June 1st, 2012

The essence of social work with the elderly - social rehabilitation - is the restoration of the usual duties, functions, activities, nature of relationships with people. Overcoming social isolation, increasing the self-esteem of an elderly person, creating conditions for updating it life experience, recognition of its values, realization of its creativity, is successfully overcome by the use of special technologies, among which the most common are occupational therapy and art therapy. Occupational Therapy - active method restoration and compensation of impaired functions with the help of various work aimed at creating useful product. AT rehabilitation work with older people, several options for occupational therapy are used, which differ in their main tasks, means and methods of implementation.
1. General strengthening (toning). It is a means of increasing the general vitality of an elderly person and creates psychological prerequisites for rehabilitation.
2. Training in self-service (domestic rehabilitation). This type of occupational therapy can be started as early as possible. its goal is to eliminate the helplessness of the old man.
3. Recovery (functional). The goal is to influence the damaged part of the body, organ or system to restore the function disturbed by the pathological process through appropriately selected types. labor activity.
4. Entertaining (occupation therapy). Its goal is to reduce the severity of aggravating factors caused by forced prolonged stay in a confined space.
5. Professional focus on the restoration of production skills or training (training) new profession. With the help of special social services for the employment of the elderly and disabled, they are provided with work with a decrease in its volume, pace and rate of production.
Art therapy (concerts, music lessons, performing arts, dancing, drawing, etc.) not only increases the emotional charge of an elderly person, but also helps to strengthen social contacts. Art - therapy can be carried out in social centers, centers mental health or hospitals day stay, boarding schools and other social institutions.
An integral element of the social security system for the elderly and elderly citizens is a social service. Social services are the activities of social services for social support, the provision of social, social and legal services and financial assistance, holding social adaptation and rehabilitation of citizens who were in a difficult life situation. If pension provision is aimed at meeting the material needs of older people, then social services are a solution technology. personal problems an elderly person, starting from the problem of communication, interaction with other people and to the receipt of social and other services.
The main laws that made up legal framework for the functioning of the social service system: Federal Law of December 10, 1995 No. 195-FZ “On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation”; Federal Law No. 122-FZ of August 2, 1995 “On Social Services for Elderly Citizens and the Disabled”.
The institutions providing social services to the elderly include: gerontological centers, comprehensive centers for social services for the population, centers social assistance at home, centers for psychological and pedagogical assistance, special homes for single elderly, stationary social service institutions, day care departments.
Forms of social service for the elderly: inpatient service; semi-stationary social services, social and medical care at home; urgent social services, social advisory assistance aimed at the adaptation of elderly citizens and disabled people in society, easing social tension, creating favorable relationships in the family, as well as ensuring interaction between the individual, family, society and the state.
a) Social services at home.
Departments of social assistance at home, as a rule, are organized at municipal social service centers or local authorities social protection population. The main goal of the social assistance service at home is to maximize the stay of older people in their usual habitat, maintain their personal and social status, protect their rights and legitimate interests. Therefore, social service at home is a priority model of social service for the elderly and elderly people.
The service of social assistance at home provides services to senior citizens in accordance with the Law "On Social Services for Citizens" and the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 10.25.95. "O federal list state-guaranteed social services.
Social services at home can be provided on a permanent or temporary basis (up to 6 months). The department is being created to serve at least 60 pensioners living in countryside, as well as in the urban private sector, and in urban areas - at least 120 elderly and disabled people.
The main activities of the department of social services at home are:
? identification and accounting of older people in need of service (a file of records is compiled);
? provision of social and other necessary assistance;
? Assistance in providing benefits and benefits to persons served.
b) Urgent social assistance.
The main purpose of emergency social services is to provide emergency care of a one-time nature to elderly citizens who are in dire need of social support. The volume of social services is established by the federal list of state-guaranteed social services. It provides for the following services: one-time provision of free hot meals or food packages to those in dire need; provision of clothing, footwear and essentials; one-time provision of financial assistance; assistance in obtaining temporary housing, the provision of emergency psychological assistance, including through a helpline; provision of legal assistance within its competence; provision of other types and forms of assistance due to regional specifics. These types include free or partially paid repair of residential premises, cultivation of vegetable gardens, assistance in the preparation of pickles, provision of firewood, coal.
c) Semi-residential social service
Day (night) stay departments are a form of semi-stationary social service and play important role in providing effective social support elderly people .. They are created on the basis of municipal centers social services or under the bodies of social protection of the population.
Day care departments are designed for household, medical, cultural services for the elderly, organizing their recreation, engaging in feasible work, and maintaining an active lifestyle.
Branches are created to serve at least 30 people. They include elderly and disabled people who have retained the ability to self-service and active movement. The decision on enrollment is made by the head of the social service institution on the basis of a personal written application of an elderly citizen or a disabled person and a certificate from a health care institution on his state of health.
In the day care department are the following types services:
? organization of food, life and leisure (providing hot meals, providing books, magazines, newspapers);
? social and medical services (assistance in obtaining medical and psychological assistance, provision of sanitary and hygienic services, organization of medical and recreational activities, assistance in obtaining vouchers for sanatorium treatment);
? assistance in organizing legal services;
? assistance in organizing funeral services.
The emerging trend of reducing the services of inpatient institutions is associated with an increase in the provision of outpatient care to the disabled and the elderly living in ordinary home conditions by non-stationary social service institutions. The latter are represented by departments of social assistance at home (including at boarding schools, territorial centers, departments of social protection), territorial centers of social services and territorial social assistance services (as a rule, on the basis of territorial centers and departments of social assistance at home under rai (mountain) departments (departments) of social protection of the population).
Home social assistance departments provide a minimum necessary complex services for the delivery of food, medicines, firewood (coal), payment of housing and communal and other expenses.
AT recent times this organizational form is supplemented by another, caused by the transition to a market economy, when a significant part of the elderly and disabled found themselves on the verge of poverty, having lost their livelihood, in an extreme life situation. This is an emergency social assistance service. The main types of services of the emergency social assistance service include: providing food, medicines, clothing, temporary housing, providing emergency psychological assistance, assistance in identifying disabled people in boarding schools and hospitals, providing services of hairdressers, repairmen of electrical household appliances, active cooperation with government, public, religious organizations, charitable foundations, means mass media, organs government controlled and other institutions to take measures to resolve acute life situations.
The need for the functioning of urgent social assistance services is undeniable, as they develop and supplement the services of social assistance departments at home and, most importantly, allow disabled people who are beyond the poverty line to maintain their existence.
The semi-stationary forms of social services include territorial centers, the advantage of which is the possibility of combining medical and social services for the disabled. Territorial social service centers also make it possible to organize meals, create conditions for communication between the disabled and the elderly. The latter is an important factor for maintaining the moral tone of people living outside the family.
Initially, the creation of territorial centers was envisaged mainly together with inpatient departments, where conditions were created for a temporary stay (5-10 days) of JOBs in fairly comfortable conditions and preventive treatment (physiotherapy, phototherapy, massage, psychological relief). However, the creation of territorial centers with stationary services requires additional conditions and, accordingly, more significant costs, for which the local social protection authorities do not always have the necessary financial resources.
Territorial social service centers have large reserves to meet the needs of the disabled. According to the management of the centers, more than 5% of those served are ready to pay for additional (in addition to those provided free of charge) services. But only a few territorial centers and departments of social assistance provide paid services at the request of the disabled, and the range of services as a whole is limited to the general set: cooking, washing dishes, delivering linen to the laundry, washing clothes at home, providing bath services, cleaning the apartment, washing windows, buying food, medicines, manufactured goods, walking the dog, etc. .d.
The semi-residential form of social service in Volgograd is represented by: the Day Care Center for Pensioners and Disabled People, the Center for Social Assistance to Families Raising Children of Disabled People in the Dzerzhinsky District, and the City Center for Social Assistance in the Kirovsky District.
The Day Center for Pensioners and Disabled Persons, designed for 30 places, is intended for social, medical, cultural services for pensioners and disabled people, organizing their meals, recreation, maintaining an active lifestyle, and attracting them to work. The Center accepts elderly citizens for service: men from 60 years old, women - from 55 years old, disabled people of groups I and II for a period of two weeks, who have retained the ability to self-service and active movement.
The Center for Social Assistance to Families Raising Disabled Children of the Dzerzhinsky District was established in 1995. The purpose of the Center is to promote the realization of the right of families and children to protection and assistance from the state, to promote the development and strengthening of the family as a social institution, to improve socio-economic living conditions, indicators social health and the well-being of the family and children, the humanization of the family's connection with society and the state, the establishment of harmonious intra-family relations: the organization of communication and leisure for children: training in self-service skills, household adaptation, and the provision of advisory assistance.
The City Center for Social Assistance in the Kirovsky District was created in order to protect people who find themselves in extreme conditions without certain place residence and employment in a crisis life situation and the implementation of rehabilitation measures.
In the issue of developing the principles of the ratio of paid and free services, it is necessary to approach targeted and individually. Satisfaction specific needs client for a modest fee should be in addition to meeting his general needs free of charge. The rationale for this approach is confirmed by the experience of foreign social service systems, in particular Finland, where they strive to provide the client with such services that promote (stimulate) his independence and serve as a prerequisite for a good moral and psychological state.
In order to further improve the system of social services and in accordance with the order of the Ministry of Social Protection of Russia dated 20.07.93. social service centers are being created, which are institutions of social protection of the population, carrying out organizational and practical activities to provide various kinds social assistance to the elderly, the disabled and other groups of the population in need of social support. The structure of the center provides for various divisions of social services, including the day care department for the elderly and disabled, social assistance at home, urgent social assistance services and others.
To the main tasks of the social service center in joint activities with state and public organizations (health, education, migration services, committees of the Red Cross Society, veteran organizations, societies of the disabled, etc.) include:
- identification of the elderly, disabled and other persons in need of social support;
- definition specific types and forms of assistance to persons in need of social support;
- differentiated accounting of all persons in need of social support, depending on the types and forms of the required, the frequency of its provision;
- provision of social services of a one-time or permanent nature to persons in need of social support;
-analysis of the level of social services for the population of the city, district, development long-term plans the development of this sphere of social support for the population, the introduction into practice of new types and forms of assistance, depending on the nature of the needs of citizens and local conditions;
- involvement of various state and non-state structures in solving the issues of providing social and household assistance to needy segments of the population and coordinating their activities in this direction.
d) Stationary social services are aimed at providing comprehensive social assistance to persons in need of constant care and supervision due to health reasons. State stationary institutions of social and consumer services include boarding houses for the elderly and disabled, the regulation of which was approved by order of the Ministry of Social Affairs of the RSFSR dated December 27, 1978. In accordance with this order, the boarding house is a medical and social institution intended for permanent residence of the elderly and disabled who need care, household and medical services. In the boarding house for the implementation of medical and labor and activating therapy, medical and production (labor) workshops are created, and in the boarding house located in the countryside, in addition - subsidiary farm with the necessary inventory, equipment and transport.
Other institutions of this type also include a psycho-neurological boarding school, defined as a medical and social institution intended for permanent residence of the elderly and disabled, suffering from chronic mental illness and in need of care, household and medical care.
Residential institutions for the elderly accept citizens of retirement age who do not have able-bodied children who are required by law to support them. As a matter of priority, invalids and participants of the Great Patriotic War, family members of fallen military personnel, as well as deceased invalids and participants in the war are admitted to boarding schools.
One of the indispensable conditions for admission is voluntariness, therefore, paperwork is carried out only if a citizen has a written application. Application for admission to a nursing home medical card is submitted to a higher social security organization, which issues a ticket to a boarding house. If a person is incompetent, then his placement in a stationary institution is carried out on the basis of a written application of his legal representative. The law provides for the right of citizens who are in stationary social service institutions to refuse services, but on condition that they have relatives who can support them and provide the necessary care.
Persons in nursing homes general type, systematically and grossly violating the rules of internal order in them, may be transferred to special boarding houses by a court decision, adopted on the basis of a recommendation from the administration. They are created mainly for the elderly and disabled with previous convictions, vagrants, sent from the institutions of the internal affairs bodies and other persons who are subject to administrative supervision in the manner prescribed by the Government Decree Russian Federation dated April 15, 1995 "On the development of a network of specialized boarding schools for the elderly and disabled."
The functioning of boarding schools as one of the main forms of social services for the elderly is associated with a number of serious problems. Among them: the degree of satisfaction of needs in boarding schools, the quality of service in them, the creation of accompanying conditions for living, etc. people are increasingly willing to live in their usual home environment. The stationary form of social services is represented in Volgograd by the Traktorozavodsk Center for Social Services for Pensioners and the Disabled. The department with a hospital is intended for medical, cultural, consumer services, involvement in feasible work activities, and maintaining an active lifestyle.
Currently, inpatient institutions are mostly people who have completely lost the ability to move and require constant care, as well as those who do not have housing. An alternative to boarding schools in the near future may be special residential houses for the elderly (approximate Regulations on a special house for lonely elderly people, approved by the Ministry of Social Protection of the Population on April 7, 1994), which, despite some shortcomings, still have a number of important advantages.
Today, a significant part of social service centers are multidisciplinary institutions capable of providing the elderly and disabled with a variety of types and forms of services, including social and medical, social and commercial services. The priority direction is the development of models of non-stationary social services (social service centers, departments of social assistance at home), which allow the elderly to stay in their usual environment as long as possible, maintain their personal and social status.
Thus, the main technologies at present are state technologies social protection of the elderly - pensions, social services, social assistance. However priority social work with the elderly is an organization living environment aging people, carried out in such a way that an elderly person always has the opportunity to choose how to interact with this environment, because older people are not an object of activity of various social services, but a decision-making subject. Freedom of choice gives rise to a sense of security, confidence in tomorrow. Hence the need for alternative technologies of social work with the elderly. Among which are charitable assistance, club work, self-help and mutual aid groups.

