provinces) to fight the Spaniards; Dutch Republic.

1609 - recognition by Spain of the independence of the Dutch Republic; capital - Amsterdam; the first bourgeois state.

1652 - Cape Colony in South Africa.

16th century for England, this is the reformation, the strengthening of absolutism and the establishment of dominance at sea.

Henry VIII (Tudor) subordinated the whole country to a single center - London (absolutist monarchy), reformed the church - proclaimed himself the head of the church and confiscated 2/3 of church lands.

His daughter Maria (1553-58) attempted to carry out a counter-reformation (the return of the country to Catholicism).

1554 - restoration of the power of the Pope in England.

Mary's repressive policy brought Elizabeth I (1558-1603) to the throne. Her main task is to strengthen the unity of England and fight for supremacy at sea. In 1588 English fleet defeated Invincible armada» Spain.

With the death of Elizabeth, the Tudor dynasty ended. James VI - Stuart.

1600 - opening of the first stock exchange.

1628 - Parliament achieved the signing by the king of the "Bill of Rights" and the "Petition of Rights", prohibiting the introduction of new taxes and imprisoning without trial; dispersal of parliament - the establishment of the absolute power of the king.

11/3/1640 - convocation of parliament - the beginning of the English bourgeois revolution; the dissolution of the emergency courts and the "Privy Council" of the king, the restriction of the church court, the release of political prisoners.

1641 - "Great Remonstrance" - a list of abuses of the king and the political demands of parliament.

1642 - civil war between supporters of the monarchy and the bourgeoisie.

1643 - the conclusion of an alliance between English Parliament and Scotland.

07/14/1645 - the battle of Naseby (the defeat of the king's troops).

1649 - abolition royalty(execution of Charles I); May 19, 1649 proclamation of a republic; unicameral parliament; Chief Executive (Council of State) - Oliver Cromwell; conquest of Scotland and Ireland.

1653 - dispersal of parliament; Cromwell - Lord Protector (dictator).

1660 - restoration of the monarchy (Charles II).

1685 - King James II tried to restore Catholicism.

1688 - palace coup"Glorious Revolution" of William of Orange (Holland) - the overthrow of James II, the adoption of the "Declaration of Rights", England - limited monarchy.

1701-14 - war with France for the Spanish throne; capture of Gibraltar.

1707 Union of England and Scotland - Great Britain.

from 1716 - The term of office of Parliament is 6 years.

18th century - "second Hundred Years War- confrontation between England and France.

XVIII century - the industrial revolution - the transition from manual labor to machine.

1733 John Kay invented the flying shuttle.

1765 – James Hargreaves invented the jenny spinning wheel; D. White - steam engine.

1767 E. Cartwright invented mechanical loom. Abraham Derby invented new ways of casting iron, Abraham Derby - the son introduced blast furnace smelting on coke, Abraham Derby - the grandson - in 1779. built a bridge from cast iron parts.

1774 D. Wilkinson invented the lathe.

1788 - the first cast-iron pipes.

1814 - steam locomotive D. Stephenson.

"Luddites" - labor movement who destroyed the machines, who saw in them the cause of their troubles.

II sexes. 16th century - "The uprising of krokans" ("rodents") - 40 thousand peasants opposed the arbitrariness of tax-farmers and officials.

The Estates General (Parliament) did not play the same role in France as in England. From 1614 they did not convene throughout the 17th century. There were 17 regional parliaments overseeing the courts. Big influence had a Parisian parliament, he controlled 1/3 of the country and could appoint a regent, in case of minority of the heir.

In France, Protestantism (Huguenots) spread in the south, the north (the king) remained Catholic. Organized by a supporter of the king, the Duke of Guise, the massacre of the Huguenots became the reason religious war(1562-98 - 32 years old).

08/24/1572 - " Bartholomew night» ( mass kill Huguenots). Prohibition of Protestantism.

1589 - Assassination of King Henry III. On the throne, the leader of the Protestants - Henry of Navarre - Henry IV (Bourbon dynasty), who converted to Catholicism. Strengthening the sole power.

1598 - Edict of Nantes(state religion - Catholicism, the Huguenots have the right to worship; religious truce).

1610-43 - the reign of Louis XIII and Cardinal (First Minister) Richelieu - the establishment of the sole authority of the king.

1643-1715 - Louis XIV ("The State is me") - an absolute monarchy; Cardinal and First Minister Mazarin.

1756-63 - Seven-year war of England and France for the Austrian inheritance and colonies; 1763 the expulsion of France from Canada.

May 4, 1789 – convocation States General Louis XVI to raise taxes.

06/17/1789 deputies from the 3rd estate established a new parliament - the National (Constituent) Assembly.

07/14/1789 - the storming of the Bastille; the king recognized the legitimacy Constituent Assembly; power in the hands Paris Commune; a constitutional monarchy; The French Revolution. Parties: royalists - supporters of the monarchy; Girondins - moderate liberals, supporters of a constitutional monarchy; Jacobins are supporters of the republic.

1789 - Adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen; liquidation feudal relations; confiscation of land from the church.

September 1791 - adoption of the Constitution; aggression of Austria, Spain and Great Britain.

08/10/1792 - uprising in Paris; elections to a new parliament - the National Convention.

09/21/1792 France is a republic.

Rouget de Lisle wrote "The Battle Song Army of the Rhine” is still the anthem of France.

01/21/1793 - Execution of the king.

2.06.1793 - as a result of the uprising, power passed from the Girondins to the Jacobins; Committee of Public Safety - Robespierre; establishment of a revolutionary dictatorship.

1793 - the adoption of a new Constitution, which secured the abolition of feudal relations; the Law on Suspicious Persons.

1794 - the expulsion of invaders from the country.

07/27/1794 -the overthrow of the dictatorship of the Jacobins; execution of Robespierre.

1795 - a new constitution; the Girondins are in power; executive power- Directory (1795-99).

11/19/1799 - coup d'état; power in the hands of 3 consuls headed by Napoleon; elimination of all democratic freedoms

The unification of Russian lands continued under Basil III(1505-33). were annexed Pskov, Smolensk, Ryazan principality.

20-20s 16th century - the creation of a single centralized state-va. Moscow becomes the capital of the Russian state.

Ivan IV the Terrible (1533-84) - the first Russian tsar, crowned by Metropolitan Macarius in 1547.

1547 - Elected Rada- informal government.

1549 - Convocation of the Zemsky Sobor - the first representative assembly; Russia is a class-representative monarchy.

1550 - the new Code of Law limited the rights of the boyars, established self-government bodies.

1552 - the conquest of the Kazan Khanate.

1556 - the conquest of the Astrakhan Khanate.

1582 - conquest Siberian Khanate.

1558-83 - Livonian War- loss of almost the entire coast of the Baltic.

1565-72 - oprichnina - a special royal possession, on which the nobles devoted to the tsar settled; guardsmen - the personal guard of the king, a punitive body against the boyars (Malyuta Skuratov).

1584-98 - the reign of the son of Ivan the Terrible Fyodor (the last of the Ruriks; the dynasty ruled for 700 years).

1598 - Zemsky Sobor elected Boris Godunov as tsar.

1605 - death of Godunov; the beginning of turmoil; False Dmitry I (monk Grigory Otrepiev), at the head of the Polish-Lithuanian army, entered Moscow.

1606-10 - tsar - boyar Vasily Shuisky.

1608 - False Dmitry II (" Tushinsky thief»).

1609 - capture Polish troops Moscow.

1611-12 - civil uprising headed by the mayor Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky; liberation of Moscow.

1613 - The Zemsky Sobor elected the tsar - 16-year-old Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov (the Romanov dynasty until 1917).

1645-76 - the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich.

1649 - " Cathedral Code»destroyed feudal fragmentation, legitimized serfdom(abolished the right of peasants to move from one owner to another), noble lands turned into patrimonies ( inheritance law).

1667-71 - the uprising of S. Razin.

In the 17th century manufactories appeared in Russia (the first in ferrous metallurgy), cash payment. In foreign trade big role Arkhangelsk and Astrakhan played, the English and the Dutch acted as intermediaries in foreign trade. – The “New Trade Code” prohibiting foreigners from retailing on the domestic market, the beginning of the struggle to turn Russia into a strong maritime power.

1696-1725 - on the throne Peter I.

1695-96 - unsuccessful Azov campaign; start building ships.

1700-21 - Northern war with Sweden for access to Baltic Sea.

May 16, 1703 - the beginning of the construction of St. Petersburg, from 1712. - capital of Russia.

1707-09 - peasant war under the leadership of K. Bulavin.

1709 - Poltava battle- defeat Swedish army.

1714 - the battle of Gangut - the defeat of the Swedish fleet; expedition to Khiva Khanate.

from 1721 Peter I - emperor; absolute monarchy.

1721 - the ending Northern war(Nystad peace; Finland).

Reforms: recruitment of peasants into the army and their lifelong service; 1708 - the division of the state into provinces;

1711 - instead of Boyar Duma introduced the Senate; 1715 - Naval Academy; 1718-20 - the abolition of orders, the introduction of collegiums;

1719 - Kunstkamera (museum); 1721 - subordination of the church to the Synod, at the head of the church is not the metropolitan, but the patriarch;

1722 - "Table of Ranks" - military and secular positions; 1725 - Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

1725-27 - Catherine I (Peter's wife) on the throne with the support of Menshikov; the establishment of the Supreme Privy Council, limiting the power of the Empress.

1727-30s - the reign of the grandson of Peter I - Peter II.

1730-40s - the reign of the niece of Peter I - Anna Ioannovna; Biron.

1741-61 - the reign of the daughter of Peter I - Elizabeth.

1761-62 - the reign of the grandson of Peter I - Peter III; displaced by his wife - Catherine II.

1762-96 - Catherine II; strengthening the privileges of the nobles, strengthening serfdom.

1773-75 - peasant war led by E. Pugachev.

1796-1800 - reign of Paul I.

Since 1725 by 1800 there were 8 representatives of the Romanov dynasty on the throne.