Introduction

1. Elderly citizens as an object of state social protection

1.1 Theoretical concepts of population aging and old age

1.2 International system views on population aging and older citizens as a special population group

1.3 Main social problems of senior citizens in the Russian Federation

1.4 Objective Prerequisites and ways of developing social protection of elderly citizens in the Russian Federation

1.5 Regulatory provision of social protection for senior citizens in the Russian Federation

2. Organization of social services for the elderly as one of the forms of social protection of the population

2.1 The essence of social services and its place in the system of social protection of the population

2.2 Organizational bases of social services for elderly citizens

2.3 Specifics of social services for the elderly

2.4 Experience in organizing social services for the elderly

3. Social services for the elderly in the city of Belogorsk

3.1 general characteristics institutions of social service for the elderly in the city of Belogorsk

3.2 Analysis of social services for elderly citizens of the city of Belogorsk

Conclusion

Bibliographic list

P Application BUT . Types and list of social services

Annex B. Questionnaire for determining satisfaction with social services for the elderly

INTRODUCTION

Social services today play a significant role in the social protection of older citizens, as it is aimed at meeting the basic needs of the population.

The transition to the market, the deterioration of the living conditions of a significant part of the elderly citizens revealed the inability of the former social security system to guarantee a decent standard of living for each person. Current state and the changes in the economy of our country, taking place in our society, were reflected in the deterioration of social services for the elderly.

The organization of social services for the elderly is betrayed in our country every year. greater value, it is seen as an essential addition to cash payments, significantly increasing the efficiency of the entire state system social security. Social policy in relation to the elderly, its scope, direction and content throughout the history of the country were influenced and determined by the socio-economic and specific socio-political tasks facing society at one stage or another of its development. Selection in overall structure social policy of a special direction - social services related to the well-being and health of older citizens, is due to rather specific conditions and lifestyle, the characteristics of their needs, as well as the level of development of society as a whole, its culture.

The lack of sensitivity and attention to older citizens, which is recognized by our society, the insufficient consideration of their objective requests and needs obliges us to move from calls for improving their medical care, improving social assistance to radical measures - the creation in the country broad system social services for senior citizens as an integral part of the unified state system of social security.

The social service system covers a wide range of services, in particular, medical care, maintenance and care in boarding schools, home assistance to those in need of outside care, housing and communal services, leisure activities, etc. In the field of social services, the possibility of exercising the right obtaining it often depends on the decision of the competent authority, since whole line social services provided in this area are still among the scarce ones, not guaranteed to absolutely every elderly and disabled person. This, in particular, is evidenced by the excess of the number of those in need of services with placement in boarding schools compared with total number places in these institutions; in social assistance at home and the possibilities of this service, etc.

Social services for elderly and disabled citizens should be focused on ensuring the availability of basic social services and guarantees for older citizens, regardless of their place of residence.