Foreign policy: 1654 – accession of part of Ukraine and Belarus to Russia; con. XVI - XVIII centuries. - the development of Siberia (at the end of the 17th century. Russian population Siberia - 150 thousand. people); 1731 – accession of part of Kazakhstan; 1756-63 - participation in the Seven Years' War with Prussia; 1768-74 - Russian-Turkish war (victory of Russia; Kyuchuk-Kaynarji peace); 1783 - the annexation of the Crimea, 1787-91. - Russian-Turkish war (Yasinsky peace), 1788-90. - war with Sweden (Revel peace).

The basic principle foreign policy: expansion of borders at the expense of adjacent territories.

In the second half of the XVIII century. Signs of capitalism began to appear in Russia.

1763 - prohibition of Europeans to move to the west.

1765 - the organization "Sons of Liberty" against colonial dependence.

1774 - representatives of 13 states gathered in Philadelphia for the First Continental Congress - refusal to obey the laws of the metropolis.

1775 - War of Independence; convocation in Philadelphia of the II Continental Congress - the creation of an army (D. Washington).

07/04/1776 - adoption of the "Declaration of Independence" (Thomas Jefferson); US education.

France, Spain and Russia were interested in weakening England, so they helped the United States.

1782 - end of the war; 3.09.1763 armistice signed in Paris; England recognized the independence of the United States.

1787 - adoption by the Constituent Convention (parliament: 55 representatives from 13 states) of the US Constitution, which did not abolish slavery; USA is a presidential republic; the term of office of the president is 4 years; Congress (parliament) consists of the Senate (upper house) and the House of Representatives (lower house).

1789 - I President - D. Washington

Germany

Until the 16th century an international trade route passed through Germany, which lost its significance due to the movement of sea trade routes into the Atlantic Ocean. The country ranked first in the world in copper production.

Feudal fragmentation(more than 300 principalities). 1618-48 - Thirty Years' War divided Europe into 2 blocks: I - the union of Austria, Spain and the German Catholic principalities.

II - the union of France, Denmark, Sweden and the German Protestant principalities.

Germany is an “empire without subjects”, “an empire without power”. "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation" until 1806

In the II half. 16th century Germany was hostile to France, Sweden and Turkey I.

1663 - For the first time in history, the German principalities created a national liberation army to resist Turkey.

Austria - the Habsburg dynasty; capital is Vienna.

Prussia was formed in 1701. on the site of the Principality of Brandenburg; Friedrich I; capital - Berlin; in late XVIII in. - 3rd country in Europe in terms of territory, 4th - in terms of the size of the army under Frederick II (1740-86) - an absolutist monarchy

Asian countries

1525-26 - the conquest of the Delhi Sultanate (Lodiev dynasty) by Babur (in the battle of Panipat, the 12 thousand army of Babur defeated the 100 thousand army of Sultan Ibrahim Lodia); the Mughal (Baburid) empire lasted 332 years; Babur ruled for 3 years

1530 - death of Babur; ruler of India, Punjab, Kabul, Kandahar son of Babur - Humayun

1540-54 - on the Indian throne Sherkhan Sur - the leader of the Afghan tribes

1555 Humayun regained the Indian throne

1556-1605 - the reign of Akbarshah ("Great Akbar"); streamlined the tax system, expanded the irrigation system, established domestic and foreign trade; divided the state into 15 provinces; expanded the borders, in 1559. defeated the Sur dynasty; prospered

1627-58 - Rule of Shah Jahan intensification of the struggle for the throne

1658-1707 - the reign of Aurangzeb; maximum limits; peak of power; persecution of representatives of non-Islamic religions; struggle for national independence(Sikhs and Marathas (Shivozhi)); the beginning of the decline of the state

1666-72 uprising against the Baburids; suppressed by Aurangzeb

1709 - an uprising in the province of Kandahar under the leadership of the head of the Afghan tribe Ghilzai Mir-Weiskhan; Kandahar branch

1757 - British capture of Bengal (forced out the French); the beginning of the colonization of India; East India Campaign activities

Culture: under Shah Jahan, the Taj Mahal mausoleum in Agra and the Jami mosque were built; the rise of painting and miniature

16th century - political fragmentation of the Ming state; economic decline

1618 - the ruler of Manchuria Nurkhatsi began a campaign against China

1636 - the heir of Nurkhatsi - Abahai declared himself emperor; Qing Dynasty (clean, transparent) until 1912

1643 - the capture of Beijing by the rebels; Li Zi-cheng - Emperor Zhang Xian-zhong in southwest China created an independent state

1644 - imperial army(Wu San-gua) agrees to become a vassal of Manchuria; end of the Ming dynasty; defeat of Li Tzu-cheng and Zhang San-chung

1637 - Seizure of Korea

1689 – Nerchinsk treaty with Russia (China torn away the left bank of the Amur)

1757 - decree on management foreign trade only under the control of the state through the port of Guangzhou (closing the country, an attempt to protect against enslavement by European countries)

1758 - the conquest of the Dzungar (Oirat) Khanate; later than all of Mongolia and Kashgar

II sexes. XVII century Burma and Vietnam are vassals. China

1792 - Nepal is a vassal of China

AT aggressive policy China relied on Western aid European countries I. But since 1757. all ports, except for Guangzhou, were closed for Europeans

In the beginning. 16th century Japan broke up into a number of small states

1543 – Portuguese merchant Mendish Pinto brought to Japan firearms; the spread of Christianity.