A sharp drop in the economic status of older citizens also made a negative contribution to the deepening of the crisis of the older generation: a significant decrease in the purchasing power of pensions, a one-time depreciation of pension contributions, independence of the size of the pension from labor contribution, etc.

The social insecurity of this group of the population is primarily associated with their physical condition, the presence of diseases, a decrease in motor activity, and the presence of a psychological factor that forms contact with the rest of the population. Therefore, senior citizens are the least protected and most socially vulnerable part of society.

Senior citizens who, as a result of the failure of general social protection programs, have found themselves in difficult life situations and who would otherwise be in conditions of extreme poverty, are provided with additional assistance through local social protection agencies and municipal enterprises.

The difficult socio-economic situation is also intended to be alleviated by stationary and non-stationary social service institutions that help improve the quality of life of older citizens, create conditions for optimizing their lifestyle and solving various problems related to psychological assistance and maintaining health.

The problems of social services for the elderly are currently the focus of many social institutions, social and research programs aimed at ensuring an acceptable standard of living for the elderly. Studies of the interests of older citizens, the problems of their social services, the problem of social work are considered in the works of E.I. Kholostova, N.F. Dementieva, E.V. Ustinova. Disclosed topics such as: the problems of the elderly, the system of social service institutions. Factors of aging, termination of employment, narrowing of the usual social circle, etc., adaptation to new external conditions, a decrease in intellectual capabilities, were considered in the works of M.D. Alexandrova, L.I. Antsiferova, N.N. Sachuk, N.P. Petrova and others. Despite the relatively a large number of published works in general on working with older citizens and on their social services, many issues of the topic are important in scientific and practical relations, are not disclosed properly. First of all, it should be noted that although the essence of social service in the scientific literature is covered quite fully, it often does not reveal how this activity follows from such phenomena of organization. public life, as social policy, social protection of the population, social management.

The relevance of research is determined by the fact that with the increase in life expectancy, the overwhelming majority of elderly citizens who need the provision of household, medical, legal and other services increases. The relevance of the problems associated with the organization of the social service system is predetermined by the following factors:

- dissatisfaction with the financial situation of the crisis strata of the population;

- demand by society for a new social policy;

- underdevelopment of the social service system.

Therefore, the relevance of the study is due to the need to improve social services for elderly citizens.

objectresearch are senior citizens

Subjectresearch is a social service for the elderly

Purpose of the study: study the system of social services for the elderly and develop proposals and recommendations for the development of social services for the elderly.

In accordance with the goal, the following tasks:

1) to study the main features and place in society of the socio-demographic group of older citizens;

2) to consider foreign experience of social services for the elderly;

3) identify the main socio-psychological problems of elderly citizens;

4) to characterize the activities of social service institutions for the elderly

5) to analyze the social services for the elderly;

6) develop proposals for the organization of social services for the elderly;

Research methods: theoretical analysis of educational and scientific literature and generalization of information. Secondary analysis of the results of sociological studies conducted by other authors, statistical data, survey, questioning, processing and interpretation of the results.

The study was carried out on the basis Department of social protection of the population of Belogorsk. The sample of subjects was carried out according to the following criteria: age 65-70 years, marital status, disability group. Thus, 35 single pensioners were selected for the study. The study was conducted with the full consent of the subjects.

Practical significance lies in the fact that the provisions considered in the work and the proposed recommendations regarding the organization of social services for the elderly can be used in the practice of the work of municipal bodies of social protection of the population in the organization of social services for the elderly, as well as in vocational training social work professionals with the elderly.

1 . OLD AGE AS AN OBJECT OF THE STATE T - VIENNA SOCIAL PROTECTION

1.1 Theoretical concepts of population aging and old age

Evidence from various researchers suggests that population aging - the most characteristic demographic phenomenon of the modern era and due to a complex set of factors, including the characteristics of population reproduction, the intensity and direction of population migration, the sanitary and demographic consequences of wars.

Aging - the process is natural, general biological, observed in everything material world. Many laws of aging are common to both physical and biological objects. It would not be correct to represent the aging process as a simple accumulation of fatigue, wear, etc., because biological objects, incl. a person is characterized by the process of self-healing - new elements come to replace the lost elements and functions.

Therefore, aging can be represented as a process of irreversible structural changes in the body, accompanied by a gradual decrease in human functions, disrupting the adaptation of a person to his environment.

Recently, more and more confident talk about the individual - biological age, opposing it to the age of the passport. This is due to the peculiarities of human aging.

In statistics and demography, the term "over working age" is used to define the category of older and older citizens. Journalists call old age the "third age". Poets compare it with the "autumn of life". The Chinese called the age over 60 desirable, because. few lived to see him, but many aspired; it was also called the age of gaining wisdom, old people often came for advice in resolving everyday problems.

AT recent decades offered various options age classification for late period human life. A clear, unambiguous concept of "an elderly person" has not yet been developed by science. Active discussions on this subject among scientists and specialists continue. However, it is clear that we are talking about people who lived relatively long life, as a result of which this person experiencing certain psychophysical limitations.

Physiologists distinguish three groups of the elderly: "young old people" (60 - 64); "middle old people" (65 - 74); "old old people" (over 74 years old). Starting from the age of 90, a special category of elderly citizens is defined - centenarians.

Sachuk N.N. cites data from the WHO Regional Office for Europe, according to which the age from 60 to 74 years old is considered as elderly, 75 years and older - old people, age 90 years and older - centenarians. WHO experts refer to the UN decision of 1980, in which the age of 60 years is recommended to be considered as the border of transition to the group of the elderly. In 1982, WHO chose 65 years as an indicator of old age and recommended that in the group of elderly people, there should also be a group - "elderly" - citizens 80 years of age and older.

Social gerontologists divide senior citizens into young old people - 60-75 years old and elderly old people - over 75 years old.

In this regard, the problems of population aging are studied within the framework of such disciplines as sociology, psychology, philosophy, and demography.

Within the framework of gerontosociology, research is carried out on the standard of living of elderly and elderly citizens, age, problems of a socio-economic nature are identified. These studies make it possible to identify the main problems inherent in this category of citizens and to find possible ways their permissions.

psychologists socio-psychological character traits of older citizens, the level of activity of this category of people, as well as problems associated with re-adaptation are studied.

Demographers concerned about depopulation and population aging.

The problems of elderly citizens are also the subject of study of gerontology as a special field of knowledge. Social work specialists should know the basics of gerontology and, when serving an elderly client, take into account the socio-gerontological, psychological, and physiological aspects of human aging, which allow interpreting the behavior of older citizens, taking into account their individuality.

It should be noted that all research and development in the field of studying the problems of elderly and elderly citizens are interdisciplinary in nature. Only with the interaction of all areas of knowledge is a more complete and in-depth study of the problems of the elderly possible, which is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 - Interdisciplinary study of the problems of older citizens

In the theory of social work, the elderly ( gerontogroup) are considered as a specific socio-demographic group, with their own socio-psychological characteristics, with a craving for retroculture, with deep internal differentiation, a certain division into subgroups: age (elderly, old, centenarians), territorial (townspeople, villagers), with different social standing in pre-retirement and retirement periods.

AT modern Russia to be elderly also means to belong to a social risk group and to be considered a potential client of social services and institutions. The latter assertion is also supported by statistical data that represent the following image of an "ordinary" elderly person - a Russian: most likely, this is a woman over 60 years old, a pensioner with a small pension, living in a rural area.

Of the currently existing sociogerontological theories that attempt to comprehend the phenomenon of old age, the following deserve special attention.

Decoupling theory(E. Kamina and W. Henry) presents aging as an inevitable mutual alienation, a decrease in the interaction between an aging individual and society, leading to complete distancing with aging. This theory is based on the principle of the necessary balance between the productive (young) and unproductive (older) population. In this regard, intergenerational alienation is actualized, according to which, in the process of aging, people distance themselves from the younger generation, are freed from social roles associated with work. In the theory of separation, the process of alienation is seen as a fatal inevitability and an objective process when people of the older generation give way to younger people who are able to work more productively. This theory is also called the "liberation theory" because aging allegedly "liberates" an elderly pensioner from all obligations to society.

Ageism theory, i.e. discrimination carried out by some age groups in relation to others, and in most ageism affects the elderly.

activity theory acts as an alternative to the previous ones and suggests that, entering old age, people retain the same needs and desires as in middle age, and in every possible way resist any intentions aimed at excluding them from society. According to this theory, society forces older citizens to give up their usual roles, to feel the loss of the meaning of life and their uselessness in society. In order to maintain their self-esteem and self-awareness, they need to be provided with other activities that are feasible for them. The performance by older people of new social significant roles maintains their psychological balance.

Subculture theory(A. Rose), according to which culture becomes the core that unites older citizens, creates a special closeness between them and at the same time separates them from others age groups. Moreover, the author of the theory claims that the culture of the elderly is special, different from the culture of all other age groups. Older people are considered as carriers of a specific subculture, which is a system of special values, norms and stereotypes. The formation of this subculture depends on the following factors: on the limitations of communications and public relations with other social groups and from belonging to the same age group. Age subculture allows older people to adapt to new conditions, form new connections and relationships, rebuild their psychological attitudes. AT in practical terms A. Rose proposed the creation of settlements, residential buildings, boarding houses for pensioners.

Theory of age stratification. Society is divided into age strata. Each the older generation has a unique experience that cannot be repeated, but individual elements of this experience can be used by future generations.

Psychological concepts aging consider human development throughout life path in terms of irreversible age-related changes personality and related socio-psychological negative manifestations body aging.

Theory of intentionality(Sh. Buhler). According to this theory, a person goes through five phases of his development. The last phase of life (65-70 years) is characterized by the fact that people stop pursuing the goals that they set in their youth.

epigenetic theory(E. Erickson) considers the development of personality throughout life. Only in old age, according to E. Erickson, does real maturity come, allowing a person to evaluate previous experience and achievements. This pole is designated by him as wisdom. At the other extreme are old people who have not realized themselves, who are aware of the impossibility of starting all over again. For social work, this concept is useful in that the problems of citizens of the older generation are considered in it as a special psychosocial crisis determined by age and are explained by analogy with conflicts and frustrations of previous age periods.

Symbolic interaction theory(J. Mead). The provisions of the theory are built on the foundation of ideas from various areas Sciences. Communications are considered as a means of mutual adaptation of individuals, which is essential condition existence and development of society. For an elderly person, this is an adaptation: a) to representatives of new, young cohorts; b) to "generalized others" who, in this case act as a changed society as a whole; c) to the very state of old age, that is, to oneself in a new quality. On the other hand, society must adapt to the fact that a significant part of it is older people, that its demographic structure has the new kind- "gray-haired society". J. Mida developed a three-phase scheme of human life, one of the stages of which is old age. At the first stage, long before the onset of real old age, a person implicitly "trying on" the image of an old man, in communication with older people, with grandfather, grandmother. At the second stage, at the immediate pre-retirement age, a person masters the rules of behavior in the community of pensioners - he accepts fashion, abandons the old fashion and habits, learns adopted rules behavior of the elderly. At the third stage, actually the retirement stage, he uses what he acquired at the second stage, acquires symbols of old age, and adapts to a new attitude towards himself from those around him. An important point is the timeliness of entry into the second and third stages, while possible prematureness and delay. In both cases, a person finds himself outside his own age group, as if stuck in a transition.

The described theories of aging play an important role in organizing the social protection of older citizens, as they interpret and generalize experience, information and observational results, and help to foresee the future. They are needed by a social work specialist, first of all, in order to organize and streamline their observations, draw up a plan of action and outline their sequence.

The choice of one or another theory of aging implies a certain nature and amount of information that the specialist will collect, as well as methods for organizing an interview with a client. Finally, the theory allows the specialist to "keep his distance", i.e. assess the situation objectively psychological discomfort client, as well real ways problem solving. A consciously chosen theory is a guarantee that the social worker will not be captured by his own illusions, prejudices and sympathies. Consistently applying this or that theory or synthesizing several theoretical settings. The employee of the social service purposefully fulfills the line assigned to him - corrects and stabilizes the social functioning of the individual, family, group of organizations. This social orientation and different social work from friendly involvement or kindred interference.

Regardless of the commitment to one or the other theoretical concept, researchers emphasize the peculiarity, and even the isolation of this socio-demographic category of citizens - the gerontological group, which largely determines the attitude of representatives of other age groups towards them.

Among the elderly, the most different groups: relatively healthy, vigorous, physically healthy; sick or disabled; living with families or single; satisfied with retirement or dissatisfied; still working, but burdened by work; unhappy, desperate in life; sedentary homebodies; spending intensively, diversifying their leisure time (going to visit, attend clubs, etc.), people from various social strata who have different levels education, qualifications and different interests.

The considered groups of elderly citizens are represented in the corresponding stereotypes of old age:

Ppositive stereotype- it is based on the value of life experience and wisdom of older citizens, the need for respect for them and appropriate care;

Hnegative stereotype- they look at an old person as unnecessary, superfluous, useless, a "freeloader", and their experience is regarded as outdated and inapplicable at the moment.

Thus, we can talk about the variety of representations modern researchers about old age, population aging and senior citizens as a special category of the population.

1.2 International frame of reference on population aging and older citizens as a special population group

Currently, the world is witnessing a growing trend in the number of elderly citizens. So, in Russia, every 8-9 citizen is a pensioner by age. According to UN forecasts, by 2010 the number of citizens over 60 years of age will increase 6.5 times compared to 1950, while the world's population will increase only 4 times.

If the proportion of senior citizens in the population of a country is more than 12%, it is considered that this country is going through a phase of demographic old age. Stezhenskaya E.N. defined "demographic aging of the population as an increase in the stratum of persons of retirement age in the composition of the population."

There are many such countries today. For example, in France the 12% threshold was overcome as early as 1870, in Sweden in 1901, in Great Britain in 1931.

Statistics show Russian trends in the growth of the number of elderly citizens: in 1897 the proportion of the elderly was 6.9%, in 1959 - 9%, in 1989 - 15.3%, in 1992 - 24% and continues to grow to this day. According to international criteria, the population of Russia has been considered "old" since the late 1960s. Today, the proportion of the population of retirement age has already reached 26.6%. Average duration life expectancy for men is 58.6 years, for women - about 70 years.

Features of aging Russian population appear quite widely. First, the proportion of elderly citizens varies over a wide range (from 12.8% in the Far East region to 26% in the Central Cherozemny region). The increase in the average age of the population is most characteristic of major cities in the central and northwestern parts of the country, as well as rural settlements Northwestern, Central and Central Black Earth regions. Secondly, the "scatter" of aging indicators is especially noticeable at the level of individual subjects of the Russian Federation: in 36 regions, the proportion of elderly citizens of retirement age in cities is 19.6%, and in rural areas - 23.2%, higher medium size proportion of older people rural population in 29 regions of the country. Thirdly, in 1959-2005. The increase in the number of elderly people of different age groups was extremely uneven. The number of citizens aged 75 and over has increased by 165%, and those aged 85 and over have more than tripled.

According to ongoing studies, demographic aging is caused by two processes: 1 - "from below" - a decrease in the number of children due to a decrease in the birth rate; 2 - "from above" - ​​an increase in the number of elderly and elderly citizens as a result of a decrease in mortality among them (achievements in medicine, an increase in living standards, etc.). The experts of the WHO Committee note that "the problem is not only that the population is increasing, but also that its further "aging" is noted, as the number of citizens living longer increases. The "older" group creates additional difficulties for health services and social security.

Another reason is migration, which changes the age structure of the population: as a rule, young people leave, and old people stay; as a consequence, the population in places of departure is aging, and in places of arrival, it is getting younger.

We can also name indirect causes of population aging - the death rate of citizens in childbearing age (i.e., childbearing), the process of urbanization, pulling rural youth to cities and orienting towards a decrease in the number of children in the family.

There are three main types of age structure of the population, on the basis of which it is possible to determine the proportion of older citizens in the overall structure of the population. First(most of the countries with high birth and death rates and relatively low average life expectancy belong to it) are characterized by a very high proportion of the population of children (0-15 years old) and a small percentage of elderly citizens (60 years and older). Second the type is characterized by almost equal proportions of children and citizens of older age groups, with an average life expectancy and a small increase in population. For third The type is characterized by a low birth rate, relatively low overall mortality, and relatively long life expectancy.

Graphically, these types are depicted in the form of age pyramids displayed in Figure 2.

The base of the pyramid shows the number of children born, the top - the number of elderly and elderly citizens.

Demographers call first type age structure "progressive", tk. corresponds to it high rate natural population growth, this type of structure is typical for developing countries.