1552 - the arrival of the Spaniards, the Dutch and the British

1573 - Oda Nobunaga united half of the provinces, overthrowing the shogun Aksikaga; carried out reforms that economic development

1582 - the assassination of Oda Nobunaga; ruler Toyotomi Hidayoshi; founded Osaka

1587 – expulsion of Catholic missionaries, only Portuguese merchants remained

1592 - unsuccessful attack on Korea

1598 - Death of Toyotomi Hidayoshi; shogun - Tokugawa Iayasu; built the city of Edo (modern Tokyo)

1603 - 1867 - board III dynasties of shoguns - Tokugawa; completed the unification of the country

1614 - prohibition of Christianity; a policy of economic self-isolation to protect against colonization by European countries

1636 – the Portuguese were the last to be expelled (more than 200 years of isolation)

1716-45 - the reign of Yoshimun Tokugawa; encouraged the development of new lands, introduced the “Decree of 100 points”, which regulates the life of the country; the beginning of the formation of capitalist relations

Ottoman Empire

Administrative device: the empire consisted of provinces ruled by wali, the provinces were divided into sanjaks ruled by sanjakbeys

Military land tenure system: Zeamet - large land grant, owner - loan (bey)

Timar - small land grant, owner - timariot (sipah)

Continuation of the aggressive policy:

1514 – Selim I defeated the Iranian army of Ismail Safavi

1516 - Seizure of Syria and Palestine

1517 - the capture of Cairo (Egypt) the possessions of the Ottomans stretched over 3 continents: Asia, Europe, Africa

1579 - an uprising of peasants led by Sheikh Jalal; since then, all the rebels were called "jalalists", and the uprisings themselves were called "jalalism"

1526 - uprising led by Kalandar

1610 – "Firman of justice" - the return to the peasants for a small fee of the lands abandoned during the famine

The ruin of the peasants led to the fall of agriculture in the country. The crisis of the military fief system of land tenure led to the decline military power Ottoman Empire opens markets for European states - France, England

Russian-Turkish wars: 1768-74, 1787-91

Ser. 18th century – “Westernism” movement – ​​development of social, cultural and spiritual life firman – special decree of the Sultan ozin – non-Muslim

In con. XV century Iran is divided into several territories, not subject to central government. Political fragmentation.

1500-01 Ismal I Safavi conquered a number of territories and in 1502. declared himself Shahinshah (1502-24). State of the Safavids. Territory: Iran, Azerbaijan, part of Armenia, Afghanistan, part of Iraq, etc. The capital is Tabriz (Azerbaijan). Replaced suyurgal with tiyulni.

1587-1629 - The reign of Shah Abbas I - the pinnacle of development. Transfer of the capital to Isfahan (Iran). tax reform. Modernization of the army with the help of British specialists (cannons and firearms).

1602 - victory in the war with Turkey

Expulsion of the Portuguese from Fr. Hormuz in the Persian Gulf. The East India Company received privileges in trade with Iran.

The period of Safavid rule is the "golden age" of Iranian art

Beginning XVIII century - economic crisis, caused by a decrease in state. land and taxes.

1709 - Kandahar branch

1710 - Sultan Hussein's decree not to leave the land to the peasants

1722 - Mir-Mahmud at the head Afghan troops captured the capital; the period of the Afghan conquest; Safavids formally in power

1730 - the commander of Tahmasp II (the last Shah of the Safavids) Nadir (from Turkmen tribe afshar) liberated Iran from the Afghans

1736 - overthrow of the Safavids; Nadir - Shah of Iran

1747 - the murder of Nadir Shah as a result of civil strife; the collapse of the state; in Iran, the struggle between the Zend and Qajar tribes

1758 - victory of the Zend tribe; Kerim Khan Zend (1758-79)

1796 - power in the hands of the Qajars; Aga-Mhammed - the founder of the Qajar dynasty (lasted until 1925; 129 years)

Stage II (I half - 60s of the XIX century)

1847 - economic crisis in Europe

UK is first industrial country peace; "mistress of the seas", "industrial workshop of the world"

During this period, the industrial revolution ended.

1825 - the first in the world Railway(in 1830 the length of the railway in the world was 195 km, of which in the UK - 91 km) the world's first economic crisis

40s of the 19th century – application in agricultural machines and chemical. fertilizer

1825 - Law prohibiting strikes

1832 - the first parliamentary reform that expanded the rights of the bourgeoisie;

the new parliament established an 8-hour working day for children under 13 and banned the work of children under 9

1837-1900 - reign of Queen Victoria (63 years); "Victorian Age"

1867 - The second parliamentary reform gave the right to vote to all men over the age of 21 owning a house

Colonial policy: the capture of Gibraltar (exit from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic Sea), Aden (from the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean),

Cape Town (Cape good hope in South Africa), Singapore (Indian Rapids), Hong Kong (Chinese Rapids)

Basic principle: "Divide and rule!"; 1857. - the beginning of the capture of India (Bengal)