Second type is called stationary, because here natural increase is at a constant level, this type is typical, for example, for the countries of Eastern Europe.

Third type called regressive, because it is characterized by a large proportion of elderly citizens and narrowing or decreasing population growth, typical for countries such as countries Western Europe, North America, Japan, Australia. Russia also belongs to this type.

Thus, the size and rate of population growth is not the same in various countries. The main feature of changes in the structure of the population of many countries is a noticeable decrease in the relative size of the child population (0-14) years and a pronounced increase in the share of the population of older ages. To assess the aging of the population, it is most often determined relative number(share, specific gravity) the elderly in total strength population.

Figure 2 - Age pyramids characterizing the demographic structure of the population

Another important manifestation global process The aging of the world's population, according to experts, is the increase in the number of women in the population of elderly and elderly citizens as the population ages.

It is noted that women more than men live to old age. Thus, in the USA in 1955 the female/male ratio for senior citizens over 65 was 115:100, in 1985 the ratio was already 138:100. This is important to consider, as women are more likely to use all types of health services, including home care. According to official figures, among the elderly and elderly citizens in the United States, the majority are women, in 1985 there were 68 elderly men for every 100 elderly women.

According to the authors, sexual differentiation clearly increases with age. This position is confirmed by similar indicators in European countries Oh. Thus, the ratio of women to 100 men aged 65 and over in Germany is 140 (aged 80 and over - 205); in the UK - 145 (230); in France -150 (220); in Italy - 145 (205); in Sweden -135 (185); in Switzerland - 150 (215); in Holland - 150 (230). For Japan, this figure is 145 (195).

Another important aspect growth in the number of elderly and old women in the population of people over 65 years old - an increase in the number of widows. According to Ryugsho R.A., in 1994. older men in the US were twice as likely to be married than women: 77% of men and 43% of women. At the same time, half of all older women in 1994 remained widows. This is five times the number of widowers - 8.5 million women and 1.7 million men.

According to the forecasts presented in Table 1, the most significant growth in the elderly population is predicted in Asia, as the number of elderly people is expected to increase sharply in China and India, by 2020 in these countries the number of elderly people will increase by 270 million. the tendency for the older population to grow faster than the growth rate for the population as a whole. So, between 1980 and 2020. the population of developing countries is projected to increase by 95%, while the elderly - by 240%.

Table 1 - Demographic indicators of population aging

	Population aged 65 and over (million people)
Latin America
North America

It is with the growth of the population of people over 65 that demographers in many countries associate the greatest demographic changes in their countries. According to the American Association of Retirees (1996), in 1995, one in eight Americans was over 65 years old, which was 33.5 million people in the United States, or 12.8% of the population. From 1900 to 1995 the average life expectancy of people over 65 increased by an average of 17.4 years (18.9 years for women and 15.6 for men). For the period from 1930 to 1980. The population of senior citizens in the United States has quadrupled, and this growth rate is projected to continue by 2030. During this period, one in five Americans will be over 65 years old.

An analysis of the demographic indicators of many European countries shows steady trends in the aging of the European population. In Germany, the percentage of senior citizens over 65 in 1993 was 15.4%, by 2025 it is likely to increase to 23.3%. In the UK in 1993, the same percentage was 15.8%, an increase by 2025 is expected to reach 21.5%. In France, in 1993, 14.7% of citizens over 65 years old were noted; in 2025, the increase is projected to be 22.6%. In Italy, in 1993, the population of senior citizens was 15.5%, by 2025 the growth is projected to 24.1%. Indicators close to these can be expected in a number of other Western and Eastern European countries. Thus, in Sweden in 1993 the percentage of people over 65 was 17.6 (one of the highest in Europe), by 2025 the figure will increase to 23.7%. In Switzerland, respectively, in 1993 - 14.6% of the elderly, in 2025 - 22.4%.

In general, the percentage of the elderly population in Europe ranges from 16.6% in the Czech Republic to 23.1% in Sweden. These indicators are projected to increase from 20.4% in 1990 to 35.2% in 2030. It is not excluded that by 2040 up to 30% of the population of these countries will be over 60 years old.

According to European experts, over the next 25-30 years, the number of elderly citizens over 80 will increase in Europe. It is estimated that 6% of the 35.2% of the total elderly population in Europe by 2030 will be over 80 years of age.

Fundamental shifts in the demographic structure prompted global community form a special system of views on the older population.

It is based on certain universal norms and serves as a rationale for appropriate measures in support of the elderly at the international and national levels.

At the heart of this recognized system of views is the idea of ​​a harmonious combination of the full participation of the elderly in society and care for them, meeting their needs and realizing the potential accumulated by the older generation. Older people are considered by the world community as a positive factor in the process social development and not a burden. Respect for the elderly and care for them, which has always and everywhere been one of the few unchanged quality characteristics human civilization, reflect the relationship between the desire for self-preservation and the preservation of the human community, which to a large extent determined the survival and progress of mankind. An important component is the understanding that preparation for old age should begin in childhood and continue throughout the life cycle.

Targets for the organization of activities in the interests of the elderly are reflected in International Plan of Action on Aging (1982) Global Goals on aging (1992). Special attention to their concerns and needs are expressed in European Social Ha R ti (1961) and additional protocol to it (1988), in the conventions and recommendations of the UN specialized agency - international organization labor. It's confirmed Declaration and Program of Action of the World Summit on highest level for social development (Copenhagen, 1995).

Views on the place and role of the elderly were most fully expressed in United Nations Principles for Older Persons "make life full of life for the elderly", adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1991. With later additions, 18 principles are grouped into five groups: independence, participation, care, implementation internal capacity, dignity.

group principles" independence "mean that older people should have access to basic benefits and services, participate in determining the timing of the end of employment, live in a safe environment, taking into account personal inclinations and changing conditions, receive assistance in living at home for as long as possible .

group principles" participation"reflect issues of older people's involvement in society and active participation in the development and implementation of policies that affect their well-being.

group principles" care"affect the issues of care and protection from the family, society, access to medical care in order to maintain or restore an optimal level of physical, mental and emotional well-being and disease prevention, access to social and legal services, use of the services of care institutions and mandatory compliance in social institutions of human rights and fundamental freedoms, including full respect for dignity, conviction, needs and privacy, as well as the right to make decisions regarding care and quality of life.

The principles of the group "realization" of the internal potential call for the elderly to have opportunities for the full realization of their potential.

The principles of the "dignity" group address issues of non-admission of exploitation, physical and psychological abuse with respect to the elderly, ensuring their right to fair treatment, regardless of age, gender, race or ethnic background, disability.

By enshrining a special status for older people, the UN Principles are essentially both a set of ethical standards and guidelines for prioritizing the older population. They are for government and public structures an important guideline for the future in the interpretation of the social needs of the elderly and in the organization of activities to meet them.

The UN advises to develop national policy for the elderly, thereby strengthening the bond between generations, encourage the patronage and charity of non-governmental organizations.

About great respect international community to the older generation is evidenced by the establishment of an annual international day pl and lykh citizens (October 1) and the decision to hold in 1999 International Year senior citizens "…as a sign of recognition of the demographic coming of age of humanity and the prospects it opens up for the development of more mature ideas and opportunities for social, economic, cultural and spiritual life - not least in the interests of world peace and development in the next century" .

1.3 Main social problems of senior citizens in the Russian Federation

The structural restructuring of society has immeasurably increased the problems of the elderly population of the country, which directly affected the reduction in life expectancy and the basic characteristics social position senior citizens in Russia.

average life expectancy- variable value, indicating the efforts of the state and society aimed at preventing mortality and improving the health of the population. Average life expectancy is a generalized criterion that determines how human biological patterns of aging and death, as well as the influence social factors: the level and way of life, the state of health care, the achievements of science.

Elderly healthcitizens- the most important indicator of their well-being has a number distinctive features. The number of practically healthy citizens of post-retirement age, as a rule, does not exceed 2%. First of all, we are talking about a gradual decrease in the adaptive, protective, functional, compensatory capabilities of the body, as well as a progressive increase in pathological damage with age. various bodies and systems.

Physiological aspects of old age associated with the weakening of a number of functions. There is a deterioration in hearing, vision, organs, senses. Loss of mobility and activity. Depletion processes can be observed emotional life, narrowing communication links which can lead to human degradation.

Physiological mood changes lead to mental disordereniyam- emotional depression, depressive and hypochondriacal states, irritability, resentment, etc. Mental disorders old age have a complex of causes associated with psychosomatics, organic disorders, biological and social factors.

Mental problems arise when a habitual way of life and communication is broken due to retirement, when loneliness sets in as a result of the loss of a spouse, when characterological features are sharpened as a result of the development of a sclerotic process. All this leads to the emergence of emotional-volitional disorders, the development of depression, behavioral changes. The decrease in vitality, which underlies all kinds of ailments, is largely due to psychological factor- a pessimistic assessment of the future, a hopeless existence. At the same time, the deeper the introspection, the more difficult and painful the mental restructuring.

The socio-psychological features of older citizens often include such as traditionalism and even conservatism in beliefs and behavior, narrowing the circle of interests, which increases attachment to the past, often leads to memories. Old people live without a certain interest, as they give up the hope of fulfilling their previously cherished dreams. It seems to them that of everything that they could meet, they already know the general, the essential. But, living in memories, they gradually lose the ability to retain particulars in memory. this moment, for example, names.

thesis in the discipline Social work on the topic: Social services for the elderly at home; concept and types, classification and structure, 2015-2016, 2017.

INTRODUCTION

Social support for the elderly is a natural element of a socially healthy society. The volumes and forms of this support over the past two decades, due to the socio-political events that have taken place in the country, have undergone significant changes. The modern social policy of the state is focused on protecting the most vulnerable segments of the population from the impact of adverse manifestations of a market economy. In connection with a significant increase in the number of older people, including those living alone, in need of social support and targeted social assistance, a search is underway for new, more and more perfect forms and types of social services. Creating conditions for health, safety and worthy old age holding them social status, providing older people and people with disabilities with opportunities for independence, participation, realization of internal potential determine social policy state in the field of social protection of the population. Legislative activity is one of the main means of solving such issues by the state. The complex multi-level hierarchical ladder of legal acts that exists in the field of social protection and the organization of social and domestic services for the elderly at home is quite complex and confusing. There are problems of law enforcement implementation of the norms of legislation not only among the elderly, but also among specialists of social protection bodies. The need to establish the legal foundations for the organization of social and consumer services for the elderly at home is an urgent direction for the study of this issue.

Currently, the Russian Federation has a system of legal acts regulating legal relations in the field of social services for the elderly. Among them should be noted the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of August 2, 1995 No. 122-FZ "On social services for the elderly and disabled", the Federal Law of July 17, 1999 No. 178-FZ "On State Social Assistance", the Federal Law of December 10, 1995 No. 195-FZ "On the basics of social services for the population in the Russian Federation." They establish economic, social and legal guarantees for elderly and disabled citizens, based on the need to establish the principles of philanthropy and mercy in society. Most topical issues for the elderly are: the preservation of health, which is evaluated by the elderly as the main value and creates motivation for its maintenance, preservation, and protection.

Quite close attention is paid to the study of the problematics of the issue. The issues of social work with the elderly are considered in detail in the works of P.D. Pavlenok, E.I. Kholostova, E.V. Ustinova and N.F. Dementieva. The problems of social rehabilitation and adaptation of older people are studied in the works of A.N. Egorova and S.G. Kiseleva Philosophical aspects studies of the problems of older people are disclosed by A.A. Kozlov, R.S. Yatsemirskaya. The problems of social well-being and behavior of older people in society are given attention in the works of I.G. Belenkaya.

In practice, a social worker is sometimes not always able to ensure compliance with legislative documents. There is a need to carry out work to explain to the elderly their both general civil rights and the right to receive social services. For these purposes, it is necessary to develop simple forms that are accessible to understanding by the elderly. In order to implement these ideas, I have prepared an information sheet to clarify the rights of older people to receive social services at home. In this regard, the theme of graduation qualifying work is formulated as follows: Regulatory and legal support for the organization of social and consumer services for the elderly at home.

The purpose of the study: to identify the most effective forms of legal support.

Object of study: the process of ensuring the organization of social and consumer services for the elderly at home.

Subject of research: regulatory and legal support of the process of servicing the elderly at home.

Hypothesis: if you effectively organize the regulatory and legal support of the process of servicing the elderly at home, this will significantly affect the process of ensuring the organization of social and consumer services for the elderly at home.

Based on the hypothesis, the following tasks were set:

To study and analyze the regulatory legal basis on the research topic;

To analyze the process of ensuring the organization of social and consumer services for the elderly at home.

To identify the most effective forms of legal support for the organization of social services for the elderly at home.

To test the information sheet on obtaining legal services for the elderly at home.

Chapter 1. Theoretical aspects regulatory and legal support for the organization of social and consumer services for the elderly at home

1.1. Regulatory and legal framework for the organization of social and consumer services for the elderly at home

The regulatory framework for social services for the elderly at home is mainly disclosed in the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of August 2, 1995 N 122-FZ "On social services for the elderly and the disabled." This law regulates relations in the field of social services for the elderly and the disabled, which is one of the areas of activity for the social protection of the population, establishes economic, social and legal guarantees for the elderly and the disabled, based on the need to establish the principles of philanthropy and mercy in society. Social services for elderly and disabled citizens are understood as activities to meet the needs of these citizens in social services. Also, to understand the scope of social services, the types of social services are established. So the types of social services include:

1. Purchase and home delivery of food, hot meals.

2. Assistance in cooking

3. Assistance in caring for children, other disabled or seriously and long-term ill family members.

4. Delivery of water, furnaces.

5. Delivery of things for washing, dry cleaning, repair and their return delivery.

6. Assistance in organizing the repair and cleaning of residential premises.

7. Assistance in paying for housing and utilities.

8. Assistance in organizing the provision of services by trade enterprises, public utilities, communications and other enterprises providing services to the population within the area of ​​residence.

9. Escort outside the home, including to the doctor.

10. Creation of conditions for the performance of religious rites.

11. Ensuring the safety of things and valuables belonging to clients of stationary social service institutions.

12. Assistance in referral to stationary institutions.

The legal framework that establishes the rights, status and position of older Russians looks quite capacious. It is represented by legislation of a general and special nature. Conventionally, the following types can be included in the system of social rights of older people:

1. Norms that secure the rights of all citizens, regardless of age, including those that are especially important for the elderly.

2. Rules directly related to the rights of older people and their special groups(veterans, disabled people, etc.) and the characteristics of the state, non-state structures and the family corresponding to these rights.

Social services, being one of the forms of social services, are aimed at social adaptation and rehabilitation, maintenance and provision of their livelihoods in everyday life, as well as the protection of their rights and legitimate interests. Social - consumer services in the Russian Federation are carried out on the basis of a set of normative - legal acts. Social services are a set of social services that are provided to elderly and senile citizens at home or in specialized state and municipal institutions. It includes social assistance and moral and psychological support. The main principles of activities in the field of social services for old people are as follows:

Observance of human and civil rights;

Providing state guarantees;

Ensuring equal opportunities in receiving social services and their accessibility for old people;

Continuity of all types of social services;

Orientation of social services to individual needs;

Priority of measures for social adaptation of elderly citizens.

Social services, being one of the forms of social services, are aimed at the social adaptation and rehabilitation of the elderly, the maintenance and provision of their livelihoods in everyday life, as well as the protection of their rights and legitimate interests.

Home-based social services included in the list of state-guaranteed social services include:

Catering services, including home delivery of groceries;

Assistance in the acquisition of medicines, food and industrial essential goods;

Assistance in obtaining medical care, including accompaniment to medical institutions;

Maintaining living conditions in accordance with hygiene requirements;

Assistance in organizing legal assistance and other legal services;

Assistance in the organization of funeral services.

Home-based social services for the elderly are implemented through the departments of social services at home and specialized departments of social and medical services at home, which are most often structural divisions social service centers. Social services for elderly citizens is an activity to meet the needs of citizens in social services. Services are provided to women over 55, men over 60 who need permanent or temporary outside help due to partial or complete loss of the ability to independently satisfy their vital needs due to limited ability to self-service. The main task of the department of social services at home is the constant identification of lonely elderly citizens living within their area of ​​activity and in need of this form of service, the direct provision of various services to lonely elderly by social workers. As well as assistance in providing benefits and benefits to the persons served. The main directions of social services for lonely elderly citizens are the provision of: social, social, medical, socio-economic, socio-psychological, social-legal, socio-pedagogical, socio-cultural services. The identification of persons in need of assistance at home is carried out by the employees of the department together with health workers, local authorized bodies of internal affairs, representatives of other state and public organizations. The service accepts low-mobility single and lonely elderly citizens, disabled people of groups I and II, married couples consisting of elderly people and disabled people and in need of outside help. Social services at home remain the predominant form of social support. Service at home of citizens is carried out by providing them, depending on the degree and nature of need, with social, household, advisory and other services included in the territorial list of state-guaranteed social services. Thus, home-based social services are the least expensive and most demanded by the elderly and the disabled who need outside care. And the need for elderly and disabled citizens is acquiring an increase in primary applications for social assistance at home.