"White" colonies (populated by immigrants from Europe): Canada (since 1867 dominion), Australia, New Zealand

1804 - Napoleon - Emperor of France; I empire (1804-14)

1805 - the beginning of the wars of conquest:

1805 - the capture of Vienna - the capital of Austria

1805 - Trafalgar battle: the destruction of the French and Spanish fleets by the British;

economic (continental) blockade of England

December 2, 1806 - the battle of Austerlitz - the defeat of the Austro-Russian army; end of the Holy Roman Empire

1806 - the capture of Berlin - the capital of Prussia

1812 - invasion of Russia: 09/07/1812. - battle of Borodino(the Russian army retreated, surrendering Moscow (Kutuzov));

Napoleon's army collapsed; the beginning of the collapse of the Empire

con. 1812 Napoleon's attempt to create new army; anti-Napoleonic coalition: Russia, England, Prussia, Austria

1813 - the battle of Leipzig - the coalition army defeated the French.

1814 - the capture of Paris by the coalition army; the end of the Empire; Napoleon exiled to Fr. Elbe;

1814 - restoration of the Bourbons (Louis XVIII); adoption of the Constitution; the demand of the nobles to return the old order

1815 - seizure of power by Napoleon (100 days)

06/18/1815 - the battle of Waterloo: the defeat of the French by the armies of Prussia and Russia

10.1814-06.1815 - Congress of Vienna (Russia, Austria, England, Prussia, Spain, Sweden, Portugal and France)

Solutions: France returns to the borders of 1789; reparations 700 million francs

England receives about. Malta and former colonies Holland - about. Ceylon, Cape Colony in southern Africa;

Russia - most Poland;

Germany united in German Confederation(instead of 200 now 39), led by Austria;

Rhineland, Westphalia and western lands Poland annexed to Prussia; Austria fortified in Eastern Italy;

Belgium was annexed to Holland;

Switzerland regained its independence and declared itself a permanently neutral state;

Monarchy restored in Spain

Creation " Holy Union» Austria, Russia and Prussia to fight the revolutionary movement in Europe

March 1815 - the return of power to Louis XVIII; persecution of Napoleon's supporters

July 1830 - dissolution of parliament restriction of voting rights; uprising in Paris; the escape of King Charles X; enthroned Louis Philippe

Orleans - July Monarchy; Adoption new constitution, which declared freedom of speech, press and assembly, lowered the age and property qualifications of voters, providing for an increase in the role of parliament

1830 - capture of Algiers

1831 - suppression of the uprising of weavers in Lyon, demanding higher wages

The reactionary Constitution of Prussia of 1850 served as a model for the Japanese Constitution, created in an atmosphere of strict secrecy. Art. 1 The Constitution of Japan enshrined extensive power Japanese emperor who "occupied the throne for all eternity" and ruled "by virtue of his birth" (v. 4). The person of the emperor was declared "sacred and inviolable." The emperor as head of state had...

Century - Descartes, Hobbes, Spinoza, Leibniz and others. Perhaps it was science that made tangible steps forward in the 17th century: the search was now not only necessary, but also real. New time - century new science Let us ask ourselves the question: why, after a seven-year prison sentence, Giordano Bruno voluntarily went to the stake, saying to his accusers: “To burn does not mean to refute”, and why so soon after...

Periodization issues

The new age, in a nutshell, is a long period in the history of civilization and mankind, which has a certain time frame. It is located between the Middle Ages and modern times. As in the case of the periodization of the Middle Ages, in different countries the beginning of a new time is defined in different ways.
If you take Soviet time, then the date of the English bourgeois revolution of the 17th century was taken as the beginning. European countries considered the discovery of America by Columbus, the capture of Constantinople by the Turks, the Reformation, the French Revolution as the starting point of the new time.
Even more incomprehensible is the situation with the definition of the end of the period of the new time. Long time they considered the revolution in Russia in 1917. Later, the majority of historians decided to take the First World War as the date of the end of the new time.
The concept of new time, in short, appeared in the 15th century, in the era of the Renaissance (Renaissance). Then the humanists proposed an approximate division of history into three periods: ancient, Middle Ages and modern times. Thus, they wanted to demarcate and simplify the study of human civilization.
The new time, in short, is still a rather conditional concept, since all countries entered it in different time. Disputes about the time frame of this historical period continue in modern historiography(science that studies history) until now.

The history of modern times is sometimes divided into two large periods:
1. XVII - XVIII centuries;
2. XX century


New time - meaning and influence

The new time was the stage big changes in all spheres of life: economic, social, political. It takes more short period, if we compare it with the Middle Ages, and even more so with the ancient world, but in history this period has an extremely importance. The famous geographical discoveries, the book of Nicolaus Copernicus changed the old ideas of people about the Earth, expanded human knowledge about the world.
The Reformation, which passed through all the countries of Europe, abolished the power of the popes over the minds of the people, and led to the emergence of the Protestant movement. The humanists of the Renaissance achieved the emergence of many universities and led to a complete revolution in the mind of man, explaining his place in the world around him.
In the era of modern times, in short, humanity has realized that it actually lives in a small space. Geographical discoveries led to the convergence of countries and peoples. In the Middle Ages, things were different. The slow speed of movement, the inability to cross the ocean led to the fact that even about neighboring countries did not have reliable information.
Western Europe has carried out expansion in modern times, establishing its dominance over most countries in Asia and Africa. For the peoples of these countries, the new time has become a period of brutal colonization by European invaders.
How can small countries Western Europe succeeded in short time subjugate huge territories in Africa and Asia? There were several reasons for this. European countries are far ahead in their development. In the East, the life of subjects, their lands and property belonged to the ruler. Most of all, it was not the personal qualities of a person that were valued, but the interests of the community. The basis of the economy was agriculture. In the West, things were different. Above all were human rights, his personal qualities, the desire for profit and prosperity. The cities that arose in the Middle Ages led to the emergence of a variety of crafts and a breakthrough in the development of technology. In this respect, the countries of the European countries have gone far ahead of the eastern ones.

Rise of industrial society

The new time, in short, has led to a change in the political system in many countries. Rapid development trade, especially during the period of famous geographical discoveries, the emergence of banking, the emergence of manufactories began to increasingly contradict the traditional economy and political order. Appeared new class, the bourgeoisie, is gradually beginning to play a significant role in the state.
In the 18th century the power of the bourgeoisie increased manifold. In many countries, the contradictions between the capitalist mode of production and feudal system led to bourgeois revolutions. This happened in England and France. Capitalism is finally victorious in Europe. Begins industrial revolution, and the obsolete manufacture is supplanted by the factory.
Most European countries in modern times are experiencing difficult time changes in forms of power, crisis absolute monarchy. As a result of changes in the political system, parliamentary democracy is emerging in the most progressive countries. During the same period, it begins to take shape modern system international relations.

Change in thinking

Modern times, in short, is a period of a kind of second Renaissance. Reality showed how much he could actually do and change a common person. Gradually, a thought is formed in the human mind - a person can actually do anything. There is a conviction that he can subdue nature and change his future.
big development receives philosophy. Happens in literally her revival. Philosophy has managed to retain its dominant position among the sciences. Modern philosophers sincerely believed that society needed their ideas. Complete formation takes place new philosophy, whose problems remain important today.

Technique and production

New time - period rapid development technology. One of important inventions the time that played huge role in the development of culture is printing. Appearance printing press many times accelerated the speed of creating a book. Formerly books rewritten by hand, or created using stamps, and this process took great amount time. Now everything is much simpler.
In the 18th century in England, where there was a large raw material base, the first spinning, weaving and sewing machines are created. The development of navigation, the growth of armies, the emergence light industry leads to the strengthening of the role of engineering and metallurgical industry. At the beginning of the 18th century, Europeans learned how to smelt cheap cast iron and discovered the secret of steel. At the same time, the Marten brothers invented a furnace that made it possible to restore steel from cast iron. In their honor, it received the name of the open-hearth furnace. In the 19th century, the problem of transportation was solved a large number raw materials and products - the steam locomotive and the steamboat were invented.

Culture in modern times

heyday European culture takes place in the XVII - XVIII centuries. Thanks to the works of Galileo and Copernicus, a new picture of the world is being created - heliocentric. In science, it is not the authority of the scientist that comes first, but personal experience and experiments.
There are big changes in art. New styles appear - baroque and classicism.
In the XVIII century, as in its time, in the Renaissance, there is a great need for enlighteners. A brilliant constellation of minds is emerging in almost every field of art and science. These are Voltaire, Lomonosov, Locke, Kant, Diderot, Rousseau. Their common unifying feature was a great faith in science and progress.

The Middle Ages and the New Age meant a revolution in the knowledge of history and still forms the basis of its chronological division.

New time is usually divided into two sub-periods: early modern and "The Long 19th Century".

Early Modern

The first period of the New Age, which began at the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries, ended by the beginning of the 19th century. In the Early Modern Age, the Early Modern period is usually distinguished, covering the period from the end of the 15th century to mid-seventeenth centuries, the upper limit of which is considered to be the English bourgeois revolution 1640-1660

Long 19th century

The obvious boundary between the first and second periods of the New Age was the Great French Revolution, which created the prerequisites for the transition of world history to the next stage of development.

The second period of the history of modern times ended at the beginning of the 20th century. During this period, grandiose transformations took place in industry, the formation of an industrial civilization, new directions were born public thought, which began to determine the content of the socio-political struggle up to the present.

At the end of the "Long 19th century", as well as the entire period of the New Age, a separate sub-stage of history can be distinguished - late XIX - early XX century. It is characterized by large-scale political, social and economic changes that affected the entire world. At this time, events take place that served as the basis for the entire 20th century.

Main events

  • American-Mexican War.

Already at the end of the XVIII - early XIX in. revolutionary movement went beyond the Old World and covered both American continents. Great value for all mankind, the formation of an independent United States of America on the site of the former British colonies in North America had.

Following the United States, dozens of states Latin America. AT western hemisphere a new, American system of states was formed, which in many respects differed from European system. The United States has made the most impressive progress in its development. The study of the American phenomenon is very important for understanding modern world.

Main events

The formation of the capitalist system gave rise to a large number of socio-economic and political issues, which largely determined the content of all subsequent history.