It should be noted that the elderly are, first of all, disadvantaged people who need adequate social security, i.e. these are people who have lived a relatively long life, as a result of which they already experience certain psychophysical limitations, regardless of the presence or absence of diseases, in some cases they are functionally incompetent or they need outside help. Any older person is characterized by changes in the central nervous system, which leads to a decrease in efficiency, the manifestation of touchiness and irritability, a decrease in the concept, the loss of some skills, and depression. Old man more than anyone, needs support, human participation. It is in connection with these circumstances that older people, as a special social group, need increased attention society and the state and represent a specific object of social work. The term "older people" can be replaced by others, in particular "third age". There are problems with determining when a person becomes old. Social, cultural, economic and health factors affect older people in different ways. Normal retirement age may be misleading, and a retired woman or man may continue to actively work at home or change occupations at age 60-65. The definition of old age depends on what ideas exist in society about the life of the older generation and aging. Typically, attention is paid negative aspects aging, in particular disease, poverty, infirmity.

The elderly are one of the most common demographically social groups population. Research by T.E. Demidova, A.N. Alperovich, O.M. Medvedeva and other scientists showed that this group is characterized by certain V.G. Krasnova, social, biological, behavioral characteristics, which leaves a significant imprint on the lifestyle of older people, who, as they age, move further and further away from social active life. For the elderly, the most characteristic is the systematic fading of interests, a decrease in the emotionality of behavior and the range of pretensions in relation to needs and their satisfaction. The concept of "old age" cannot be defined absolutely precisely, because. in various societies this concept It has different meanings. In many parts of the world, people are considered old because of some change in their activity and social role. For example, people may be considered old when they become grandparents, or when they start doing less work. In Russia, in Europe, in the USA and in many other countries, people are considered old when they have lived a certain number of years. There are many stereotypes about old people, for example: they use sticks for walking, often visit doctors, sleep a lot, suffer from senile sclerosis. At the same time, most older people move quite easily and take care of themselves. And yet, with the advent of old age, people become more susceptible to disease, their reaction slows down, their physical forces decrease.

Human aging - like the aging of other organisms, is biological process gradual degradation of parts and systems of the human body and the consequences of this process. While the physiology of the aging process is similar to that of other mammals, some aspects of this process, such as the loss mental abilities are of greater importance to humans. However, great importance acquire psychological, social and economic effects. The aging of the population is primarily due to the improvement of material conditions and advances in medicine. With an appropriate attitude towards the elderly on the part of the state, public and other associations and organizations, society as a whole, their life can be quite full.

The consequences of the aging of society is the subject of study by many specialists and public figures- scientists, practitioners, politicians, economists, sociologists. The problems of older people, solved through social services, relate to the non-barrier environment of life and socio-psychological adaptation of older people in certain socio-economic conditions, and their solution largely depends on state social policy , the role of society in its formation and implementation. Thus, aging is an inevitable element of development, as individual people as well as the entire population. In the development of a person, society, one can distinguish the period of youth, maturity, old age, as well as old age. That is why scientists distinguish between the concept of calendar age (chronological, astronomical), determined on the basis of the date of birth, and biological age(functional), which depends on the personal qualities and conditions in which the life of this person passed.

1.2. Forms of normative - legal support for the organization of social - household services for the elderly at home.

Social services today have become an integral part of the state system of social protection of the population, one of the leading and dynamically developing components social sphere.Social service is a kind of specific social activities aimed at satisfying social needs various categories population, but not only those who are in a difficult life situation or are in a socially dangerous situation, but all people - from birth to the end of life, at various stages of their development. Today, the emerging system of social services is the most important branch of the social sphere of society, alleviating the plight of millions of people in the transition period with the help of various ways social and humanistic activities aimed at adaptation, social rehabilitation, simply the survival of an individual, a family or a certain set of people who find themselves in a difficult, sometimes crisis situation.

Article 1 of the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation” emphasizes that “social services are the activities of social services for social support, the provision of social, social, medical, psychological, pedagogical, social and legal services and material assistance, social adaptation and rehabilitation of citizens in difficult life situations. Social services are based on the following principles: targeting, accessibility, voluntariness, humanity, priority in the provision of social services to minors, the elderly and disabled people in difficult life situations; confidentiality; preventive orientation; observance of human and civil rights; continuity of all types of social services. It is determined that social services are a type of social activity carried out mainly through a network of social services that interact with each other in order to achieve intermediate and final goals of providing social services to clients. The system of social services for elderly citizens of the Russian Federation is a multicomponent structure that includes social institutions and their divisions (services) that provide services to older people. At present, it is customary to single out such forms of social services as stationary, semi-stationary, non-stationary social services and urgent social assistance. In accordance with federal law“On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation” the population is provided with social and household, socio-medical, social and legal, socio-pedagogical, socio-cultural services.

Social services include a set of social services that are provided to elderly citizens and the disabled at home or in social service institutions.

Activities in the field of social services for the elderly and disabled are based on the following principles:

Observance of human and civil rights;

Providing state guarantees in the field of social services;

Ensuring equal opportunities in obtaining social services and their accessibility for the elderly and the disabled;

Continuity of all types of social services;

Orientation of social services to the individual needs of the elderly and disabled;

Priority of measures for social adaptation of elderly citizens and disabled people;

Responsibility authorities state power and institutions, and officials for ensuring the rights of elderly and disabled citizens in the field of social services.

The state guarantees elderly citizens and disabled people the opportunity to receive social services based on the principle of social justice, regardless of gender, race, nationality, language, origin, property and official status, place of residence, attitude to religion, beliefs, belonging to public associations and other circumstances.

Senior citizens and persons with handicapped health is provided with the opportunity to receive sufficient services to meet their basic vital needs of social services, which are included in the list of state-guaranteed social services. Such a list of state-guaranteed social services is approved by the authorities executive power subjects of the Russian Federation, taking into account the needs of the population living in the territory of the respective subjects of the Russian Federation.

Social services for elderly citizens is an activity to meet the needs of citizens in social services. Services are provided to women over 55 years of age, men over 60 years of age who need permanent or temporary assistance due to partial or complete loss of the ability to independently satisfy their life needs due to limited ability to self-service. citizens in the city - 120 people, in the countryside or within the city, equated to the village - 60 people. Social services for the population, one of the technologies of social work and mechanisms for its implementation are based on constitutional legal regulations and international covenants on human rights and freedoms.

The legislative and legal basis for social work with the elderly is:

Constitution of the Russian Federation,

Laws “On Veterans”, “On the Fundamentals of Social Services in the Russian Federation”, “On Social Services for Elderly Citizens and the Disabled”. They define the main forms of social services, their rights, guarantees for the implementation of these rights, powers federal authorities state authorities and public authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The laws regulate relations in the field of social services for elderly and disabled citizens and establish economic, social and legal guarantees for elderly citizens and disabled people, based on the need to establish the principles of philanthropy and mercy in society. The Constitution of the Russian Federation proclaims the Russian Federation welfare state, whose policy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure decent life and free development person. Under the Constitution, senior citizens are guaranteed equal rights with all citizens of Russia. social rights and freedom. This is general rules included in the system of social rights of older citizens.

In accordance with federal law, the following forms social services for the elderly:

Social services at home, including social and medical services; semi-stationary social services in departments of day (night) stay of social service institutions;

Stationary social services in stationary social service institutions (boarding houses, boarding houses and other social service institutions, regardless of their name).

Urgent social services in order to provide emergency assistance of a one-time nature to those in dire need of social support;

Social advisory assistance aimed at the adaptation of lonely elderly citizens in society, the development of reliance on own forces, facilitating adaptation to changing socio-economic conditions.

Social services for pensioners are carried out on the basis of a set of legal acts, and the Constitution, as the fundamental law of the state and legal acts specifying and filling with real content the social rights, freedoms and obligations of the individual, constitute and form the legal space in which the social mechanism protecting the interests of senior citizens. The operation and effectiveness of this mechanism are directly related to the activities of social workers and largely depend on their conscientiousness and professionalism.