Great French revolution did not solve all the questions raised by the course historical development in early modern times, so Europe is still long years remained the scene of revolutionary upheavals. Changes in social structure Western societies and the appearance on historical arena new public classes changed the nature of the revolutionary process, the main driving force which became the working class.

Simultaneously with the social and political transformations in modern times, the scientific revolution, which, in turn, gave rise to a revolution in technology, transport, communications and many other areas public life. All this created the prerequisites for decisive changes in everyday life. life human.

Russia in Modern Times

Main events

The development of the countries of the East in modern times followed a special path. To understand their history, it is necessary to be familiar with the basics of those religions, which determine the originality of various eastern civilizations: Hinduism , Buddhism , Confucianism , Religion in Japan , Islam.

The most important factor became European colonization which largely changed the course of the history of the peoples of Asia and Africa. Distribution process Western influence, or westernization, caused many important events taking place in these countries.

Special place in international politics the second period of New History took eastern question, generated by the process collapse of the Ottoman Empire. For the first time decade XIX in. The British conquest of India ended. Countries Far East in the first period of the New History they closed their borders from the outside world.

1640 The English king Charles I convenes a parliament (the so-called "Long Parliament"), which serves as the beginning of the English revolution.

1643 The beginning of the reign of King Louis XIV in France is the heyday of an absolute monarchy.

1652 The beginning of the Anglo-Dutch wars, which ended by 1674 with England securing the leading role in maritime trade.

1657 The Hohenzollerns achieve the complete independence of Prussia from Wormwood.

1664 The British capture New Holland and its center New Amsterdam - the future New York.

1688 The beginning of the "Glorious Revolution" in England, which ended with the expulsion of the Stuart dynasty and the invitation in 1689 to the throne of William of Orange. The beginning of a constitutional monarchy in England.

1700 The beginning of the Northern War, which ended in 1721 with the entry of Russia into the ranks of the great powers and the beginning of the decline of Sweden.

1707 The unification of England and Scotland into a single state of Great Britain.

1714 The Hanoverian dynasty (now Windsor) comes to the British throne.

1740 The beginning of the reign in Prussia of King Frederick II, who created the largest army in Europe. The beginning of the Prussian war against Austria, which ended in 1742 with the annexation of Silesia - one of the richest regions of Europe.

1756 Start Seven Years' War(Great Britain and Prussia against France, Austria, Russia).

1757. The capture of Bengal by the British - the beginning of the transformation of India into a British colony.

1772 First partition of Poland by Austria, Prussia and Russia.

1775 Convocation of the First Continental Congress - the beginning of the war North American colonies for independence from Britain.

1788. The first British settlement in Australia was founded - the future Sydney.

1789. Great French bourgeois revolution.

1792 Start I-th Coalition war (Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, Spain, Sardinia and others against France). It ended with the victorious campaign of the army of Napoleon Bonaparte in Northern Italy.

1793 Second partition of Poland by Prussia and Russia.

1793 The invention of the cotton gin, which made plantation cotton growing profitable; the beginning of the mass importation of slaves from Africa to the United States.

1795. The third partition of Poland by Austria, Prussia and Russia and the liquidation of Polish statehood.

1798 Start I 1st Coalition wars (Great Britain, Austria, Russia, Ottoman Empire against France). Main events: June 30, 1798 Bonaparte's army landed in Egypt, August 1798 British Admiral H. Nelson destroyed the French fleet at Abukir.

April - August 1799 italian hike A. V. Suvorov and the French loss of Northern Italy

September - October 1799 Suvorov's unsuccessful Swiss campaign and Russia's withdrawal from the war

1801 - 1802. peace treaties of France with Austria and Great Britain

1799 Coup in Paris that brought Napoleon Bonaparte to power as 1st Consul.

1805 IIICoalition war (Austria, Russia and Great Britain against France). Main events: the defeat of the French fleet at Trafalgar by the British (Admiral G. Nelson, 10/21/1805); environment Austrian army at Ulm (October 1805); the defeat of the Russian-Austrian army at Austerlitz in 1805

1806 The beginning of the IV Coalition War (Russia, Prussia, Great Britain against France). Main Events: Defeat Prussian army at Jena and Auerstedt (1806); the defeat of the Russian army near Friedland (June 1807); The Tilsit meeting of Napoleon 1 and the Russian Emperor Alexander I and the establishment Russian-French alliance(July 1807).

November 21, 1806 Decree of Napoleon I on the "continental blockade" - an attempt to defeat Great Britain by economic means.

1809 V Coalition War (Austria and Great Britain against France), which ended with the defeat of the Austrian army near Wagram (July 1809) and the Treaty of Schonbrunn, which placed Austria in a position dependent on Napoleon I.

1812 g. The invasion of the army of Napoleon I in Russia. Main events: Battle of Smolensk (August); Battle of Borodino (September 14); retreat of the French army from Moscow (October); the defeat of the French at the crossing of the Berezina (November). Beginning of the fall of Napoleon.

1813 The beginning of the VI Coalition War (Russia, Great Britain, Prussia, Austria, Sweden and others against France). Key events: Napoleon's last major victory (near Dresden, August 1813); Napoleon's defeat in the "Battle of the Nations" (at Leipzig, October 1813); the invasion of the Allied armies into France (December 1813); entry of the allied armies into Paris (March 31, 1814); abdication of Napoleon I (April 6, 1814).

1814. Start Congress of Vienna European monarchs, who established the principle of monarchical solidarity ("Holy Alliance").

1815 The return of Napoleon I to France (“Hundred Days” - from March 20 to June 22) and the VII Coalition War (all of Europe against France), which ended in defeat French army at Waterloo (18.6.1815), the imprisonment of Napoleon on the island of St. Helena (until his death in 1821) and the restoration of the Bourbon dynasty to the throne.

1830 The July Revolution in France finally overthrows the Bourbons. Louis-Philippe d'Orléans is on the throne. France captures Algeria.

1838 Submission to the British Parliament of a charter for universal suffrage. The beginning of the Chartist movement.

1848 The February revolution in France, which overthrew the Orleans dynasty, begins a wave of revolutions in Europe. Main events: popular uprising in Paris (24.2.1848) and the proclamation of the Second Republic; France proclaims universal suffrage for men (03/04/1848); Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, nephew of Napoleon I (December 10, 1848) is elected President of France; liquidation of universal suffrage in France (31.5.1850); proclamation of L. N. Bonaparte as emperor under the name of Napoleon III (II Empire, 12/2/1852).

1853. Crimean War. Russia starts a war with the Ottoman Empire, in which Great Britain, France and the Kingdom of Sardinia intervene on the side of the latter. Main events: the defeat of the Ottoman fleet by the Russians at Sinop (November 30, 1853); the landing of the allies in the Crimea (September 14, 1854); Russian defeat at Alma (September 20, 1854); the beginning of the Allied siege of Sevastopol (26.9.1854); the Allied capture of Sevastopol (September 8, 1855); capture of the Ottoman fortress Kare by the Russians (11/28/1855); The Paris Peace Treaty, according to which Russia's positions in the Black Sea and the Middle East were weakened (30.3.1856).

1857 Sepoy rebellion (hired Indian soldiers in British service) in India, suppressed by 1859

February 4, 1861 Proclamation of the Confederate States of America - beginning civil war in North America (the northern states against the slave-owning southern ones), which ended in April 1865 with the defeat of the Confederation and the elimination of slavery in the USA.

1862 Otto von Bismarck, who began preparations for the unification of Germany by the Prussian Hohenzoller dynasty, becomes Chancellor of Prussia.

1867 Bismarck forms the North German Confederation under the rule of Prussia. Austria is transformed into the dual state of Austria-Hungary.

1868 The Meiji Revolution is the beginning of the modernization of Japan and the creation of modern economic and political systems.

November 17, 1869 The official opening of the Suez Canal, connecting the Mediterranean and Red Seas.

1870 Franco-Prussian War. Main events: after the capitulation of the French army at Sedan (2.9.1870), Napoleon III is deprived of the throne; German troops begin the siege of Paris (September 19, 1870); At the same time, Italy, taking advantage of the defeat of France, occupies Rome, depriving the Pope of Rome secular power(20.9.1870). Completion of the unification of Germany and Italy.

1875 The uprising of the Slavic population in Bosnia and Herzegovina against the Ottoman Empire.

1879 Signing of the German-Austrian alliance. Beginning of the formation of the Triple Alliance.

1882 The final addition of the Triple Alliance.

1891 g. The signing of the Russian-French alliance, which became the basis of the Entente.

1894 Beginning of the Sino-Japanese War.

1896 Resumption of the Olympic Games.

1899 The beginning of the Anglo-Boer War in South Africa, which ended in 1902 with the subjugation of the Boer republics by Great Britain.

1904 Start Russo-Japanese War. Main Events: Assault Japanese fleet on Russian ships in Port Arthur and Chemulpo (death of the Varyag, February 9, 1904); capitulation of the Russian fortress of Port Arthur (January 2, 1905); the defeat of the Russians in the battle of Mukden (19.2-10.3.1905); total annihilation Russian fleet in the Battle of Tsushima (27-28.5.1905); Portsmouth Peace, according to which Russia was deprived of Port Arthur and South Sakhalin (September 1905). The victory allowed Japan in 1905 to establish a protectorate over Korea.

1904 British-French agreement against Germany.

1907 Russo-British agreement that completed the creation of the Entente (the union of France, Great Britain and Russia vs Germany).

1909 The official inclusion of Bosnia and Herzegovina into Austria-Hungary, which almost caused a war of this power with Russia and Serbia .

1911 Xinhai revolution in China that overthrew the Qing dynasty.

1912 g. In China, the Kuomintang (“national party”) was created, the purpose of which was to fight for an independent, developing national western way China.

1912 The beginning of the 1st Balkan War (Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro and Greece against the Ottoman Empire), which ended in 1913 with the partition European possessions Ottoman Empire between allies and Albania's declaration of independence.

1913 2nd Balkan War(Serbia, Romania, Greece and Ottoman Empire against Bulgaria), which ended with the division of the Bulgarian lands.

1914 The beginning of the acting and directing career of Ch. Chaplin.

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