So, social services for lonely elderly citizens are carried out by quite a variety of methods and forms of social work. The main ones are: stationary, semi-stationary, non-stationary social services and urgent social assistance. In accordance with the Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation", lonely elderly citizens are provided with: social, social, medical, socio-economic, socio-psychological, socio-legal, socio-pedagogical and socio-cultural services.

Conclusions on the first chapter

Social support for the elderly is a natural element of a socially healthy society. The volumes and forms of this support over the past two decades, due to the socio-political events that have taken place in the country, have undergone significant changes. The modern social policy of the state is focused on protecting the most vulnerable segments of the population from the impact of adverse manifestations of a market economy. In connection with a significant increase in the number of older people, including those living alone, in need of social support and targeted social assistance, a search is underway for new, more and more advanced forms and types of social services. Creating conditions for health, safe and dignified old age, maintaining their social status, providing the elderly and the disabled with opportunities for independence, participation, and the realization of internal potential determine the social policy of the state in the field of social protection of the population. Legislative activity is one of the main means of solving such issues by the state.

Social services today have become an integral part of the state system of social protection of the population, one of the leading and dynamically developing components of the social sphere.

Social services, being one of the forms of social services, are aimed at social adaptation and rehabilitation, maintenance and provision of their livelihoods in everyday life, as well as the protection of their rights and legitimate interests.

Of great importance for solving the problems of the elderly are the decrees and resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation “On the federal list of state-guaranteed social services provided to elderly citizens and disabled people by state and municipal institutions social services”, “On the provision of free social services and paid social services by state social services”, “On the procedure and conditions for payment of social services provided to elderly citizens and the disabled by state and municipal social service institutions”, as well as a number of additions and amendments to these legislative acts.

AT professional activity social worker there is a need to carry out work to explain to the elderly their both general civil rights and the right to receive social services. For these purposes, it is necessary to develop simple forms that are accessible to understanding by the elderly. In order to implement these ideas, I have prepared an information sheet to clarify the rights of older people to receive social services at home. This form work with the elderly is the most effective and convenient.

Chapter II. Practical work to determine effective forms of legal support for the organization of social services for the elderly at home.

Based theoretical analysis literature on the problem of organizing legal support for the organization of social services for the elderly at home, the goal and objectives of practical work were set.

The purpose of the practical work: to test a social guide for obtaining legal and regulatory services for the elderly at home.

Tasks of practical work:

1. Conduct a primary diagnosis of the organization of legal support for the organization of social services for the elderly at home.

2. Develop a social guide for obtaining legal and regulatory services for the elderly at home.

In order to implement the tasks set and verify the correctness of the proposed research hypothesis, practical work was carried out in the State Budgetary Institution "Comprehensive Center for Social Services for the Population of the City of Sterlitamak and the Sterlitamak District of the Republic of Belarus", located at the address: Sterlitamak, st. Artyoma, 71. GBU KTSSON refers to the system of social protection of the population. The purpose of the institution: the provision of social support, the provision of social, social, medical, social and legal services; ensuring social adaptation and rehabilitation of elderly citizens and disabled people who find themselves in a difficult life situation. The center has: a department of emergency social services; department of temporary inpatient social services for the elderly and the disabled; department of social assistance at home; department of social and medical care at home. The center employs specialists with higher, secondary special education by job profile. The center has a good material and technical base. Clients in the center receive medical care in specially equipped rooms. Hot meals are provided in the dining room; there is a hall for leisure activities, a library, a reading room.

The work was carried out with elderly citizens who are in the care of the home care department. Average age wards 70 years old. Older people who are on social services do not always have information about what legal assistance they can get in social institutions.

All these events require additional work in terms of organizing the legal support of social services for the elderly at home. For the primary diagnosis of the organization of legal and regulatory support, we interviewed clients of social services at home. In order to implement the tasks and test the correctness of the research hypothesis put forward, practical work was carried out in the State Budgetary Institution KTsSON of the city of Sterlitamak and the Sterlitamak district. Today, many social institutions provide legal services. But, unfortunately, a significant part of the elderly people who are on social services do not know their rights, they do not know where to turn if necessary. All these phenomena require additional work in the field of legal support of social services at home.

For the primary diagnosis of the organization of legal support, we developed and conducted a questionnaire to identify the level of orientation of clients of the social assistance department at home in legal services provided by social institutions. The detailed questionnaire is presented in the appendix (Appendix 1).

As a result of the survey, it turned out that a significant part of the respondents are poorly oriented or not oriented at all about where they can get qualified legal assistance, where they can turn, and also do not know the basic laws that protect their rights. The results of the survey indicate the need for additional work in the field of organization of legal support for the organization of social services for the elderly at home. For this purpose, we have developed a social guide, which is a brochure of a certain type, which is given to each client. The Social Directory contains an important and up-to-date information, which will help the client navigate the social and legal services. Directory - periodical practical purpose, summary information in a systematic form, counting on selective reading, so that you can quickly and easily make reference to it Reference books are designed for selective reading and are designed to quickly find reference on them Reference books usually have a systematic structure, the titles in them are ordered according to a certain principle. Many directories are supplied with auxiliary indexes (alphabetical, subject, nominal, etc.) The guide material is presented in the appendix (Appendix 2)

Conclusion

The work carried out on the topic “Regulatory support for the organization of social and consumer services for the elderly at home” allows us to draw the following conclusions. The problem of providing legal and regulatory services at home is very relevant, as it is not being carried out enough.

In the first chapter of the final practical qualifying work containing two paragraphs, the following tasks were solved.

The first task was to study and analyze scientific literature on the topic of the study. In the course of solving this problem, we determined the conditions for the successful organization of legal support for the organization of social services for the elderly at home.

In the process of solving the second task, the processes of ensuring the organization of social and household services for the elderly at home, which favorably influenced the lives of the elderly, were considered and analyzed.

As part of solving the third task, the most effective forms of regulatory support for the organization of social and consumer services for the elderly at home were identified.

Currently, quite diverse forms of work are used that really help older people overcome legal illiteracy. Practical work was carried out by the GUB KTsSON of the city of Sterlitamak and the Sterlitamak region. For the primary diagnosis of the organization of prevention various diseases as one of the forms of social assistance at home, we interviewed clients of social services at home. For the primary diagnosis of the organization of legal support, we developed and conducted a questionnaire to identify the level of orientation of clients of the social assistance department at home in legal services provided by social institutions . The detailed questionnaire is presented in the appendix (Appendix 1).

As a result of the survey, it turned out that a significant part of the respondents are poorly oriented or not oriented at all about where they can get qualified legal assistance, where they can turn, and also do not know the basic laws that protect their rights.

As a result of the survey, it turned out that a significant part of the respondents are poorly oriented or not oriented at all about where they can get qualified legal assistance, where they can turn, and also do not know the basic laws that protect their rights.

The results of the survey indicate the need for additional work in the field of organizing legal support for the organization of social services for the elderly at home. For this purpose, we have developed a social directory, which is a brochure of a certain sample, which is given to each client. The social directory contains important and up-to-date information that will help the client navigate the social and legal services.

All of the above allows us to confirm that if you effectively organize the regulatory and legal support of the process of servicing the elderly at home, this will significantly affect the process of ensuring the organization of social and consumer services for the elderly at home, which means that the hypothesis put forward is justified.

1. Arkhangelsky V. N. The needs of the elderly population in social services / V. N. Arkhangelsky // Moscow 2008 S. 22-23, S.-203

2. Blednaya L.V. Possibilities of the VUK program in assessing the quality of social care at home / L.V. Blednaya // 2008 p. 46-47, P-300

3. Ogibalov N.V. Work with the elderly / N.V. Ogibalov //2012 P.-38 -39, P.-237

4. Prokhorova M. V. Some problems of social services at home for lonely elderly people /M. In Prokhorova//2008 S. 44-45, S.-345

5. Pavlenok P.D. INTRODUCTION to the profession "Social work" / P.D. Pavlenok //2012 S.-67-68, S.-342.

5. If necessary, do you know where you need to go?

7. Have you applied to these centers for help?

8. Do you know what documents are needed in order to receive any financial assistance?

9. Are you satisfied with the quality of work of these centers?

10. What would you like to say?
Appendix 2 (archived).